The Embassy of Good Science - User contributions [en]

Resource:3e4f9812-6994-464d-b6ae-a111d9b94181

2023-02-09T07:41:23Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Resource
|Resource Type=Guidelines
|Title=Vulnerable Populations
|Is About=Professor Maggiano was conducting a study about re-integration of mental health patients into society when she realised that some of the participants (selected for the study by the state department of mental health) have not been contacted and briefed about the purpose and nature of the research. According to the sponsors of the research, consent was not required in this case, because the study is for internal use only. What should Professor McGorty do in this situation?
|Important Because=It is important to include mental health patients into society and so this study is very much admirable. But, no matter how much any project is important or admirable all individuals included in the study should know all about it prior to involvement. Since this step was skipped I suggest that all participants be informed about the study now. This means that some will not be willing to participate and will step out from the study.

The study may have sufficient number of participants in the and because there are not many studies dealing with the re-integration of mental health patients into society.

The drop out number can be used in the study for the statistical purposes and it can additionally improve overall study statistics.
|Important For=Researchers; Qualitative researchers; Funding institutions; Academic institutions; Advisors of students; Authors; Doctoral students; Data protection officers; Funding agencies; Educators; Patients
}}
{{Link
|Has Link=https://www.asanet.org/teaching-learning/faculty/teaching-ethics-throughout-curriculum/case-52-vulnerable-populations
}}
{{Related To}}
{{Tags
|Involves=American Sociological Association
|Has Location=United States
|Has Virtue And Value=Respect; Accountability; Honesty
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Consent; protection of vulnerable groups
|Related To Research Area=SH - Social Sciences and Humanities
}}

Theme:7f203e80-6f50-4469-9311-e4fe8b657506

2023-02-09T07:38:58Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Good Practices
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:B14a910a-3bc4-40ff-a0e6-eb7119f51ed9
|Title=Research with children
|Is About=There is a growing interest in empirical research with children. But how to explain the elements of research to children? How can they participate in research in all its phases? What are the suitable goals of the research with children? Children do not have the experience that adults have and may not know what research is and what is expected of them.
|Important Because=Research involving children is challenging for several reasons.

First, the close relationship between the researcher and the child. Children are potentially more vulnerable to unequal power relations with an adult researcher than other groups, and perhaps some children are not accustomed to adults who are interested in their views.

Second, elements of informed consent need to be explained in a child-friendly way. Children must be given sufficient information in a language they understand to enable them to make an informed decision to participate.

Third, protection of the identity of the research participants is very important so that the information collected will not harm them.

Fourth, can participation lead to a better awareness and understanding of one's health problem and ultimately to a better regulation of the underlying disease for a child?
|Important For=Ethics committee members; Students; Junior researchers; Qualitative researchers
|Has Best Practice=In a 2007 study, Einarsdóttir collected data in several ways:

'''''Group and individual interviews combined with observation'''''

Interviews were primarily used, which together with observations are the most common method used in research with children. They can be group or individual. The emphasis here is on talking to the child, that is providing an opportunity to be heard. Group interviews involve mostly preschool children who are used to being together in groups, and through interacting with other children they learn and form their attitudes towards the environment.

'''''Using props'''''

Some researchers suggest the use of props such as toys, paper and crayons, clay, or sand. Children’s drawings can also provide insight into the view and experience of young children. The advantage is providing non-verbal expression, and children are active and creative as they draw. The disadvantages are the possible imitation of other children's drawings or simply the child does not like to draw. Many authors recommend the use of photographs taken by children as a method of data collection. Photographing combined with touring increases the power of children because data collection is directly in their hands. Photography gives children the opportunity to express their views in different ways, inviting them to combine visual and verbal language. In addition, in the above-mentioned study, disposable cameras were given to the children. They were told that they could take photos of what they want and what they consider important in kindergarten, and after developing the photos, the teachers sat down with the children individually and talked to them about what was in the photos and why they were taken.

'''''Modified surveys'''''

Surveys are not a common method for research with children primarily because of their age. However, there is the possibility of constructing a questionnaire in the form of a child-friendly game. This may include paper forms of different colors that contain questions that the children in the game answer. This allows data to be collected during everyday children’s activities rather than in a fictional context.
|Has Detail=Since research in which children participate are very demanding, the research approach should be explained in great details, so I would like to add some more important notes.

It is always necessary to obtain the consent of the Ethics Committee first, no matter what type of study is conducted. Certainly, it is good to have any kind of consent from the Community, association, or similar.

Considering the fact that the research including children do not have same protocols, Ethics Committees might also ask for the consent signed by the child. For example, if the child can comprehend research, in addition to asking for the consent of the parents or guardian, it would be good to have the child's consent as well. It may happen that the parent/guardian agrees, but the child does not agree. The research should always be explained in detail to the parent, but also to the child if it is old enough to understand it. The parent, as well as the child, may later decide that they want to leave the research.

It is also necessary to explain in detail how the identity of the participant will be protected. In this case, it is best to anonymize the data so that no one could identify participants.

Data should be stored in a safe place, where no one has access without authorization. Data can also be coded, that is data pseudonymization. In this way, you need to take even more care of the data, because even though it is coded, the data is still very vulnerable. Certainly, it is necessary to follow all research instructions and local legislative, and GDPR. In the application to the Ethics Committee, it is necessary to state whether the research participant has any benefits or risks from participating. Whoever submits the research should clearly emphasize this in the application. Also, if it is a questionnaire, it would be the best id the children could fill in the questionnaire by themselves, so that there is no inherent bias. However, there is always the question if the child is mature enough to comprehend the meaning of the questions asked in the questionnaire. Therefore, when dealing with children, always have in mind if there are mature enough.
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:63530b4d-df94-4dde-8235-2c0fa9c63b9d
|Related To Theme=Theme:820083e4-816a-4ffb-8c41-b4fba0907bf8;Theme:0d054575-ca21-4209-b7c5-6120fc0ed647
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=University of Split
|Has Timepoint=March 2022
|Has Virtue And Value=Care; Dignity; Responsibility; Safety
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Informed consent; Research involving children; Obligations to Research Subjects
|Related To Research Area=SH - Social Sciences and Humanities
}}

Theme:70067034-eed7-47a2-b04d-e035c96a8b8d

2022-03-01T19:02:21Z

0000-0001-6272-0917: Created page with "{{Theme |Theme Type=Misconduct & Misbehaviors |Title=Poor mentoring or supervision of early career researcherers |Is About=Mentors/supervisors of early career researchers (mas..."

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Misconduct & Misbehaviors
|Title=Poor mentoring or supervision of early career researcherers
|Is About=Mentors/supervisors of early career researchers (master students, doctoral students, post-doctoral fellows) very often are not aware of what is expected from them in the diadic relationship of a mentor and a mentee. This can lead to misunderstandings and poor research practices, which can finally lead to research misbehaviour and misconduct. [https://ori.hhs.gov/mentoring-and-research-misconduct-analysis-research-mentoring-closed-ori-cases Analysis of misconduct cases by the US Office for Research Integrity in the USA] showed that in man cases mentors failed to properly review research data collected by the mentee, did not teach them specific research standards, and did not ensure healthy, less stressful work environment. This is particularly relevant in large collaborative research collaborations, where the roles and responsibilities of all researchers in the collaboration may be unclear and blurred among different research groups.
|Important Because=Both the mentors and the mentees need to be aware of what is expected in their collaboration and professional relationship. Research performing institutions should ensure that they devote more attention to training of both the mentees and mentors about what mentoring means and how to build it for successful outcome of research mentoring.
|Important For=Academic staff; Advisors of students; researchers; Doctoral students; Early career researchers; Educators; Mentors; Funders
|Has Best Practice=[https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ALLEA-European-Code-of-Conduct-for-Research-Integrity-2017.pdf The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity] defines good practices for training, supervision and mentoring:

"Senior researchers, research leaders and supervisors mentor their team members and offer specific guidance and training to properly develop, design and structure their research activity and to foster a culture of research integrity"
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:716b3f79-2637-44e5-ba81-bf459d68347a;Resource:3064e52b-2c3b-4850-831f-3dc7beb118aa
|Related To Theme=Theme:8c6bf00a-d760-47d8-9aa1-5f48c14ce3f5
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=ALLEA
|Has Virtue And Value=Accountability; Respect
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Mentor-trainee relationship; Mentorship responsibilities
}}

Report:Cb4d3d2c-7969-412e-87cd-aeae0c9c62cd

2021-11-04T09:46:34Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=The Netherlands
|Has Location=The Netherlands
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, The Netherlands had 97,713 full-time researchers.<ref>Eurostat. R&D personnel by sector performance, professional position and sex. Last update 2021 Oct 21. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do. </ref> There are 84 higher education institutions in the Netherlands: 18 research universities, 40 universities of applied sciences, 4 institutes for international education, 10 university Colleges and 12 other institutions.<ref>Study in Holland. Research universities. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://www.studyinholland.nl/dutch-education/research-universities.</ref> A total of 23 research institutes are present in the Netherlands.<ref>Research Institutes in the Netherlands. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/binaries/netherlandsandyou/documents/publications/2016/06/13/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands.pdf.</ref> From these 23 institutions, 8 are part of NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek), 10 are part of KNAW (Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen) and 5 are part of GTI (institutes with the focus on applying fundamental research). There are 29 public knowledge organisations and 21,000 companies with investments in R&D. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="434"
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}'''Research Organisations'''
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tudelft.nl/ Delft University of Technology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tue.nl/en/ Eindhoven University of Technology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eur.nl/ Erasmus University Rotterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Rotterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/ Leiden University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/nl Maastricht University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Maastricht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nyenrode.nl/ Nyenrode Business Universiteit]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam/Breukelen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ou.nl/ Open University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Heerlen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ru.nl/ Radboud University Nijmegen]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Nijmegen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pthu.nl/ The Protestant Theological University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Groningen/Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tias.edu/ TIAS School for Business and Society]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Tilburg/Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/nl Tilburg University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Tilburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uva.nl/ University of Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rug.nl/ University of Groningen]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvh.nl/university-of-humanistic-studies/home University of Humanistic Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utwente.nl/ University of Twente]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Twente
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uu.nl/ Utrecht University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vu.nl/nl/index.aspx VU Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wur.nl/ Wageningen University and Research Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.astron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Dwingeloo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cwi.nl/ National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://amolf.nl/ Laboratory for molecular and materials research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.differ.nl/ Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nikhef.nl/ National Institute for Subatomic Physics]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nioz.nl/en Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Texel
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nscr.nl/en/ Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Space Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht/Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://iisg.amsterdam/nl International Institute of Social History]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kitlv.nl/nl/ The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.niod.nl/en NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nidi.nl/en/ The Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Den Haag
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nias.knaw.nl/ The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/westerdijkinstitute Fungal Biodiversity Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hubrecht.eu/nl/ Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nederlands-herseninstituut The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nioo The Netherlands Institute for Ecology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.spinozacentre.nl/ Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nlr.nl/ The Netherlands Aerospace Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ecn.nl/energy-research/index.html Energy Research Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam/Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.marin.nl/ Maritime Research Institute Netherlands]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.deltares.nl/nl/ Deltares]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tno.nl/nl/ TNO]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development was €16.554 million, which comprises 2.1% of the country’s GDP.<ref name=":0">Eurostat. GERD by sector performance. Last update 2021 Oct 21. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=rd_e_gerdtot&lang=en. </ref><ref>FocusEconomics. GDP in Netherlands. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/netherlands/gdp-eur-bn. </ref> Most funding was spent in the business sector (66.4%), followed by higher education (27.7%) and government sector (5.9%).<ref name=":0" />
<references />
|Research Strategy=What distinguishes Dutch science today can be explained by several factors: its external orientation, its non-hierarchical, open culture, the long track of record of successful research evaluations, and the high degree of autonomy enjoyed by institutes and individual researchers. To promote innovation and the development of new knowledge, there is active and close cooperation between government, the private sector, universities and the research institutions. The Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science has come up with a Science Strategy called: 2025 – Vision for Science choices for the future.<ref>Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. 2025 Vision for Science choices for the future. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documents/reports/2014/12/08/2025-vision-for-science-choices-for-the-future/visie-wetenschap-eng-web.pdf. </ref> The government formulated a broad-based National Science Agenda where scientific strengths are directly linked to the social challenges. This strategic action aims to create or improve large-scale infrastructure and the development of a more responsive and dynamic system of institutions. Measures to promote scientific excellence, diversity and equality are part of talks with VSNU (The Association of Universities in the Netherlands). The agreement on a new framework also include other aspects, such as an updating of the current career paths structure, opportunities for young talent, more attention for teaching and the preparation of PhD students to pursue career opportunities in other sectors.

Women in science

Women in science are still underrepresented in the Netherlands. In 2010, the female-to-male ratio was 20%. The intent in the Dutch strategy is to rebalance this ratio to at least that of the European average by 2025. It also intends to promote the appointment of more women professors. Initiatives include for example the University of Groningen’s Rosalind Franklin Fellowship, which seeks to increase the number of women in senior tenured positions and which resulted in 65% of the Fellows in previous rounds to now hold an associate or full professorship.

Funding

The acquisition of indirect funding involves a high workload in preparing detailed research proposals while the percentage of proposals which are actually approved is relatively low. The government wishes to see less pressure to publish and acquire funding and keep the science of high quality. <references />
|Research Governance=The Netherlands Research Integrity Network (NRIN) is responsible for promoting research integrity. It is intended for raising awareness, providing relevant information and discussing issues related to research integrity and responsible conduct of research.<ref>Netherlands Research Integrity Network (NRIN). [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://www.nrin.nl/about/mission.</ref> It also aims to facilitate collaboration, exchange and mutual learning by offering training and education for different audiences, developing and exchanging teaching materials and best practices, enabling of consultation and intervision, and providing advice to decision makers.<ref>Enrio. Netherlands. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/netherlands/?highlight=netherlands.</ref>

As for allegations of research misconduct, research institutions have Boards that responsible for investigations. Institutions are affiliated with the Netherlands Board on Research Integrity (LOWI), an independent body, established by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), and the Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU). The LOWI advises the Boards of its affiliated institutions, such as universities and research institutes, regarding possible violations of principles of research integrity. The LOWI’s task is to advise the Board on complaints concerning a (provisional) decision regarding the alleged violation of the principles of research integrity by one or more Defendants. The LOWI meetings are not open to the public but their opinions/conclusions are published on the LOWI website, in anonymised form.<ref>Landelijk Orgaan Wetenschappelijke Integriteit (LOWI). [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://lowi.nl/en/about-lowi/. </ref>

The Netherlands has Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects (CCMO) and 18 accredited Medical Research Committees (MRECs) that are responsible for reviewing medical scientific research with human subjects.<ref name=":0">Jansen P, Reijers W. Ethics Assessment in Different Countries. The Netherlands. SATORI. 2015 June. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: http://satoriproject.eu/media/4.f-Country-report-the-Netherlands.pdf. </ref>

Whistleblowers are legally protected in The Netherlands. General protection of whistle-blowers is defined in the Dutch House for whistleblowers Act. Also, scientific integrity counsellors have been appointed at universities and KNAW and NWO institutes to provide assistance to whistleblowers and those accused of scientific misconduct.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Overheild.nl. House for Whistleblowers Act. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0037852/2016-07-01.</ref>
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''National bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lowi.nl/ Netherlands Board on Research Integrity (LOWI)]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The LOWI advises the Boards of its affiliated institutions regarding alleged violations of principles of research integrity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ceg.nl/about-ceg The Netherlands Centre for Ethics and Health]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The CEG identifies and informs about developments in the field of health which deserve a place on the government’s ethical policy agenda.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.ccmo.nl/ The Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The CCMO protects subjects taking part in medical research by reviewing the research on the basis of the statutory provisions laid down for them and taking into account the interests of medical progress.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/ The Central Committee on Animal Experimentation]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The CCD is the only institution which can grant permits for animal experiments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.loketgentherapie.nl/en/gene-therapy-office/overview-of-assessment-bodies/cogem The Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The task of the Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification (COGEM Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification ) is to advise the Minister of Infrastructure and Water either at the minister’s request or on its own initiative, with regard to the risks of GMOs for people and the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/ The Netherlands Advice Committee on Animal Experimentation]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The NCad achieves visible improvements that are specifically related to the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3Rs) of animal procedures and to the associated ethical review in scientific research (including applied scientific research) and teaching. Its goal, in doing so, is to minimize laboratory animal use at both national and international level.
{{!}}}
 
<references />
|Law And Regulation=Research infrastructure

In 1992 laws concerning higher education and research (WHW: Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek) were made to enhance quality, to innovate the capacity and targeting society.<ref>Overheild.nl. Higher Education and Scientific Research Act. [2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/2018-02-01.</ref>

Governance

In the Netherlands, there is a law which determines that the government has to act open. In other words, there are particular tasks which must be done in public.<ref>WOB. Wat is de Wob. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://wob.nl/alles-over-de-wob/.</ref> This is describes in detail in the ‘Wet openbaarheid van bestuur’.<ref>Overheid.nl. Government Information Act. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005252/2018-07-28.</ref>

Research with hazardous materials

It is important that research institutes/universities act transparent. In this way, the government can verify easily whether the research institute/university obey the law concerning hazardous materials. The goal of this law, The Nuclear Energy Act, is to protect employees, patients and other citizens against ionizing radiation.<ref>Autoriteit Nucleaire Veiligheid en Stralingbescherming. Wet- en regelgeving. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://www.autoriteitnvs.nl/onderwerpen/wet--en-regelgeving. </ref><ref>Overheid.nl. Nuclear Energy Act. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002402/2018-10-16. </ref>

Privacy

The ‘Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming’ contains the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. It is important that it is clear and transparent how and why personal data are processed. The goal of processing the personal data must be clarified before using the data.<ref>Overheid.nl. Nuclear Energy Act. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002402/2018-10-16. </ref><ref>Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/over-privacy/wetten/algemene-verordening-gegevensbescherming-avg.</ref>
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="767"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/2021-10-01 Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}This law describes the following aspects of higher education and scientific research: planning and funding; consultation; personnel; supervision; accreditation in higher education; educational offer; education; collaboration of funded higher education institutions; management and organization of the universities, open university, academic hospitals and institutions for scientific research; appeal to the administrative judge; withholding of funding; compensation and penalties; transitional provisions, including in connection with the introduction of the law and regulations in connection with mergers, conversion, demergers, relocations and transfers of management; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws until 2002; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws from 2002.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rug.nl/about-ug/organization/rules-and-regulations/general/gedragscodes-nederlandse-universiteiten/ Code goed bestuur universiteiten]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}The goal of this code is to create transparency of universities. In the code, the universities clarify how they implement the assignment and the scope that the law gives in the field of governance of universities. The code is based on 9 principles on the basis of which the directors and regulators of the universities affiliated with the VSNU give substance to good board.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/nl/actueel/publicaties/gedragscode-voor-gebruik-van-persoonsgegevens-in-wetenschappelijk-onderzoek Code voor het gebruik van persoonsgegevens in wetenschappelijk onderzoek]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}The code of conduct is an elaboration for researchers of the 2001 Personal Data Protection Act, which protects the privacy of Dutch citizens. This code offers researchers who work with privacy-sensitive data practical instructions on how to handle it responsibly. According to the code, no more data may be collected than is necessary for the investigation, and the data must be anonymised as much as possible. The code of conduct provides important guidelines that researchers use personal data only for research, that is, for a scientific publication, and that individuals should never be recognizable in that publication.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/over-privacy/wetten/algemene-verordening-gegevensbescherming-avg Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}This law describes the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vsnu.nl/files/documenten/Nederlandse%20gedragscode%20wetenschappelijke%20integriteit%202018.pdf De Nederlandse Gedragscode wetenschappelijke Integriteit]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}The code of conduct defines five principles of academic integrity, 61 standards for good research practices and the institutions' duties of care. The five principles are: honesty; accuracy; transparency; independency; accountability.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0009408/2020-01-01#Paragraaf6 Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}This law described the following aspects of medical scientific research with humans: rules for scientific research with participants; liability and insurance; obligations of those who conduct or conduct scientific research; additional rules for scientific research with medicines; the committees.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0013797/2020-10-01#Paragraaf6 Embryowet]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}The embyo law descibes the following aspects: rules on the control of germ cells and embryos; rules concerning scientific research with embryos outside the human body that do not induce pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with embryos outside the human body with the aim of inducing pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with fetuses; prohibited actions with germ cells and embryos.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0021505/2020-04-01#Hoofdstuk11 Geneesmiddelenwet]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}The Medicines Act describes the following aspects: the board for the evaluation of medicines; the manufacturer's license and the wholesale license; manufacturers and wholesalers of active substances; the marketing authorization for medicines; classification of drugs; handing over and prescribing medicines; labeling and package insert; pharmacovigilance; pharmaceutical advertising; enforcement: supervision and investigation.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knmp.nl/praktijkvoering/regelgeving/regelgeving-geneesmiddelen-en-grondstoffen/opiumwet Opiumwet]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}The Opium Act prohibits the possession of certain substances listed on Lists l and ll of the Opium Act. Their manufacture, preparation, processing, processing, sale, delivery, provision and transportation are also prohibited.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0008974/2019-04-02 Wet op bijzondere medische verrichtingen]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}Some medical procedures are so special that only licensed licensed hospitals are allowed to perform them. This applies, for example, to open heart operations and certain organ transplants. This is stated in the Special Medical Procedures Act.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005699/2019-04-02 Wet op het bevolkingsonderzoek]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}In certain cases, a permit is required to carry out population screening. This law describes in which cases the permit is needed.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005252/2018-07-28 Wet openbaarheid van bestuur]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}The government fulfills public disclosure in the performance of its task. This is determined in Article 110 of the Constitution. In other words, the government observes transparency in the performance of its duties. Article 110 also determines that a law must describe how the government must do this. For example, the Wet openbaarheid bestuur (Wob) determines which information is public and when it must be provided to an applicant for information. The core objective of the Wob is to regulate the public nature of the administration and the provision of information. This is for the benefit of good and democratic governance.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002402/2018-10-16 De Kernenergiewet]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}The Nuclear Energy Act lays the foundation for protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The rules of the Nuclear Energy Act protect employees, patients and other citizens against this radiation as much as possible. The Nuclear Energy Act does this by, among other things, requiring a permit for most activities involving sources of ionizing radiation.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0007850/2015-01-01 Kwaliteitswet zorginstellingen]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}All healthcare institutions must provide care that meets certain quality requirements. This law describes these requirements, ho wit is enforced and what the sanctions are if the requirements are not met.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0040509/2019-02-15 Regeling basisveiligheidsnormen stralingsbescherming]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}The Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection Regulation is a General Administrative Order (AMvB). It elaborates on the Nuclear Energy Act and aims to protect the population, employees and patients against the adverse effects of ionizing radiation.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003081/2019-01-01 Wet op de dierproeven]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}The goals of this law are: strengthen the protection of animals used for scientific purposes; restore a level playing field for industry and scientific research in the EU; the treatment and use of animals for scientific purposes should be subject to the Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement).
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/compliance/good-clinical-practice Good clinical practice]
{{!}} width="461" valign="top"{{!}}Good clinical practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and wellbeing of trial subjects are protected and that clinical-trial data are credible. In addition, this standard ensures that the data obtained from clinical research is reliable.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Measure=RI training

Some elements of RI are a part of university educational programmes. There are some mandatory training courses for PhD students evaluated and monitored by universities.<ref>Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC). [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://www.amsterdamumc.org/en/research.htm.</ref>

Materials used for these trainings are:

[http://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/DU_ALLEA_Europese_gedragscode_voor_wetenschappelijke_integriteit.pdf European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity] translated into Dutch

[https://www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/responsible-research-data-management-and-the-prevention-of-scientific-misconduct Responsible research data management and the prevention of scientific misconduct] by Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (2013)

[https://www.knaw.nl/nl/actueel/publicaties/wetenschappelijke-integriteit/@@download/pdf_file/20101046.pdf Van Der Heijden, P. F. (2010). Wetenschappelijke integriteit en de universiteit. In P. J. D. Drenth (Ed.), Wetenschappelijke integriteit (pp. 39–44). Amsterdam: KNAW.]

[https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-287-079-7_64-1 Israel M., Drenth P. (2015) Research Integrity: Perspectives from Australia and Netherlands. In: Bretag T. (eds) Handbook of Academic Integrity. Springer, Singapore].

RI dialogue and communication

The Netherlands Research Integrity Network (NRIN) enables sharing of experiences, exchange of knowledge and materials, mutual learning and intervision for several audiences via closed and open meetings. Closed meetings are intended for confidential counsellors and ombudsmen, or for chairs of research integrity investigation committees, whereas open meetings include research conferences and education seminar.<ref>Enrio. Netherlands. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/netherlands/?highlight=netherlands.</ref>

In the Netherlands, different forms of communication take place concerning science knowledge. People can visit scientific museums like [https://www.nemosciencemuseum.nl/en/ NEMO] science museum in Amsterdam. There are scientific festivals to visit like the [https://opensciencefestival.nl/ Open science festival] in Amsterdam and also [https://mytuner-radio.com/podcast/country/top-netherlands/genre/best-science-medicine podcasts] about science are available.

According to the results of 2012, 2015, 2018, and 2021 surveys on Dutch institutions, the public has the most trust in the scientific community. For example, the survey from 2021 showed that on a scale from 1 (absolutely no trust) to 10 (complete trust) the public trust in science was 7.4.<ref>Rathenau Instituut. 2021 July 15. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: https://www.rathenau.nl/en/science-figures/impact/trust-science/public-trust-science.</ref>

Research integrity is occasionally discussed in the lay press. This is usually related to cases of research fraud and academic corruption.

RI incentives

There are rewards for collaborative science and incentives for networks. Ethics assessment is regulated by statutory organisations which are authorised to formulate policies for all public research institutes. An overarching body of legislation consists of the four codes that have been established by the Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU), which are the codes on personal data, scientific integrity, animal experiments, and good governance.<ref>Jansen P, Reijers W. Ethics Assessment in Different Countries. The Netherlands. SATORI. 2015 June. [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: http://satoriproject.eu/media/4.f-Country-report-the-Netherlands.pdf. </ref>
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.amsterdamumc.org/en/research.htm Training courses for PhD students]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/nl/actueel/publicaties/standard-evaluation-protocol-2015-2021/@@download/pdf_file/SEP%202015-2021%20amended%20version%20sept%202016.pdf Standard Evaluation Protocol (SEP)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nwo.nl/en/spinoza-prize NWO Spinoza Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nwo.nl/en/nwo-stevin-prize NWO Stevin Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:580c4d60-48bf-41e7-b775-8735d44c3153

2021-10-24T17:10:12Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Moldova
|Has Location=Moldova
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 2,466 full-time researchers in Moldova <ref>UNESCO. Republic of Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/md?theme=science-technology-and-innovation</ref>. Moldova has 22 universities; 16 public and 8 private <ref>Ministry of Education, Culture and Research. Higher education institutions. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://mecc.gov.md/ro/content/institutiile-de-invatamant-superior</ref> and 19 public research and innovation organisations founded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research <ref>Republic of Moldova Government Decision No. 50 from 16. 01. 2018. on the activity of public law organizations in the fields of research and innovation. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://lex.justice.md/md/373886%20/</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="595"
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://usm.md/ Moldova State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://upsc.md/ "Ion Creangă" Pedogogical State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://utm.md/en/ Technical University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ase.md/ Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usarb.md/ "Alecu Russo" State University of Balti]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Bălți
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ust.md/en/home/ Tiraspol State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Tiraspol
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://kdu.md/ru/ Comrat State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Comrat
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usefs.md/en/ The State University of Physical Education and Sport]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usmf.md/ro "Nicolae Testemitanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uasm.md/en Agrarian State University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.academy.police.md/ "Stefan cel Mare" Police Academy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://amtap.md/en/ Academy of Music, Theatre and Fine Arts]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.academy.army.md/en/ "Alexandru cel Bun" Military Academy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usch.md/ "Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu" State University of Cahul]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Cahul
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tdu-tar.md/ Taraclia State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Taraclia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.aap.gov.md/ Academy of Public Administration]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ulim.md/en/acasa-3/ Free International University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.imi-nova.md/ "IMI-NOVA" International Management]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uccm.md/en/ Cooperative-Commercial University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.surm.md/ Slavonic University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uspee.md/ University of European Political and Economic studies]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usem.md/md/ University of European Studies of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://criminology.md/ Institute of Criminal Science and Applied Criminology of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://americanuniversity.md/ The American University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €34,4 million, which comprises 0.3% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">UNESCO. Republic of Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/md?theme=science-technology-and-innovation</ref>. Most funding was spent in the government sector (70.1%), business (15.5%) and higher education (11.6%) <ref name=":0" />. Moldova had 65 signed grants in H2020 projects receiving €7,2 million from H2020 <ref>H2020 Country Profile. Key Figures – Moldova (Republic of). [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Moldova</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2018, the Moldovan Government approved the National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030”. The overall aim of the Strategy is to improve the quality of citizens’ lives based on the four basic pillars: sustainable and inclusive economy, strong human and social capital, fair and efficient institutions and healthy environment. In order to develop these areas, 10 sustainable development objectives at national level have been set up by 2030, including: guaranteeing quality education, ensuring effective governance, increasing people’s access to infrastructure and improving working conditions <ref>United Nations Moldova. The National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030”, approved by the Government. 2018 July 2. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://moldova.un.org/en/15729-national-development-strategy-moldova-2030-approved-government</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=Moldova does not have an official structure for research integrity. The National Authority for Integrity is dealing only with public servants and head of institutes <ref>National Integrity Authority. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://cni.md/</ref>. It ensures the integrity in the exercise of a public office or public dignity and the prevention of corruption through the control of the property and personal interests and the observance of the legal regime of conflicts of interests, incompatibilities and restrictions <ref name=":0">HORIZON 2020 Policy Support Facility. MLE Research Integrity Republic of Moldova, 3rd country visit Paris, 2019 May 14. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/events/Duhlicher_Moldova-training%20and%20education%20.pdf</ref>. There are no trainings in research integrity intended for research integrity officers <ref name=":0" />.

The State Agency for Intellectual Property, a public institution under the authority of the Government, performs seminars in the field of intellectual property protection on industrial property rights, copyrights and neighbouring rights. The aim of these seminars is to strengthen knowledge in the field of copyright protection and related rights. The target groups are mainly teachers and students. The seminars are not compulsory and the outcomes are not assessed <ref name=":0" />.

The National Agency for Research and Development (NARD) was established in 2018. It is a central administrative authority under the Government of the Republic of Moldova. NARD is responsible for the implementation of the research, innovation and development of national policy, the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 and other European Programmes, and the coordination of Moldovan Office for Science and Technology in Brussels (MOST). Its overall objective is to ensure excellence and performance in achieving national priorities in the areas of research, innovation and development <ref>Government of Republic of Moldova. National Agency for Research and development. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://ancd.gov.md/en/content/nard</ref>.

The Academy of Sciences of Moldova (ASM) is the highest scientific forum of the country. It coordinates scientific and innovation activity, serves as a scientific consultant of the public authorities of the Republic of Moldova, and it has an autonomous statute and acts on the basis of self-administration principles <ref>Academy of Sciences Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://www.asm.md/?go=despre&new_language=2</ref>.

Universities have courses on Professional ethics and culture at the graduate level and masters’ degree level which are designed by the faculties themselves <ref name=":0" />. By the decision of the minister of Education no. 1045/2015 the courses on professional ethics and culture are compulsory and the outcomes are assessed. At the end of the course students have examinations <ref name=":0" />. Usually in Universities, especially in the State University of Medicine and Pharmaceuticals, there are Commissions/Committees of ethics which are approved by the Senates. Academy of Sciences also has ethics committees. No education is provided for the members of the commissions/committees <ref>Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://comitetetica.usmf.md/en</ref>.

The degree of cooperation between universities and research institutions is very weak, given the heavy teaching workload for university professors (up to 1000 hours/year) and lack of research grants incentivizing cooperation and/or mobility between the two sides <ref name=":0" />.

Clinical trials require the approval of the Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices <ref>Medicines and Medical Devices Agency. About Agency. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://amdm.gov.md/en/about-us</ref>.

Moldova does not have a national document regarding research integrity <ref name=":0" />. At some extent, the Code of Professional Ethics and Deontology for Scientific and Didactico-Scientific Staff adopted by the National Agency for Quality Assurances in Education and Research is interpreted as national guide in the field <ref>Codul de etică şi deontologie profesională a personalului științific și științifico-didactic. Anexă la Decizia CC al Anacec nr. 7 din 18 decembrie 2018. [Code of Professional Ethics and Deontology for Scientific and Didactico-Scientific Staff. Annex to the Decision No 7 of 18 December 2018]. [cited 2021 June 17]. Available from: https://www.anacec.md/files/cod-etica.pdf</ref>.

Institutional ethics committees deal with cases of misconduct. These cases are usually solved institutionally and are not publicly available. There were only a few cases, referring to public people, which were made publicly available (plagiarized PhD thesis). In practice, there were approved ad hoc commissions designated by the different institution to investigate cases. Usually, the commission proved even the misconduct; the court had another opinion <ref name=":0" />.

Moldova does not have a whistleblower law and there is no specific legal protection for whistleblowers in the private sector. The only development in recent years has been the 2013 Framework Regulation on Whistleblowers, which has created a system to provide civil servants with opportunities to report wrongdoing within public authorities and protect them from retaliation. This Framework has required all government agencies to enact whistleblower procedures. The government’s National Anticorruption Centre (NAC) is overseeing its implementation <ref>Whistleblower Protection in Southeast Europe. An Overview of Laws, Practice, and Recent Initiatives. 2015. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rm.coe.int/16806fffb0</ref>.
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Moldova.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="604"
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/md/286236/ The Code on Science and Innovation]

[http://lex.justice.md/md/286236/ of the Republic of Moldova]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates activities in the fields of research and innovation, including the process of policy development and implementation, evaluation of organizations, confirmation and recognition of scientific and scientific-didactic titles.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 Government decision on the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 of the Research and Development Strategy of the]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 Republic of Moldova until 2020]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the Moldovan research-development strategy until 2020.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/pnci_engleza.pdf Government decision no. 381/2019 on the approval of the National Program in the fields research and innovation for the years 2020-2023 and the Plan of actions regarding its implementation]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the National Program in the fields of research and innovation for the years 2020-2023 and the Plan of actions with regard to its implementation.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/md/356044/ Government decision for the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/md/356044/ of the Regulation on the organisation of the PhD studies]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the Regulation on the organization of higher doctoral studies.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf Government decision for the approval]

[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf of the National Roadmap of Integration of]

[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf Republic of Moldova in ERA Government decision no. 1081/2018]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the National Roadmap of Integration of Republic Moldova in European Research Area (ERA) for the years 2019-2021.
 
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 Government decision on the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 of the Regulation on the organization and conduct]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 of postdoctoral programs]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the normative framework for organizing research, development and innovation activities through postdoctoral programs.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
 
|Measure=RI training

Training exists as separate actions usually regarding open access and open science <ref>Eifl. Moldova Open Science Training. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://www.eifl.net/events/moldova-open-science-training</ref>. Many of the state universities offer courses on Professional Ethics at the graduate level that are designed by the faculties themselves <ref>HORIZON 2020 Policy Support Facility. MLE Research Integrity Republic of Moldova, 3rd country visit Paris, 2019 May 14. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/events/Duhlicher_Moldova-training%20and%20education%20.pdf</ref>.

The main resource for RE+RI training/implementation is [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity].

RI dialogue and communication

The Academy of Sciences promotes collaboration among different research institutes and with different countries with bilateral and collaborative projects. This is done by the Centre for International Projects <ref>Centre of International Projects of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Black Sea Horizon. 2015 July 14. [cited 2021 June 18]. Available from: https://blacksea-horizon.eu/object/organisation/6</ref>, previously a part of ASM, but now incorporated in the National Agency for Research and Development and responsible for implementing government policies in the fields of research and innovation. It also organizes the activities concerning participation in international research programmes <ref name=":0">Government of Republic of Moldova. National Agency for Research and development. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://ancd.gov.md/en/content/nard</ref>.

The Night of European Researchers is organised by the Academy of Sciences incollaboration with other research institutions to promote science among the young population and encourage them to pursue a scientific career <ref>European Commission. CORDIS EU research results. Fostering science and innovation impact through organisation in Moldova of European Researchers’ Night. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/955287</ref>.

In November, the scientific community of the Republic of Moldova celebrates the Day of Science. This event is organized by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research. Children and young people also participate in these events <ref>Moldpres State News Agency. Science Day celebrated in Moldova. 2018 Nov 10 [cited 2021 June 8].
Available from: https://www.moldpres.md/en/news/2018/11/10/18010085</ref>.

Apart from that, the contest Science Slam serves as a platform for communication between people in science and innovation with the general public <ref>Science Slam Eng. [cited 2021 June 8].
Available from: https://dasfoundation.md/en/science-slam-eng/</ref>.

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Research, in cooperation with the EUREKA International Association in 2018 organised EUREKA Info Day event. The EUREKA International Association is a platform for international cooperation in research, development, and innovation. The objective of the event is to inform the scientific community and the business environment of Moldova about the EUREKA cooperation framework, the activity of the program, how researchers and entrepreneurs can participate in the existing EUREKA actions, how to launch their own actions, and how to prepare and submit a successful project proposal <ref>Ministry of Education Culture and Research. EUREKA Info Day. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://mecc.gov.md/ro/content/eureka-info-day</ref>.

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Research, in collaboration with the European Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST) Association, organized the COST Info Day event in 2018 dedicated to the COST Information Day <ref>Ministry of Education Culture and Research. Event. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://mecc.gov.md/ro/content/evenimente-0</ref>.

The National Agency for Research and Development, the agency which is responsible for implementing government policies in the fields of research and innovation, also organizes Info days on HORIZON 2020 and promotes collaboration among different research institutes <ref name=":0" />.

As far as many public scandals involve high position researchers, the public perception of science and its role-results is more negative and pessimist than positive. Some research integrity aspects are discussed in media. Usually regarding high position personalities in research <ref name=":1">Marušić A. Mutual Learning Exercise (MLE) on Research Integrity. Processes and structures Thematic Report No 1. European Commission. 2019 March. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/MLE%20RI%20-%20Thematic%20Report%201.pdf</ref>.

RI incentives

The National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education and Research (NAQAER), established by the Government, implements state policies and contributes to the development oriented towards the best international standards in the areas of competence assigned: quality assessment in general, technical and higher professional education; external evaluation of continuous professional training programs; external evaluation of organizations in the fields of research and innovation; evaluation of the scientific and scientific-didactic staff and control over the quality of general, vocational and continuing education, compliance with the accreditation and authorization requirements of entities offering educational programs and services <ref>About. Anacec. [cited 2021 June 18]. Available from: https://anacec.md/en/node/155</ref>. Research integrity is not a part of institutional quality assessment at the research institutional level, but it is at the doctoral programs evaluation level. There are universities which have codes of academic integrity and this is part of their quality management. Also, the NAQAER elaborated a Guide to self-assessment report that includes performance criteria and indicators. One of them is the organization of the scientific research <ref name=":1" />.

The Government Excellence Scholarship and the Scholarship on scientific domains for PhD students who have achieved outstanding academic performance and actively participate in the social life of the institution are awarded annually by the Government of the Republic of Moldova <ref>Republic of Moldova. Government Decision No. 172 of 26. 02. 2018. on the award of the Government Excellence Scholarship and the Nominal Scholarship (by fields) for doctoral students for 2018. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from:

http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=374493</ref>.

There are research institutions offering special Grading of merits for stimulating scientific activity (based on performance). Also, annual awards for excellence in scientific research and didactic activity are offered by universities and institutes <ref name=":1" />.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://anacec.md/en/content/about-0 National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education and Research]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://gov.md/en/content/national-award-2016-contest-has-started The National Award – Government of Republic of Moldova]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.moldova.org/en/youth-prize-in-science-technology-and-arts-competition-launched-148733-eng/ Youth Prize in Science, Technology, and Arts - The Ministry of Education and Youth (The Ministry of Education and Youth)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.asm.md/?go=despre&new_language=2 The Academy of Sciences Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:Db983ac5-8f74-4fbf-9579-25947c22b16c

2021-10-24T17:08:28Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Ireland
|Has Location=Ireland
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 37,310 full-time researchers in Ireland in 2019 <ref>Eurostat. R&D personnel by sector of performance, professional position and sex. Last update 2021 March 10. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/rd_p_persocc/default/table?lang=en</ref>. Ireland has 8 universities, 2 technological universities 3 colleges and 9 institutes of technology <ref>HEA Higher Education Authority. Higher Education Institutions. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://hea.ie/higher-education-institutions/?v=l</ref>. In 2019, Technological University Dublin was established by merging 3 institutes of technology <ref>HEA Higher Education Authority. Higher Education Institutions. TU Dublin. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://hea.ie/higher-education-institutions/tu-dublin/</ref>. Similarly, Munster Technological University was established in 2021 by merging 2 institutes of technology. Other institutes of technology are planning to merge in the coming years <ref>HEA Higher Education Authority. New Technological Universities will be created under the reforms set out in Ireland’s National Strategy for Higher Education. [cited 2021 May 20]. Available from: https://hea.ie/policy/he-reform/technological-universities/</ref>. Ireland also has 8 Technology Centres <ref>Enterprise Ireland. Research & Innovation. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://www.enterprise-ireland.com/en/research-innovation/companies/collaborate-with-companies-research-institutes/technology-centres.html</ref>; 7 of these are located within the higher education institutions.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City/Town'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dcu.ie/ Dublin City University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucc.ie/en/ University College Cork]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Cork
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nuigalway.ie/ National University of Ireland Galway]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Galway
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/ Maynooth University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Maynooth
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tcd.ie/ Trinity College Dublin]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucd.ie/ University College Dublin]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ul.ie/ University of Limerick]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Limerick
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tudublin.ie/ Technological University Dublin]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mtu.ie/ Munster Technological University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Cork and Tralee
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rcsi.com/dublin Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Institutes of Technology'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ait.ie/ Athlone Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Athlone
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dkit.ie/ Dundalk Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dundalk
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://iadt.ie/ Dun Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dun Laoghaire
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.gmit.ie/ Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Five campuses across counties Galway and Mayo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.itcarlow.ie/ Institute of Technology Carlow]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Carlow
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.itsligo.ie/ Institute of Technology Sligo]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Sligo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lit.ie/ Limerick Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Limerick
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lyit.ie/ Letterkenny Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Letterkenny
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wit.ie/ Waterford Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Waterford
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Colleges'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.stangelas.nuigalway.ie/ St. Angela’s College]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Sligo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ncad.ie/ National College of Art & Design]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mic.ul.ie/ Mary Immaculate College]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Limerick
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €4.027 million, which comprises 1.13 % of the country’s GDP. Most funding was spent in the business sector (75%), higher education (20.73%) and government sector (4.29%) <ref>Government of Ireland. The Research and Development Budget (R&D) 2019-2020. Government Budget Allocations for R&D. [cited 2021 May 11]. Available from: <nowiki>https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/Publications/Publication-files/The-R-D-Budget-2019-2020.pdf</nowiki></ref>.

Ireland had 2008 grants receiving €1.12 billion funding from H2020 (6). It also had 111 ERC signed grants receiving €154.7 million from H2020 <ref>H2020 Projects. [cited 2021 April 27]. Available from:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=The Irish Government launched the five-year strategy on research and development, science and technology, entitled Innovation 2020. The Strategy’s vision is for Ireland to become a Global Innovation Leader with a sustainable, high employment economy and “a better society enjoying a good quality of life” <ref>Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment. Innovation 2020. 2015 Dec 8. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://enterprise.gov.ie/Djei/en/Publications/Innovation-2020.html</ref>. The focus is on innovation as a focal point in driving productivity growth and encouraging competitiveness.
<references />
|Research Governance=Ireland has two national bodies for research ethics and research integrity – the National Forum on Research Integrity <ref name=":0">IUA Irish Universities Association. Research Integrity. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://www.iua.ie/for-researchers/research-integrity/</ref> and the National Office for Research Ethics Committees <ref>National Office for Research Ethics Committees [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from:

[http://www.bioethics.gov.cy/Moh/cnbc/cnbc.nsf/All/E67706820F4D0CDDC2257CB7003814B2/$file/Bioethics%20and%20Research%20Landscape%20in%20Ireland_Mr%20Ivory.pdf https://www.nrecoffice.ie]</ref>. The National Forum on Research Integrity, established in June 2015, is coordinated by the Irish Universities Association (IUA) and the Technological Higher Education Association (THEA). One of its goals is to support the implementation of research integrity policies. To that end, it has released a National [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/IUA_Research_Integrity_in_Ireland_Report_2019.pdf Policy Statement on Ensuring Research Integrity in Ireland], revised in 2019 to align with the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity <ref>National Research Integrity Forum (2019). Policy Statement on Ensuring Research Integrity in Ireland. [cited 2021 April 27]. Available from: https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/IUA_Research_Integrity_in_Ireland_Report_2019.pdf</ref>. It has also developed guidelines for HEIs on improving their research integrity processes and will publish a Framework for ensuring Research Integrity in Collaborative Agreements in 2021. The National Research Integrity Forum has a broad membership, including representation from all publicly funded higher education institutions, government research institutions, research funders and the state agencies responsible for quality and regulation of the higher education system <ref>Eurec. National information: Ireland. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/information/ireland.html</ref>. While the Health Research Board (HRB), one of the members of the National Forum, was the first to develop policies and guidelines for the promotion of research integrity, all funding agency members now have these in place. In addition, the Higher Education Authority, who provide core funding and governance oversight for the higher education sector in Ireland issued its own principles of good research practice for the HE Sector in 2020 <ref>Higher Education Authority (2020) HEA Principles of Good Practice in Research within Irish Higher Education Institutions. [cited 2021 May 11]. Available from: https://hea.ie/assets/uploads/2017/04/HEA-Principles-of-Good-Practice-in-Research-in-Irish-HEIs-2020.pdf</ref>.

There are numerous research ethics committees in higher education institutions and hospitals/healthcare settings of which 12, based in hospitals, were recognised by the Department of Health for the purpose of providing ethics approval for regulated clinical trials <ref>European Medicines Agency (2021) Clinical Trial Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 536/2014. [Cited 2021 May 11]. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/clinical-trials/clinical-trial-regulation</ref>. However, with the advent of the National Research Ethics Committees, approval for multicentre regulated clinical trials, and trials involving medical devices will in future be provided centrally through the relevant National Research Ethics Committee <ref>Nation Office for Research Ethics Committees. [cited 2021 May 11]. Available from: https://www.nrecoffice.ie/committees/</ref>. The National Office for Research Ethics Committees is an important new addition to the research environment in Ireland. While they dealt exclusively with Covid-19 projects in 2020, in 2021 and beyond they will establish National Research Ethics Committees (NRECs) in prescribed areas of multi-site health research and absorb the currently recognised committees.

In addition, there are many research ethics committees in universities and other research institutions that provide approval for non-regulated healthcare interventions and experimentation involving human subjects and tissue, and animals. It is hoped that, in the case of multicentre research studies requiring this type of ethics approval, the development of future committees by the NREC will harmonise and centralise this activity to some extent.

When it comes to handling allegations of research misconduct, the National Forum has established guidelines for their members to make uniform their policies and practices. [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Guidelines-for-RI-investigations-FINAL-17-08-16-1.pdf The Guidelines for the Investigation of Misconduct in Research] do not oblige adoption of a single standardised procedure but provide principles and guidelines. According to these guidelines, allegations of misconduct should be sent to the Research Integrity Officer (RIO) anonymously and backed up by any available evidence. Then, the research institution where the researcher is employed or is a registered research student performs the investigation. The National Forum also collects and publishes data on misconduct investigations in member organisations on an annual basis <ref name=":0" />.

The Protected Disclosures Act 2014 aims to protect people who raise concerns about possible wrongdoing in the workplace (including, but not limited to, research misconduct). The Act, which came into effect on 15 July 2014, is often called the whistleblower legislation. It provides for redress for employees who are dismissed or otherwise penalised for having reported possible wrongdoing in the workplace <ref>Protected Disclosures Act 2014. [cited 2021 April 16]. Available from: http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/14/enacted/en/html</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/National-Policy-Statement-on-Ensuring-Research-Integrity-in-Ireland-2014.pdf The National Forum on Research Integrity]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to support the implementation of research integrity policies, including training, and to ensure alignment with international and best practices for research integrity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}

[https://www.nrecoffice.ie/ The National Office for Research Ethics Committees]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Working alongside local research ethics committees and supported by the National Office team, the NRECs will work in a mixed-model system to support research ethics across the spectrum of health research in Ireland.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Ireland.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1997/act/24/enacted/en/html?q=Universities Universities Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Sets out the objects and functions of the University, the structure and role of the Governing Authority, staffing arrangements, composition and role of the Academic Council and settings related to property, finance and reporting.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2006/act/25/enacted/en/html?q=institutes+of+technology Institutes of Technology Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Sets out the objects and functions of Institutes of Technology, the structure and role of the governing bodies, staffing arrangements, composition and role of the Academic Council and settings related to property, finance and reporting.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/3/enacted/en/html Technological Universities Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Allows for the merges of two or more Institutes of technology to create a new Technological University.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/30/section/6/enacted/en/html#part2 Freedom of Information Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Gives each individual legal rights to access both personal and non-personal (corporate) records, to have personal records amended or deleted where the information is incorrect or misleading and the right to seek reasons for decisions that affect them.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/7/enacted/en/html?q=data+protection+act Data Protection Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Confers rights on individuals in relation to the privacy of their personal data as well as responsibilities on those persons holding and processing such data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.hpra.ie/homepage/medicines/regulatory-information/clinical-trials/clinical-trial-regulation-(regulation-(eu)-no-536-2014) Clinical Trial Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 536/2014)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the clinical trials on medicinal products for human use.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2007/si/539/made/en/print Medicinal Products (Control of Manufacture) Regulations]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulatory framework for medicinal products in Ireland.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/si/314/made/en/pdf Data Protection Act 2018]

[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/si/314/made/en/pdf (Section 36(2)) (Health Research) Regulations 2018]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulatory framework for processing or further processing personal data for the purposes of health research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/14/enacted/en/html The Protected Disclosures Act 2014]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to protect people who raise concerns about possible wrongdoing in the workplace. This Act is also known as the whistleblower legislation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

The National Forum has prepared several position papers and guideline documents to assist research institutions:

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Research-Integrity-Officer-Role-Reporting-Structure-FINAL-April-2016-1.pdf Research Integrity Officer Role and Reporting Structure]

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Research-Ethics-Integrity-FINAL-April-2016-1.pdf Interface between Research Integrity and Research Ethics]

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Guidelines-for-RI-investigations-FINAL-17-08-16-1.pdf Guidelines for the Investigation of Misconduct in Research]

Since January 2018, online research integrity training (commercial product) is available to researchers at every publicly funded higher education institution and government research institution in Ireland. The National Forum on Research Integrity has put this training in place <ref>IUA Irish Universities Association. Research Integrity. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://www.iua.ie/for-researchers/research-integrity/</ref>, initially for a three-year pilot which provided access to research integrity training for up to 15,000 researchers. The Forum has recently made arrangements to continue access to the training for a further three years (2021-2023), but now without limits on the number of researchers who can complete the training. The training has been fully updated to take into account the Irish context, and individual institutions can add details of their own policies and procedures if required.

RI dialogue and communication

Research integrity is discussed in the lay press. The print media has given coverage to research integrity in the past number of years, both the positive and the negative <ref>O'Connell C. Promoting integrity in science research. The Irish Times. 2009 Sep 18. [cited 2021 April 16]. Available from: https://www.irishtimes.com/business/promoting-integrity-in-science-research-1.740363</ref><ref>Network for Irish Educational Standards. Irish Science Ethics: Poachers and Gamekeepers. 2014 June 19. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from:

https://educationalstandards.wordpress.com/2014/06/19/irish-science-ethics-poachers-and-gamekeepers/</ref><ref>Geoghegan P. Irish-funded scientist under investigation over his research. The Irish Times. 2016 Aug 29. [cited 2021 April 16]. Available from:

https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/irish-funded-scientist-under-investigation-over-his-research-1.2771359</ref>. In 2020, Science Foundation Ireland made a report “Science in Ireland Barometer”, an analysis of the Irish public’s perceptions and awareness of STEM in society. According to the report, majority of the Irish public showed high level of trust in “science” (89%) and “scientists” (81%). The public had the strongest level of trust in “medical health professionals” (87%) and “scientists” (84%) compared to other Irish professionals <ref>Science Foundation Ireland. SFI Science in Ireland Barometer 2020. Research Report. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://www.sfi.ie/research-news/publications/SFI-Science-in-Ireland-Barometer-2020-Research-Report.pdf</ref>.

RI incentives

There are some programmes where researchers are encouraged to link their research with industry <ref>Science Foundation Ireland. Schemes for Industry. [cited 2021 May 15]. Available from https://www.sfi.ie/funding/industry-collaboration/</ref><ref>Enterprise Ireland. Research and Innovation Funding. [cited 2021 May 15]. Available from https://www.enterprise-ireland.com/en/Research-Innovation/</ref><ref>Irish Research Council. Enterprise Partnership Scheme (Postgraduate). [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: http://research.ie/funding/eps-postgrad/</ref><ref>Enterprise Ireland. Funding Supports. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://www.enterprise-ireland.com/en/funding-supports/company/esetablish-sme-funding/innovation-partnerships.html</ref>. Some organisations in Ireland provide awards for researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.iua.ie/for-researchers/research-integrity/ The National Forum for Research Integrity Training]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.qqi.ie/ Quality and Qualifications Ireland]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://research.ie/what-we-do/researcher-of-the-year-awards/ Irish Research Council Researcher of the Year Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sfi.ie/research-news/news/science-irish-research/ Science Foundation Ireland Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:E25203e2-0465-4272-9f37-1f299810864b

2021-10-24T17:02:47Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=France
|Has Location=France
|Research Infrastructure=In 2016, there were 431,000 full-time researchers in France <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref>. France has three types of higher education institutions: Universities, Grandes écoles, and specialized schools <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref>. There are 27 COMUEs – public institutions that bring together and coordinate higher education and research institutions in the same academic or inter-academic area <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref>.

Apart from that, France has 34 public institutions of scientific and technological character, public industrial and commercial establishments, foundations and special institutes in France <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref> as well as 4 National Research Alliances, thematic groupings of research organizations and higher education institutions <ref>Alliance nationale de recherche pour l’environnement. Other national research alliances. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from: https://www.allenvi.fr/allenvi/autres-alliances-de-recherche</ref>.

Higher education institutions that provide university degrees, including a doctorate <ref>Ministère de L’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de L’Innovation. Higher education institutions accredited to award the doctorate. Last updated 2020 May 24. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from:

https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid148415/etablissements-enseignement-superieur-francais-accredites-delivrer-doctorat.html</ref>, are listed below in the table.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation '''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}'''City '''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public higher education institutions'''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://agrosupdijon.fr/ AgroSup Dijon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Dijon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-amu.fr/en/public/presentation-university Aix-Marseille University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marseille
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://artsetmetiers.fr/ Arts and Métiers Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://univ-avignon.fr/site-institutionnel-de-l-universite-d-avignon-859.kjsp Avignon University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Avignon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bordeaux-inp.fr/en Bordeaux INP]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://centralelille.fr/centrale-lille/ Centrale Lille Institute]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villeneuve-d'Ascq
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ec-lyon.fr/ Central Lyon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.centrale-marseille.fr/en Marseille Central]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marseille,
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ec-nantes.fr/english-version Central Nantes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cnam.eu/site-en/ National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cyu.fr/ CY Cergy Paris University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehesp.fr/en/the-school/organisation/ School of Advanced Studies in Public Health]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes, Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehess.fr/en/en/ehess-glance School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences (Ehess)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ecoledesponts.fr/en/welcome-school ParisTech Bridge School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enib.fr/en/ National Engineering School of Brest (ENIB)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Plouzané
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enise.fr/ National Engineering School of Saint-Etienne (ENISE)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Etienne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enac.fr/en National School of Civil Aviation]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Biscarrosse, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Grenoble, Melun, Montpellier, Muret, Saint-Yan, Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rennes.archi.fr/ Brittany National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Ecole, Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enscm.fr/en/ Montpellier National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Grande ecole
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nantes.archi.fr/ Nantes National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.toulouse.archi.fr/fr Toulouse National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bordeaux.archi.fr/ Bordeaux National School of Architecture and Landscape]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Talence
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enscm.fr/fr/ Montpellier National School of Chemistry (ENSCM)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensc-rennes.fr/ Rennes National School of Chemistry]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ens-lyon.fr/en/ Lyon Higher Normal School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ens-rennes.fr/ Rennes Higher Normal School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensicaen.fr/ ENSICaen (National School of Engineers of Caen)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Caen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ens2m.fr/ ENSMM (National School of Mechanics and Microengineering of Besançon)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Besançon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://ensai.fr/en/ GENES - ENSAI (Group of National Schools of Economics and Statistics - National School of Statistics and Information Analysis)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Palaiseau
 
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ifp-school.com/ IFPEN - IFP School (French Institute of New Energy Petroleum)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rueil-Malmaison
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.inalco.fr/ INALCO (National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.inp-toulouse.fr/en/index.html INP Toulouse]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-centrevaldeloire.fr/en/ INSA Center Val-de-Loire]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Blois, Bourges
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-lyon.fr/en/discover-insa-lyon INSA Lyon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villeurbanne, Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-rennes.fr/en.html INSA Rennes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-rouen.fr/ INSA Rouen]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rouen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-toulouse.fr/fr/index.html INSA Toulouse]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.institut-agro.fr/fr Agro Institute]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.imt.fr/en/ Institut Mines Telecom (for its 4 internal schools: Mines Albi-Carmaux, Mines d'Alès, Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, IMT Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Albi, Alès, Brest, Douai, Evry, Lille, Nancy, Nantes, Paris, Saint-Étienne,Sophia-Antipolis

{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ip-paris.fr/ Polytechnic Institute of Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensma.fr/ ISAE - ENSMA (National School of Mechanics and Aerotechnics)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Chasseneuil-du-Poitou
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.isae-supaero.fr/fr/ ISAE - SUPAERO]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-larochelle.fr/ La Rochelle University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}La Rochelle
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-lemans.fr/en/index.html Le Mans University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Le Mans
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mnhn.fr/fr National Museum of Natural History (MNHN)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oniris-nantes.fr/ ONIRIS Nantes (National Veterinary, Food and Food School)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/en Sorbonne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/fr/index.html Bordeaux Montaigne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon1.fr/ Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uca.fr/en Clermont Auvergne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Clermont-Ferrand
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://univ-cotedazur.fr/ Côte d'Azur University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nice
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-angers.fr/fr/index.html University of Angers]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Angers
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-artois.fr/artois-university University of Artois]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Arras
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-evry.fr/accueil.html University of Evry Val d'Essonne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Evry
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-orleans.fr/en University of Orleans]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Orléans
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bordeaux.com/ University of Bordeaux]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bourgogne.fr/ University of Burgundy]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Dijon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-brest.fr/GB University of Western Brittany]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Brest
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-ubs.fr/fr/index.html University of South Brittany]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lorient , Vannes,Pontivy
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unicaen.fr/ University of Caen Normandie]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Caen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universita.corsica/fr/ University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Corte
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-fcomte.fr/ University of Franche-Comté]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Besançon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-guyane.fr/ University of Guyana]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Cayenne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uha.fr/en/index.html University of Haute-Alsace]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Mulhouse, Colmar
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://unc.nc/en/ University of New Caledonia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nouméa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-reunion.fr/ University of Reunion]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Denis
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lille.fr/home/ University of Lille]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lille
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unilim.fr/ University of Limoges]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Limoges
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lorraine.fr/ University of Lorraine]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nancy, Metz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umontpellier.fr/en/ University of Montpellier]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.univ-nantes.fr/ University of Nantes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unimes.fr/en/come-and-study-at-unimes-nimes.html University of Nîmes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nîmes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://u-paris.fr/en/#pll_switcher University of Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-pau.fr/en/home.html University of Pau and the Pays de l'Adour]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Pau, Bayonne, Tarbes, Mont de Marsan
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-perp.fr/ University of Perpignan - Via Domitia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Perpignan
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-picardie.fr/university-of-picardy-jules-verne-110990.kjsp University of Picardy Jules Verne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Amiens
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-poitiers.fr/en/ University of Poitiers]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Poitiers
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upf.pf/fr University of French Polynesia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Puna'auia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-reims.fr/ University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Reims
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.univ-rennes1.fr/en University of Rennes 1]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-rouen.fr/ University of Rouen Normandy]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rouen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.unistra.fr/ University of Strasbourg]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Strasbourg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utbm.fr/ Belfort Montbéliard University of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Belfort, Sevenans, Montbéliard
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utc.fr/ University of Technology of Compiègne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Compiègne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utt.fr/ Troyes University of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Troyes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tln.fr/-University-of-Toulon-.html University of Toulon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.univ-tours.fr/ University of Tours]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Tours
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvsq.fr/ University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Versailles
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-ag.fr/ University of the West Indies]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Pointe-à-Pitre, Saint-Claude, Schœlcher
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-littoral.fr/en/ Coastal Opal Coast University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Boulogne sur Mer, Calais, Dunkerque, Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/english/ Grenoble Alpes University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Grenoble, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Gières
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-gustave-eiffel.fr/ Gustave Eiffel University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marne la Vallée
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-st-etienne.fr/fr/index.html Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Étienne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon3.fr/ Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lehavre.fr/?lang=en Le Havre Normandy University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Le Havre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon2.fr/ Lumière University - Lyon 2]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-paris2.fr/fr Panthéon-Assas University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/ Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-paris8.fr/ Paris 8 University - Vincennes - Saint-Denis]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Denis
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.parisnanterre.fr/ Paris Nanterre University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nanterre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://university.parisnanterre.fr/ Paris Sciences and Letters University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-pec.fr/ Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Créteil
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universite-paris-saclay.fr/ Paris-Saclay University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-montp3.fr/ Paul-Valéry University - Montpellier 3]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uphf.fr/ Hauts-de-France Polytechnic University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Valenciennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-rennes2.fr/ Rennes 2 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-smb.fr/ Savoie Mont Blanc University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Annecy, Chambéry
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-paris3.fr/ Sorbonne Nouvelle University - Paris 3]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-paris13.fr/ Sorbonne Paris North University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villetaneuse, Saint-Denis, Bobigny
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut-capitole.fr/ Toulouse-I Capitole University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tlse2.fr/home Toulouse-II Jean Jaurès University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tlse3.fr/ Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.vetagro-sup.fr/about-vetagro-sup/ VetAgro Sup (Institute of higher education and research in food, animal health, agronomic and environmental sciences)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private higher education institutions'''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://escp.eu/fr ESCP Europe Business School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hec.edu/en HEC Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Jouy-en-Josas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sciencespo.fr/en/home Sciences Po Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris, Nancy, Dijon, Poitiers, Menton, Le Havre, Reims
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €51.8 billion, which comprises 2.2% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">Unesco Institute for Statistics. Science, technology and innovation. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&lang=en</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (65.41%), higher education (20.5%), government (12.5%) and private non-profit organisations (1.59%) <ref name=":0" />.

France had 7 488 grants receiving €6.9 billion funding from H2020 <ref name=":1">H2020 Country Profile. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/France</ref>. It also had 878 ERC signed grants receiving €1.46 billion from H2020 <ref name=":1" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2013, France launched the research strategy France Europe 2020 A Strategic Agenda for Research, Technology Transfer and Innovation. The scope of the Strategy is to enable all areas of research in France better tackling on the scientific, technological, economic and societal challenges. It proposed nine lines of actions to achieve this scope: mobilise the research community around major societal challenges, reforge the research coordination and guidance system in France, promote technological research, develop digital training and infrastructures, foster innovation and technology transfer, ensure uptake on the scientific culture, develop programming suited to the major priorities in research and innovation, build consistency between sites and heighten the presence of French research in Europe and abroad <ref>Ministère de L’éducation Nationale, de L’enseignement Supérieur et de La Recherche. France Europe 2020. A Strategic Agenda for Research, Technology Transfer and Innovation. May 2013. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/France-Europe_2020/18/3/AgendaStategique02-07-2013-EnglishLight_262183.pdf</ref><ref>Ministère de L’éducation Nationale, de L’enseignement Supérieur et de La Recherche. Stratégie nationale de recherché. France Europe 2020. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from:

https://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Strategie_Recherche/26/9/strategie_nationale_recherche_397269.pdf</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=[https://www.inserm.fr/sites/default/files/2020-10/FrenchNationalCharterForResearchIntegrity2018.pdf National charter for research integrity] was introduces in 2015. It is aligned with [https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/jobs/charter/european-charter European Charter for Researchers], [https://wcrif.org/guidance/singapore-statement Singapore Statement on Research Integrity] and [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]. The Charter addresses compliance with legislative and regulatory requirements, reliability of research work, communication, responsibility in collective work, impartiality and independence in assessment and expertise, collaborative work and plurality of activities, and training. By the end of April 2019, more than 45 research institutions signed the Charter agreeing to abide by seven principles in the field of professional ethics <ref name=":0">Enrio. Country Report France. Last Update 2019 May. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/france/</ref>.

In 2017, the French [https://www.hceres.fr/en/french-office-research-integrity Office for Research Integrity (OFIS)] was established as a department of [https://www.hceres.fr/en/missions High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education]. Its purpose is threefold:

- Monitoring, particularly in the context of the new forms that research is taking (participatory science, big data, data reuse, open science);

- Observation of compliance with the code of ethics for research professions by the institutions that have adopted it since 2015;

- Coordination of national scientific communities on issues of scientific integrity, particularly through the network of advisers in the establishments that have signed the charter.

The OFIS benefits from the conditions to guarantee its independence to support, coordinate and facilitate the action of higher education and research establishments which have signed the charter <ref>Hcéres. Installation of the French Office for Scientific Integrity. 2017 Oct 26. [cited 2021 July 12]. Available from: https://www.hceres.fr/fr/actualites/installation-de-loffice-francais-de-lintegrite-scientifique</ref>.

OFIS is the national advisory body on research integrity in France <ref name=":0" />. The French Advisory Board for Research Integrity guides and oversees the work of the OFIS <ref>Hcéres. Installation of the French Office for Scientific Integrity. 2017 Oct 26. [cited 2021 July 12]. Available from: https://www.hceres.fr/fr/actualites/installation-de-loffice-francais-de-lintegrite-scientifique</ref>. The [https://www.ccne-ethique.fr/en/pages/presenting-national-consultative-ethics-committee-health-and-life-sciences National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences] (CCNE) has an advisory role in dealing with ethical concerns in the community <ref name=":1">Eurec. National information: France. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/france.html</ref>. Further, the National Committee for Ethics in Animal Research brought up a [https://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Encadrement_des_pratiques_de_recherche/58/1/Charte_nationale_portant_sur_l_ethique_de_l_experimentation_animale-version_anglaise_243581.pdf National charter on the ethics of animal experimentation]. There are 39 Ethics Committees in France. These Committees of Protection of Persons (CPP) are divided up into 7 regions all over the country <ref name=":1" />.

Research institutions, such as universities, the [http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/le-cnrs National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)], [https://www.inserm.fr/en National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM)] and the [https://www.cirad.fr/en French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD)], are obliged to prevent and handle misconduct cases. Generally, these institutions have investigatory and decision-making authority <ref name=":0" />.

The French legal system provides protection for whistle-blowers. “Sapin II” law from 2016 requires that companies establish internal whistleblowing hotlines which would allow employees to report violations of the corporate code of conduct. Disclosure of confidential information about whistle-blowers or alleged violators may be punishable by two years of incarceration or a fine of €300,000 <ref>Neboga K, Gordienko N. France’s new Sapin-II anti-corruption law: recommendations for French companies operating in the CIS. Deloitte CIS Forensic 2017. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from:

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ru/Documents/finance/sapin_II_en.pdf</ref>. This can be applied in private companies with at least 50 employees <ref>Neboga K, Gordienko N. France’s new Sapin-II anti-corruption law: recommendations for French companies operating in the CIS. Deloitte CIS Forensic 2017. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from:

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ru/Documents/finance/sapin_II_en.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hceres.fr/fr/ofis The French Office for Scientific Integrity (OFIS)]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Provides support to higher education and research institutions, observes implementation of the National charter, contributes to the promotion of research integrity at the national and international level.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurecnet.org/information/france.html Ethics Committees (Committees for the Protection of Persons)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Have responsibility for decisions concerning interventional studies, standard of care studies, medical and other health products and further research areas.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ccne-ethique.fr/en/pages/presenting-national-consultative-ethics-committee-health-and-life-sciences The National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences (CCNE)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Has an advisory role in dealing with ethical concerns in the community. All issues of medically assisted procreation and experiments on humans have to be addressed by the CCNE.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.cnrs.fr/en/cnrs The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Conducts research, transfers research results, trains through research and contributes to scientific policy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.recherche-animale.org/sites/default/files/scientific_research_and_animal_experimentation_-_state_of_affairs.pdf The National Commission on Animal Experimentation (CNEA)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good practices in breeding, care and handling of laboratory animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/documents/index-oecst-gb.asp Parliamentary Office for evaluation]

[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/documents/index-oecst-gb.asp of scientific and technological options (OPECST)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Informs Parliament of scientific and technological options in order to make its decisions clear. It collects information, launches study programmes and carries out assessments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.hautconseildesbiotechnologies.fr/en/article/what-hcb-does The High Council on Biotechnology - Scientific Committee and Economic, Ethical and Social Committee]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Advises the French government on issues relating to GMOs and other types of biotechnology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/commissions/plaquette_opecst_anglais.pdf The Parliamentary Office for Scientific and Technological Assessment]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Collects information, launches study programmes and carries out assessments in order to inform Parliament of the consequences of the choice of scientific and technological options.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid138740/le-college-de-deontologie-de-l-enseignement-superieur-de-la-recherche-et-de-l-innovation.html Council of Deontology - French Ministry of Education, Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Takes part in a network of national bodies competent in matters of deontology, ethics and integrity.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in France.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.iforct.com/New-Jarde-decree-in-France-News/p/3/665/0/ New Jardé Decree Applying from 17 November 2016]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the methods of conducting research involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000027038013/ Order on the ethical evaluation and authorization of projects involving the use of animals in procedures]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the methods of conducting research involving animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGITEXT000006071367/ Rural and Maritime Fishing Code, Articles R214-117 to R214-127]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Supports research, innovation and development, especially the bio-based products and plant chemistry sectors. It aims to develop added value in agricultural and food sectors, strengthen France's export capacity, contribute to the protection of the public health and health of farmers and employees in the agricultural sector, etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000043136646/ Code of the Environment]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Provides rules concerning the preservation of natural resources, monitoring of hazardous activities, environmental assessment and public information on project.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000036684330?r=cHTkWm5iJL Order of March 1, 2018 relating to the College of Ethics within the Ministry of Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Gives opinion on the general issues relating to the application of the obligations and ethical principles in the services and establishments within the Ministry of Higher Education and Research. It recommends measures for enforcing ethical obligations and preventing or stopping a conflict of interest situation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

French Office for Research Integrity (OFIS) offers training to integrity officers (17)<ref name=":0">Enrio. France. French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD). [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/france/</ref>. Documents for RI training used in France are:

-[https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/FR_ALLEA_Code_de_conduite_europeen_pour_lintegrite_en_recherche.pdf European Code of Conduct]

-[https://www.inserm.fr/sites/default/files/2020-10/FrenchNationalCharterForResearchIntegrity2018.pdf National Charter for Research Integrity]

-[https://www.inserm.fr/professionnels-recherche/integrite-scientifique/signature-publications-scientifiques-bonnes-pratiques Signature of Scientific Publications: Good Practices (Inserm)]

-[https://anr.fr/fileadmin/documents/2019/ANR-Ethics-and-Scientific-Integrity-Charter-2019-v2.pdf Ethics and Scientific Integrity Charter] of the ANR

-[http://www.cpu.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/integrity-and-responsibility-in-research-practices-a-guide-19.11.16.pdf Integrity and responsibility in research practices (CNRS-CPU)]

-[http://www.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/download-file/rapport-integrite-scientifique.pdf Scientific integrity guideline (CNRS, 2018)]

-[https://www.hceres.fr/sites/default/files/media/downloads/2018_Guide-traitement-signalements-IS_RESINT.pdf Guide for collecting and processing reports relating to scientific integrity]

There are also training courses in research ethics and integrity – the MOOC “Research Integrity in Research Professions” (18)<ref>FUN MOOC. Research integrity in scientific professions. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from: https://www.fun-mooc.fr/en/courses/research-integrity-scientific-professions/</ref> and the MOOC centered on research ethics, mainly intended for doctoral students. It was designed within the Research Ethics Platform of the University of Lyon (19)<ref>FUN MOOC. Research integrity in scientific professions. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from: https://www.fun-mooc.fr/en/courses/research-integrity-scientific-professions/</ref>.

RI dialogue and communication

The OFIS organizes the annual meeting of signatories of the French Charter of research deontology in which the universities and the other research institutions exchange policies, procedures and share their needs with OFIS (17)<ref name=":0" />.

Lay press occasionally discusses research integrity. News is usually related to cases of research fraud and academic corruption (''Le Monde'' and ''Les Echos''). Public perception of science was shaken and diminished when several cases of research fraud were published in the media (20)<ref>Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. Renforcer l’intégrité de la recherche en France. 2010 Sept 15. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://archeologie-copier-coller.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/J-P-ALIX.-RAPPORT-INTEGRITE.pdf</ref>. This brought up an initiative by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science to create the propositions for the implementation of the National Charter for the Research Integrity (21)<ref>Leduc M. Creation of the French Office for Integrity in Science (OFIS). Enrio. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/creation-french-office-integrity-science-ofis/</ref>. The document “Overview and propositions of implementation of the charter” by Pierre Corvol was also presented in the press by the Minister of Higher Education and Research in 2016 (enrio creation of the French office for integrity in science).

RI incentives

The High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres) is administrative authority responsible for the evaluation of higher education institutions and research institutes. There are numerous awards and prizes for researchers. France also has the research tax credit (CIR) which supports business research and development activities by providing tax assistance (22)<ref>Leduc M. Creation of the French Office for Integrity in Science (OFIS). Enrio. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/creation-french-office-integrity-science-ofis/</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/france/ Research integrity training for PhD students]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/france/ OFIS training for research integrity officers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hceres.fr/en The High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.inserm.fr/en/about-inserm/inserm-prizes Inserm Prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.cnrs.fr/en/node/1968 CNRS awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.frm.org/nous-soutenir/batir-un-projet-philanthropique/prix FRM Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pasteur.fr/en The Sanofi-Pasteur Prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://portail.polytechnique.edu/informatique/en/la-recherche-magazine-prize-2019 The magazine La Recherche]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.institutdefrance.fr/les-fondations-et-prix/ Institute of France prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:2e3c5d2d-ea34-40f6-86ac-67fbc796919f

2021-10-24T17:00:35Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Finland
|Has Location=Finland
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 51,500 full-time researchers in Finland <ref>1. Statistics Finland. 1. Research and development 2019. 2020 Oct 29. [cited 2021 March 8]. Available from:

https://www.stat.fi/til/tkke/2019/tkke_2019_2020-10-29_kat_001_en.html</ref>. Finland has 14 universities, 22 universities of applied sciences, 12 state research institutes, 4 science agencies and research institutes under the steering of the Ministry of Education and Culture, 4 academic institutes abroad and non-profit limited company: CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd (owned by the State and higher education institutions) <ref name=":0">Ministry of Education and Culture. Higher education institutions, science agencies, research institutes and other public research organisations. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://minedu.fi/en/heis-and-science-agencies</ref>.

Finland has several research libraries: The National Library of Finland, the libraries of universities and universities of applied sciences, Library of Parliament, Library of Statistics and other specialised libraries at research institutes, government agencies and museums <ref name=":0" />.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aalto.fi/en Aalto University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Espoo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.helsinki.fi/en University of Helsinki]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uef.fi/en University of Eastern Finland]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Joensuu, Kuopio
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.jyu.fi/en University of Jyväskylä]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Jyväskylä
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ulapland.fi/EN University of Lapland]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Rovaniemi
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lut.fi/web/en/ LUT University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Lappeenranta, Lahti
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oulu.fi/university/ University of Oulu]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Oulu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hanken.fi/en Hanken School of Economics]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki, Vaasa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uniarts.fi/en/ University of the Arts Helsinki]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki, Kuopio, Seinäjoki
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tuni.fi/en Tampere University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Tampere
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utu.fi/en University of Turku]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Turku
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univaasa.fi/en University of Vaasa]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Vaasa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.abo.fi/en/?lang=en Åbo Akademi University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Turku
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu.fi/en/frontpage National Defence University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €6.7 billion, which comprises 2.79% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">1. Statistics Finland. 1. Research and development 2019. 2020 Oct 29. [cited 2021 March 8]. Available from:

https://www.stat.fi/til/tkke/2019/tkke_2019_2020-10-29_kat_001_en.html</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business enterprise sector (65.6%), higher education (25.4%) and government sector (9.0%) <ref name=":0" />. Finland had 2.067 signed grants receiving €1.42 billion and 149 ERC grants, receiving €225.5 million <ref>H2020 Country Profile. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Finland</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2013, Finnish government launched the Finland’s Strategy and Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2014-2020. The Strategy’s main scope was to be recognized for its “internationally competitive science and high-quality research infrastructures” by renewing teaching, society and the business sector using following measures: long-term development of research infrastructures, improvements to the access to and collaborative use of research infrastructures, supporting of the funding base of research infrastructures, provision of a basis for the methodological development of research infrastructures and evaluation of the significance and impact of research infrastructures <ref>Finland’s Strategy and Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2014-2020. The Finnish Infrastructure Committee. 2014. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.aka.fi/globalassets/2-suomen-akatemian-toiminta/4-julkaisut/webroadmap2014eng.pdf?_t_id=0_0szSg0ut6-HZKSE3qI6A%3D%3D&_t_uuid=KXU9ajPzQU6G-6JJwq_yJA&_t_q=roadmap&_t_tags=language%3Aen%2Csiteid%3A89e2ba17-5f81-4e18-a6e2-27ce1774d3e5%2Candquerymatch&_t_hit.id=AkaFi_Web_Models_Media_PdfFile/_26807aeb-59d9-45d6-991e-c28219d77720&_t_hit.pos=3</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=Finland has several national bodies for research ethics and research integrity. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK) is appointed by the Ministry of Education and Culture on the proposal of the scientific community. TENK monitors research integrity by following and compiling statistics on violations of responsible conduct of research and acting as an appeal body on RCR investigations. It has issued national guidelines on research integrity and on ethical review in the human sciences. All Finnish research organisations are committed to these guidelines <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. TENK. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://tenk.fi/en/tenk</ref>. Besides research integrity TENK also coordinates the ethical reviewing of the human sciences. Ethical review of non-medical research involving human participants is based on a set of guidelines drawn up by the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK - [https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2021-01/Ethical_review_in_human_sciences_2020.pdf The ethical principles of research with human participants and ethical review in the human sciences in Finland. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK guidelines 2019].

TENK has created a network of Research Integrity Advisers. It has trained more than 144 advisers in 74 research organisations that provide advices to researchers and other staff in their organisations <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. Research Integrity Advisers. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://tenk.fi/en/research-misconduct/research-integrity-advisers</ref>.

Finland has 9 regional research ethics committees established by the University hospital districts <ref name=":0">1. European Network of Research Ethics Committees Eurec. National information: Finland. [cited 2021 March 4].
Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/finland.html</ref>. There are independent and voluntary based research ethics committees for other fields, such as humanities or studies on national registers at universities and research centres <ref name=":0" />. There are also many local ethics committees in hospitals, research institutes and universities <ref>Ethics Committees in Finland. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

https://www.tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/Ethics_committees_in_Finland.pdf</ref>.

Finnish institutions have a high degree of cooperation when it comes to handling violations of research integrity and research ethics. Procedures for dealing with misconduct can be found in TENK guidelines which were signed by all universities, majority of universities of applied sciences and publicly funded research institutions. Guidelines suggest that each institution should deal with possible cases of misconduct <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. Organisations committed to the RCR guidelines. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

https://tenk.fi/en/research-misconduct/organisations-committed-rcr-guidelines</ref>. Research organisations who signed the agreement for adhering to TENK guidelines have taken the responsibility to follow the procedures named in guidelines when it comes to dealing with cases of alleged violations of the responsible conduct of research. The decision whether a violation of research integrity occurred is brought by the rector of the university, or if the university so decides, the chancellor, the rector of a university of applied sciences, or the director of the research organisation. The allegations of research misconduct and decision related to the allegations are reported to TENK for the purpose of monitoring the compliance with guidelines. If a party in the process is unsatisfied with the decision, the TENK statement regarding the case can be requested in the period of 6 months.

TENK does not publish its concrete decisions, but according to the Finnish law of general publicity, all official documents are available for stakeholders. Usually, rector investigates the alleged violations of research integrity upon the notification but in some cases, it can conduct the investigation of allegations that have come to his/her attention from other channels. Furthermore, TENK can also initiate the investigation if it has reasons to suspect misconduct occurred at the research organisation.

If the allegations of research misconduct are unfounded, the rector’s decision to stop the investigation process can be publicly announced. Moreover, if the investigation confirms the research misconduct the findings contained in the final report must be published at least in the publication channel where the fraudulent research findings or results based on fraudulent means have already been published. If the investigation finds that the person alleged of misconduct has not violated the responsible conduct of research, an effort must be made to publish the findings of the investigation in an appropriate publication channel if the person alleged of misconduct wants, or if there are other compelling reasons. TENK statements are publicly available and in its annual report cases of research misconduct are presented in the anonymous form <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. Investigation of allegations. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.tenk.fi/en/investigation-of-allegations</ref>.

According to TENK guidelines, the written allegation of research misconduct cannot be submitted anonymously. Moreover, in accordance with The Act on Openness of Government, the research organisation is when sending the documents to TENK, obliged to take into account the secrecy obligations that apply to the information included in the documents <ref>Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity. Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland. Guidelines of the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity 2012. 2021 Nov 14. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/HTK_ohje_2012.pdf</ref>.

Interventional clinical trials on medicinal products must be reported to the Finnish Medicine Agency (FIMEA). FIMEA does not need to be notified of investigations other than interventional trials <ref name=":1">Fimea. Clinical Drug Trials. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.fimea.fi/web/en/supervision/clinical_drug_trials</ref>. The sponsor or the person responsible for the trial must provide a report on the results of the trial to FIMEA, not later than one year after the trial ends. The report on the results must also be submitted to the EU Clinical Trials Register <ref name=":1" />.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tenk.fi/en Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes the responsible conduct of research, prevents research misconduct, promotes discussion and spreads information on research integrity in Finland. It has issued national guidelines on research integrity and on ethical review in the human sciences. It acts as an appeal body on RCR investigations, monitors RI by following and complying statistics on violations of RCR, coordinates the ethical reviewing of the human sciences and provides advice in problematic situations.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://etene.fi/en/frontpage National Advisory Board on Social Welfare and Health Care Ethics (ETENE)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Discusses general principles in ethical issues in the field of social welfare and health care.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tukija.fi/en/frontpage National Committee on Medical Research Ethics (TUKIJA)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Serves as an expert on research ethics, advises regional ethics committees in the matters of ethical principle related to medical research and provides training. It is responsible for issuing opinions on the ethics of clinical drug trials that are to be run in Finland unless this task is delegated to a regional ethics committee. The Committee also evaluates the conditions for establishing a biobank.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mmm.fi/en/laboratory-animals Council on the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Monitors and promotes the implementation of the principle of replacement, reduction and refinement (“3R principle”). It issues proposals and statements to promote the principle and gives statements on other important measures and proposals concerning the use and welfare of animals used for scientific or educational purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.btnk.fi/en/ National Advisory Board on Biotechnology]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes cooperation between authorities, researchers and operators in biotechnology, monitors developments and research in gene technology as well as its health and environmental impacts. In addition, the Board monitors and promotes international cooperation in biotechnology and takes into account the ethical considerations of gene technology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://geenitekniikanlautakunta.fi/en/frontpage Board for Gene Technology]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Acts as the authorising body regarding the use of genetically modified organisms in accordance with the Gene Technology Act (377/1995).
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Finland.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2010/en20100820_20100820.pdf Decree on the National Committee on Medical Research Ethics]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Supports and coordinates the activities of the regional ethics committees in connection with the procedures regarding requesting opinions, participates in international cooperation regarding research ethics issues and collects and conveys information on research ethics issues. It also conveys information on the international discussion on ethics in the field of medical research and promotes the public discussion on medical and biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990488_20100794.pdf Medical Research Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Provides basic rules for medical research with humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1995/en19950377_20100955.pdf Gene Technology Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes safe and ethical use and development of gene technology. It protects human and animal health and the environment when carrying out the contained use or deliberate release of genetically modified organisms into the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1992/en19920785 Act on the Status and Rights of Patients]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the patients’ status and rights in health care and medical care.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/2006/en20060062.pdf Act on the Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures keeping and using animals in experimental animal activities only for necessary and important reasons.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2001/en20010101_20130277.pdf Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Lays down provisions on the use of:

- human organs, tissues and cells for the treatment of human disease or injury

- organs intended for transplantation

- human embryos for a purpose other than fertility treatment or medical research-

- human organs, tissues, cells and tissue samples for a purpose other than that for which they were removed or retained

- cadaver for medical teaching and research etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990523_20000986.pdf Personal Data Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Implements the protection of private life and other basic rights which safeguard the right to privacy and in the processing of personal data. It also promotes the development of and compliance with good processing practice.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990621_20150907.pdf Act on the Openness of Government Activities]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Defines objectives of the right of access and the duties of the authorities regarding openness and good practice on information management in government.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

There are various resources for RE and RI training. TENK has issued several guidelines.

Research misconduct:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/HTK_ohje_2012.pdf Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland. Guidelines of the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity 2012]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/RCR_notification_form.docx Template for reporting allegations of violation of the responsible conduct of research (DOCX)]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_Research_Integrity_Advisers_2018.pdf Recommendations of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK for Research Integrity Advisers]

Ethical review in human sciences:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2021-01/Ethical_review_in_human_sciences_2020.pdf The ethical principles of research with human participants and ethical review in the human sciences in Finland. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK guidelines 2019]

Curriculum vitae:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_CV_template.pdf Researcher’s Curriculum Vitae Template. Recommendation of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK 2020]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_CV_template.docx Researcher's Curriculum Vitae Template. Recommendation of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK (DOCX)]

Authorship:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_suositus_tekijyys.pdf Agreeing on authorship. Recommendation for research publications]

Doctoral dissertations:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_UNIFI_recommendations_supervision_of_doctoral_dissertations.pdf Supervision of doctoral dissertations and their review process in Finland with a special emphasis on research integrity. Recommendations to universities by the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity and Universities Finland UNIFI.]

National Committee on Medical Research Ethics (TUKIJA) provides [https://tukija.fi/en/seminar-materials TUKIJA’s seminar materials] for RE and RI training.

RI dialogue and communication

A “Science Barometer” is published every third year. It reflects opinions of the public to on the impact of research to the society and credibility of universities and other research institutions in comparison to other societal institutions (church, parliament, court, police etc.). According to the Barometer, public perception of research integrity and trust in science in Finland is on a high level <ref>Summary of the Finnish Science Barometer 2019. A study of the Finns’ Attitudes towards Science and Their Opinions on Scientific and Technological Progress. 2019. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

http://www.tieteentiedotus.fi/files/Sciencebarometer_2019_23122019.pdf</ref>.

Research integrity is discussed in the lay press occasionally. The Finnish media wrote about scientific misconduct and TENK’s role and authority in the control of scientific misconduct <ref>Salminen A, Pitkänen L. Finnish Research Integrity Barometer 2018. The Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK 2/2020. [cited 2021 May 25]. Available from: https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2020-12/Finnish_Research_Integrity_Barometer_2018.pdf</ref>.

RI incentives

Research integrity is a party of institutional quality assessment in Finland <ref>Aalto University. Research Ethics and Research Integrity. 2020 Dec 9. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: [https://www.aalto.fi/services/research-ethics-and-research-integrity) https://www.aalto.fi/services/research-ethics-and-research-integrity]</ref>. The universities have a duty to organise an international research assessment every sixth year to measure the quality of research. The Academy of Finland conducts, coordinates and commissions evaluations of research with a view to improving both its performance and the quality and impact of Finnish science and research <ref>Academy of Finland. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.aka.fi/en/</ref>.

TENK provides annual training for advisers who are later appointed to research institutions to give advice concerning research integrity <ref>1. Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity. Action Plan: 1 February 2016-31 January 2019. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

https://www.tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/media/TENK_action_plan_2016_2018.pdf</ref>.

PhD programs at universities use online courses for the education on research integrity. There is also some training in research integrity for teachers at universities and universities of applied sciences regarding RI but it should be further developed and adapted in institutions <ref>Löfström, E. Teaching and learning Research Integrity. Responsible Research. 2018 May 19. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://vastuullinentiede.fi/en/doing-research/teaching-and-learning-research-integrity</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tenk.fi/en/research-misconduct/research-integrity-advisers TENK’s annual training for research integrity advisers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aka.fi/en/ The Academy of Finland]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.aka.fi/en/about-us/scientists-behind-the-research/academy-of-finland-awards/ Academy of Finland Awards - awards for outstanding researchers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nfid.org/awards/finland The Maxwell Finland Award for Scientific Achievement]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://taf.fi/millennium-technology-prize/ The Millennium Technology Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:3e5de8e7-135a-45a9-82f5-bd739fd62324

2021-10-24T16:58:05Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Denmark
|Has Location=Denmark
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 42,378 full-time researchers in Denmark in 2019 <ref>1. Eurostat. Total researchers by sectors of performance – full time equivalent. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tsc00004/default/table?lang=en</ref>. Denmark has 8 universities <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Universities. 2014 Nov 14. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/education/higher-education/danish-universities</ref>, 7 university colleges <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. University Colleges. 2014 Mar 18. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/education/higher-education/university-colleges</ref>, 7 Approved Technological Institutions (GTS Institutes) which aim to spread knowledge regarding technology to the business community <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. The Danish GTS institutes. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/cooperation-between-research-and-innovation/collaboration-between-research-and-industry/danish-gts-institutes/danish-gts-institutes</ref> and 17 Danish Innovation Networks which help companies find new partners among researchers, other companies and experts in Denmark as well as abroad <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Innovation Networks Denmark. 2019 Jan 11. [cited 2021 Feb 8]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/cooperation-between-research-and-innovation/collaboration-between-research-and-industry/innovation-networks-denmark</ref>. In 2007 many Danish public research organisations were incorporated in universities which led to the reducement in the number of research institutes <ref>1. Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education. The Future of Europe Depends on Knowledge. 2012. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://sciencediplomacy.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/danish-science-innovation-education.pdf</ref>. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ku.dk/english University of Copenhagen]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cbs.dk/en Copenhagen Business School]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.itu.dk/ IT University of Copenhagen]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sdu.dk/en University of Southern Denmark]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Odense, Esbjerg, Kolding, Sønderborg, Slagelse, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.au.dk/ Aarhus University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Aarhus, Rønbjerg, Viborg, Rønde, Herning, Silkeborg, Moesgaard, Horsens, Askov, Jyndevad, Årslev, Flakkebjerg, Roskilde, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ruc.dk/en/ Roskilde University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Roskilde
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.en.aau.dk/ Aalborg University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Aalborg, Esbjerg, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dtu.dk/english Technical University of Denmark]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Kongens Lyngby, Copenhagen
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2017, the gross expenditures on research and development were DKK 66.344 million or €8.921 million <ref>Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD.Stat). Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type of expenditure. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: [https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GERD_TOE https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GERD_TOE#]</ref>, which comprises 3% of the country’s GDP <ref>Eurostat. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) % of GDP. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=t2020_20&lang=en</ref>. It is one of the highest R&D intensities in EU, reaching 3.06% <ref>1. Bioenergy International. R&D expenditure in the EU increased slightly to 2.07% of GDP in 2017. 2019 Jan 13. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://bioenergyinternational.com/research-development/rd-expenditure-in-the-eu-increased-slightly-to-2-07-of-gdp-in-2017</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (64.65%), higher education (32.8%), government (2.97%) and private non-profit organisations (0.3%) <ref>1. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/dk?theme=science-technology-and-innovation</ref>.

Denmark had 2668 grants receiving €1.63 billion funding from H2020 <ref name=":0">1. H2020 Projects. [cited 2021 Feb 19]. Available from:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref>. It also had 196 ERC signed grants receiving €321.3 million from H2020 <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2018, Danish government launched the research strategy Denmark – Ready for the Future (Danmark - Klar til Fremtiden). The Strategy has two ambitious objectives. First objective, focused on enhancing the quality of research, emphasizes that Danish research must be of the highest quality (Nobel-prize level), attract talented researchers, participate in international research and innovation must be enhanced <ref name=":0">The Danish Government, Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Denmark – Ready to seize future opportunities. 2018 March. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: <nowiki>https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2018/filer/denmark-ready-to-seize-future-opportunities-pdf.pdf</nowiki></ref>. Second objective concerns research and society. It highlights development and use of the new technologies, translation of research to practice in the public sector and promotion of research with aim of building bridges between research and public <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Governance=The Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science supports the responsible research which should be aligned with the norms, values and expectations of society and create value for society in an ethical and responsible way. For this purpose, the Ministry organised conferences regarding responsible research and innovation. Moreover, research institutions in Denmark participate in the H2020 projects regarding research ethics and research integrity as a leader or partner .

The Danish National Committee on Biomedical Research Ethics coordinates the work in 11 regional committees and provides guidelines and opinions among researchers <ref>1. Eurec. National Information: Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/information/denmark.html</ref>. All research projects conducted in Denmark, involving human beings, human tissue, cells etc. must have a permission from the regional committee. Applications relating to a clinical trial must be submitted to the [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/danish-health-and-medicines-authority Danish Health and Medicines Authority] and a Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics <ref name=":0">Danish Medicines Agency. Guidelines for applications for authorisation of clinical trials of medicinal products in humans. 2019 Oct 2. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/licensing/clinical-trials/trials-in-humans/guideline-for-applications-for-authorisation-of-clinical-trials-of-medicinal-products-in-humans/</ref>. Clinical trials concerning complex areas (e.g. for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products) must be submitted to the National Committee on Health Research Ethics <ref>National Committee on Health Research Ethics. Act on Research Ethics Review of Health Research Projects. 2018 Nov 13. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://en.nvk.dk/rules-and-guidelines/act-on-research-ethics-review-of-health-research-projects</ref>.

For the clinical trials of medicinal products, the sponsor must inform the [https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/ Danish Medicines Agency] in the period of 90 days after completion of a trial, that the trial has been completed, and if it is a multinational trial the Agency must be informed after the trial is completed in Denmark. No later than one year after the trial has ended, the trial results must be entered in [https://eudract.ema.europa.eu/ EudraCT] <ref name=":0" />. Subsequently, data will be published on [http://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu].

In 2017, the Danish Research Misconduct Act came into force, establishing The Danish Committee on Research Misconduct - DCRM (previously Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty). The law stipulates the responsibility of DCRM to handle the cases of research misconduct. There is no right to appeal on decisions of DCRM to any other administrative authority. Those decisions are legally binding and sent directly to the parties involved in the case <ref name=":1">Danish National Research Foundation. Research Integrity. 2019 Sept. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://dg.dk/en/research-integrity/</ref><ref name=":2">Ministry of Higher Education and Science. The Danish Committee on Research Misconduct. 2020 Jul 20. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/councils-and-commissions/The-Danish-Committee-on-Research-Misconduct?set_language=en&cl=en</ref>. DCRM decisions are published in [https://ufm.dk/forskning-og-innovation/rad-og-udvalg/Naevnet-for-Videnskabelig-Uredelighedelighed/afgorelser/afgorelser Danish] and [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/councils-and-commissions/The-Danish-Committee-on-Research-Misconduct/decisions/decisions English] in anonymised form, as well as annual report consisting investigated cases <ref name=":2" />. Work of the DCRM and compliance of institutions with the Act is supervised by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science <ref>European Network of Research Integrity Officers (Enrio). Country Report Denmark. 2019 May. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/denmark/</ref>.

While DCRM handles cases of research misconduct, each research institution is obliged to process cases of questionable research practices. If there is a possible case of research misconduct (falsification, fabrication and plagiarism), every institution has to make an initial assessment which will determine whether research misconduct is involved. If there has been misconduct in research, the case must be forwarded to DCRM which then opens an investigation. At the request of the Committee, the research institution at which the research was conducted assists the Committee regarding specific circumstances of the case <ref name=":2" />. Research Misconduct Act stipulates the obligation of each institution to prepare a report about cases of the questionable research practices <ref name=":2" />.

The Danish Research Misconduct Act states that in processing cases of questionable research practices, research institutions can collaborate with other research institutions or external experts <ref name=":2" />. The institutions send an annual report of handled cases of questionable research practices upon which the DCRM writes the annual report about research misconduct and status of questionable research practices <ref name=":2" />.

The Act states that anyone can raise a case concerning research misconduct by submitting a notification to the research institution at which the research was conducted. In the same time, it does not contain provisions regarding the protection of whistleblowers <ref>The Danish Parliament. Act on Research Misconduct etc. (unofficial translation). 2017 April 26. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/legislation/prevailing-laws-and-regulations/research-and-innovation/Videnskabeliguredelighedeng.pdf</ref>. The Danish Code of Conduct states that persons bringing forward suspicions in good faith should be protected from reprisals <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. 2014 Nov. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2014/files-2014-1/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.pdf</ref>.

Universities usually have special advisers, practice committees, ethics committees or research integrity officers, with the purpose of handling internal cases. Special advisers are appointed at the following universities: Aarhus University, Copenhagen Business School and University of Copenhagen <ref name=":1" />. At the Aarhus University, special advisers on research integrity provide staff and students with advice regarding responsible research conduct and principles of research ethics <ref>1. Aarhus University. Advisers on the responsible conduct of research and freedom of research. 2020 Nov 23. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://medarbejdere.au.dk/en/administration/researchandtalent/responsible-conduct-of-research/advisers/</ref>. Practice committees are established at the following universities: Aarhus University, Aalborg University, Copenhagen Business School, IT University of Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde University, University of Southern Denmark <ref name=":1" />.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/councils-and-commissions/The-Danish-Committee-on-Research-Misconduct The Danish Committee on Research Misconduct]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Copes with cases of research misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.nvk.dk/ The National Committee on Health Research Ethics]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that health research projects are conducted responsibly and that the rights, safety and wellbeing of participants are protected.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.etiskraad.dk/english The Danish Council on Ethics]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Advises Danish Parliament in the aspect of biotechnology and works with ethical issues related to the health care sector.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurofawc.com/home/42 The Animal Ethics Council]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice and opinions to the Ministry of Environment and Food, regarding research involving animals. It also provides information to and engages in public debates about animal welfare and ethics.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/english/Animal/AnimalWelfare/The-Animal-Experiments-Inspectorate/Pages/default.aspx The Animal Experimentation Council]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Evaluates applications for animal experiments. The council members participate in inspections of faculties and experiments that use laboratory animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lowinputbreeds.org/partners/ucph-cebra.html Danish Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice regarding ethics in biological research.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Denmark.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.nvk.dk/rules-and-guidelines/act-on-research-ethics-review-of-health-research-projects Act on Research Ethics Review of Health Research Projects]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the legal framework for the research ethics evaluation of health research projects by the committees and lays down the tasks of the committee system on this basis.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/about/targets-and-tasks/legislation/the-danish-act-on-clinical-trials-of-medicinal-products/ Act on Clinical Trials of Medical products]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the Danish Medicines Agency’s and the medicinal research ethics committees’ assessment of and control with clinical trials of medicinal products in humans and animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10734-014-9814-1 University Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Determines universities’ obligations regarding research and education. It also describes third mission activities, the role of university boards and the organisation of universities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://stip.oecd.org/stip/policy-initiatives/2019%2Fdata%2FpolicyInitiatives%2F15809 Research Misconduct Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes RI and credibility in research by establishing up-to-date rules on handling of research misconduct and questionable research practice.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/legislation/prevailing-laws-and-regulations/research-and-innovation/executive-order-on-the-danish-committees-on-scientific-dishonesty.pdf Executive Order on the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Defines the research dishonesty and aims at strengthening RI.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://europam.eu/data/mechanisms/FD/FD%20Laws/Denmark/Denmark%20Public%20Administration%20Act%202013%20webpage%20DK.html Public Administration Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures transparency among authorities, focusing on freedom of information and expression, citizens’ participation in democracy, public control of public administration, media dissemination of information to the public and trust in public administration.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training ''' '''

Danish Code of Conduct emphasizes the importance of teaching and training regarding research integrity as well as the responsibility of the research institution to ensure that adequate training and education is provided. Moreover, the Code of Conduct states that PhD and postdoctoral programmes should include specific research integrity teaching and training. Hence, universities and other research institutions provide training for the responsible conduct of research at all levels <ref name=":0">Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. 2014 Nov. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2014/files-2014-1/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.pdf</ref>.

There are also various resources for RE and RI training:

[https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ALLEA-European-Code-of-Conduct-for-Research-Integrity-2017.pdf European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

[https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2009/the-danish-committees-on-scientific-guidelines-for-good-scientific-practice The Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty - Guidelines for Good Scientific Practice]

[https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2014/files-2014-1/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.pdf The Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

RI dialogue and communication

Ethics committees organise an annual meeting for their members and the national committee meets at least twice a year for the purposes of the coordination <ref>1. Eurec. National Information: Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/information/denmark.html</ref>. The [https://ufm.dk/en/the-ministry/organisation/danish-agency-for-higher-education-and-science Danish Agency for Higher Education and Science] under the Ministry of Higher Education and Science organises annual meetings with the key stakeholders in Danish research to work on the policies for the research integrity. Moreover, there are annual conferences organised by different research institutions regarding RI<ref>1. European Network of Research Integrity Officers (Enrio). Denmark. Danish Committee on Research Misconduct (DCRM). [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/denmark/</ref>.

Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science actively works on the promotion of science among the general public. Thus, several events were organised to bring closer researchers, science and society. Moreover, the Ministry is active in the field of responsible research and innovations since it is important for the creation of a dialogue between researchers and citizens. Danish research institutions are participating in a number of Horizon 2020 projects aiming to build an effective approach for cooperation between science and society. In 2012 the Ministry of Higher Education and Science hosted the conference [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/responsible-research-and-innovation/science-in-dialogue Science in Dialogue]. The goal of the conference was to discuss how to develop the dialogue and interaction between science and society. In 2014, the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science hosted [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/euroscience-open-forum-2014 Euroscience Open Forum] themed “Science Building Bridges”, as a symbol of closing the distance between science and society with aim of forging European scientific integration.

The [https://taftie.eu/content/daieg-denmark Danish Agency for Institutions and Educational Grants] manages programs to promote collaboration and interaction between companies and knowledge institutions <ref>1. The European Network of Innovation Agencies. DAIEG – Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/international-cooperation/global-cooperation/bilateral-cooperation</ref>. The Ministry of Higher Education and Science has initiated the internationalisation of Danish science by bilateral cooperation agreements and Innovation Centres abroad. Centres ensure for Danish companies and research institution to access foreign knowledge, networks, technology, funds and markets <ref>1. Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Global cooperation. 2019 Jul 18. [cited 2021 Feb 8]. Available from:

https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/international-cooperation/global-cooperation</ref>.

Universities provide future plans for developing the dialogue between research and society <ref>Aarhus University. Internationalisation Strategy 2014-2020. [cited 2021 Feb 4]. Available from: https://www.e-pages.dk/aarhusuniversitet/893/html5/</ref><ref>1. University of Copenhagen. Talent and collaboration. Strategy 2023. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://about.ku.dk/strategy2023/download-pdf/strategy_2023_UK_print.pdf</ref>. Denmark has a high level of social trust and people usually have a high level of trust in public institutions <ref>1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Once more, Denmark is the world’s least corrupt country. 2020 Jan 27. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://investindk.com/insights/once-more-denmark-is-the-worlds-least-corrupt-country</ref>. Cases of research misconduct are occasionally discussed in the lay press.

RI incentives

Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity emphasizes importance of implementing RI training at universities <ref name=":0" />. There are also award for outstanding and innovative researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1360144X.2019.1595626 RI training at PhD programmes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://akkr.dk/en/about-us/about-the-danish-accreditation-institution/ Danish Accreditation Institution]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eurashe.eu/about/partners/eva/ Danish Evaluation Institute (EVA)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/elite-research Elite Research Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://innovationsfonden.dk/en/innovation-fund-denmarks-awards Innovation Fund Denmark]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:F7c09ac7-5a3e-4c7a-b473-3d9d8205fecf

2021-10-24T16:53:39Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Bulgaria
|Has Location=Bulgaria
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 16,940 full-time researchers in Bulgaria <ref>Republic of Bulgaria National Statistical Institute. Research and Development Activity in 2019 (Preliminary Data). [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/NIRD_2019_en_O2NGWYK.pdf</ref>. Bulgaria has 37 public and 14 private higher education institutions <ref>Ministry of Education and Science. Register of Higher Education Institutions. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: http://rvu.mon.bg/HomeEn/IndexEn</ref>. There are 7 research institutes <ref>Scimago Institutions Ranking. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?country=BGR</ref> and 14 centres of excellence and centres of competence <ref>1. European Commission. Bulgarian Centres of Excellence – video message 14 January 2021. [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from:

https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2019-2024/ferreira/announcements/bulgarian-centres-excellence-video-message-14-january-2021_en</ref>. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences with 42 autonomous scientific units <ref>1. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from:

http://www.bas.bg/en/about-us/</ref> and Agricultural academy with 24 research institutes, 4 scientific centres. 13 DS Research and production centres <ref>Agricultural academy. [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.agriacad.bg/en</ref>.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unipage.net/en/5198/academy_of_the_ministry_of_interior_sofia Academy of the Ministry of Interior – Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vsu.bg/ Higher School of Civil Engineering (VSU) "LyubenKaravelov" – Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.utp.bg/ High School of Telecommunications and Post]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mu-sofia.bg/en/ Medical University of Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://en.natfiz.bg/ National Academy for Theatre and Films Arts - Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nha.bg/en National Academy of Arts Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nma.bg/en National Academy of Music "Professor PantchoVladigerov"]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nsa.bg/en National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://rndc.bg/en/homepage-english/#pll_switcher Rakovski National Defence College]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng Sofia University “St. KlimentOhridski”]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tu-sofia.bg/ Technical University of Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.vtu.bg/ TodorKableshkov University of Transport]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uacg.bg/?l=2 University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uctm.edu/en/ University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ltu.bg/en/ University of Forestry]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unibit.bg/en University of Library Studies and Information Technologies]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.mgu.bg/new/EN/ University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://unwe.bg/ University of National and World Economy]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://try.artacademyplovdiv.com/EN/home.html Academy of Music, Dance and Fine Arts - Plovdiv]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.au-plovdiv.bg/en/ Agricultural University – Plovdiv]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mu-plovdiv.bg/ Medical University – Plovdiv]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uni-plovdiv.bg/en/ Plovdiv University “PaisiiHilendarski”]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uft-plovdiv.bg/en/%d1%83%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%81%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%82-%d0%bf%d0%be-%d1%85%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%bd%d0%b8-%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%85%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%b8/ University of Food Technologies - Plovdiv]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.naval-acad.bg/ N.Y.Vaptsarov Naval Academy – Varna]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://fs.tu-varna.bg/ Technical University of Varna]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ue-varna.bg/en/ University of Economics – Varna]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mu-varna.bg/EN Varna University of Medicine Prof. Dr ParaskevStoyanov]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.btu.bg/index.php/en/ University “Prof. D-R AsenZlatarov” - Burgas]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Burgas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-svishtov.bg/en Dmitar A. Tsenov Academy of Economics]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Svishtov
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.shu.bg/en/english/ Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Shumen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.mu-pleven.bg/index.php/en/ Medical University – Pleven]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Pleven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://en.swu.bg/ South-West University]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Blagoevgrad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-vt.bg/bul/pages/?page=1783&zid=1 St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of VelikoTarnovo]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}VelikoTarnovo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tugab.bg/en/ Technical University of Gabrovo]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Gabrovo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://uni-sz.bg/engl/ Trakia University – Stara Zagora]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Stara Zagora
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-ruse.bg/en "Angel Kanchev" University of Ruse]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Ruse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nvu.bg/ Vasil Levski National Military University]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}VelikoTarnovo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nbu.bg/en New Bulgarian University]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vuzf.bg/en Higher School of Insurance and Finance - Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.study-without-borders.com/uni/eu/management-trade-and-marketing-college-752.html Management, Trade and Marketing College]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lgroys-college.com/ LubenGroys Theatre College]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uard.bg/ University of Agribusiness and Rural Development]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ehsem.bg/Home/en/Index European Higher School of Economics and Management]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vusi.bg/en/frontpage/ Higher School of Security and Economy]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vfu.bg/en/?language=en&controller=pages&action=read Varna Free University "ChernorizecHrabar"]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vum.bg/ Varna University of Management]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://cotur.bg/ College of Tourism – Blagoevgrad]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Blagoevgrad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aubg.edu/ American University in Bulgaria]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Blagoevgrad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ibsedu.bg/ International Business School]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Botevgrad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.epubg.eu/bulgaria/ European Polytechnical University EPU Bulgaria]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Pernik
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bfu.bg/en Burgas Free University]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Burgas
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2017, the gross expenditures on research and development were€389 million, which comprises 0.75% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">Eurostat newsrelease. R&D expenditure in the EU increased slightly to 2.07% of GDP in 2017. 2019 Jan 10. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9483597/9-10012019-AP-EN.pdf/856ce1d3-b8a8-4fa6-bf00-a8ded6dd1cc1</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (70.3%), government (23.2%), higher education (5.7%) and non-profit institutions (0.8%) <ref name=":0" /><ref>Republic of Bulgaria. National statistical institute. Total intramural R&D expenditure (GERD) by source of funds and sectors. 2020 Oct 30. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/6755/total-intramural-rd-expenditure-gerd-source-funds-and-sectors</ref>. Bulgaria had 591 signed grants and 881 participations in H2020 projects receiving €143,6 million funding from H2020 <ref name=":1">1. H2020 Projects. [cited 2020 Feb 22]. Available from:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Bulgaria</ref> and 3 ERC grants receiving €2,42 million <ref name=":1" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science launched the National strategy for development of scientific research in the Republic of Bulgaria 2017-2030 (Better Science for better Bulgaria). One of the Strategy’s objectives is to transform Bulgaria into center for advanced research and development of new technologies, recover and raise its international status and prestige in science in order to keep talented scientists in the country. It also aims to achieve long-term economic growth and improve the quality of life in Bulgaria <ref>Republic of Bulgaria. National strategy for development of scientific research in the Republic of Bulgaria 2017-2030. Better science for better Bulgaria. 4. Policies, actions and measures for their implementation. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://epluse.tceptt.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/20170910-06.pdf</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=The Ministry of Education and Science is an overseeing body for education and research in Bulgaria while the Parliament is the decision making a body for the higher education institutions. There is the Academic Ethics Committee under the Ministry of Education and Science <ref>Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Education and Science. Committee on Academic Ethics. [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.mon.bg/bg/100555</ref>. Bulgaria has Ethics Committee for Multi-Centre Trials <ref name=":0">European Network of Research Ethics Committees. Eurec. [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/bulgaria.html</ref> and around 150 local ethics committees, registered by the Bulgarian Drug Agency <ref name=":0" />. These committees are established across different institutions (universities, hospitals etc.). Each committee has from 7 to 12 members from different fields of medicine and at least two non-medical members. Moreover, at least one member has to be financially independent of the institution. The work of local ethics committees and the Ethics Committee for Multi-Centre trials is supervised by the Central Ethics Committee which is responsible to the Council of Ministers. The Central Ethics Committee serves as an appeal body for cases that have been rejected by local ethics committees and Ethics Committee for Multi-Centre Trials, providing guidance to those committees <ref name=":0" /><ref>Krastev Y. Discussion Ethics of Ethics Committees. Institutionalisation of Bulgarian ethics committees: history and current status. Indian J. Med. Ethics. 2011;8(3):148-151</ref>.

Institutions have their codes or standard operating procedures that serve as a guide for ethics committees. For example, major universities have standard operating procedures for their ethics committees <ref name=":0" />.

There are no research integrity officers in Bulgarian research institutions. With regard to investigation of alleged misconduct, this role is usually taken by ethics committees situated at universities, hospitals and research institutions. Academic Ethics Committee, established by Ministry of Education and Science, is responsible for handling cases of misconduct in academia <ref>Republic of Bulgaria. Ministry of Education and Sciences. Regulations. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.mon.bg/bg/100556</ref><ref>1. Act on Development of the Academic Staff in the Republic of Bulgaria. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from:

https://cdn2.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/news/act_on_development_acadstaff_022019.pdf</ref>.

Bulgaria has no legislation regarding whistleblower protection or legal definition of whistleblowing. The Administrative Procedure Code (applied only in the public sector) allows reporting corruption, mismanagement and other illegal or inappropriate acts that affect state or public interests. Moreover, the Law on Conflict of Interests states that anyone can report an alleged conflict of interest if he or she has information about violations in public office <ref>Kierans L. Providing an Alternative to Silence: Towards Greater Protection and Support for Whistleblowers in the EU. Country Report: Bulgaria. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.asktheeu.org/en/request/994/response/5856/attach/5/Country%20report%20Bulgaria.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurecnet.org/information/bulgaria.html Ethics Committee for Multi-Centre Trials]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Deals with application assessment for the research that will be conducted in more than one institution in Bulgaria.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mh.government.bg/en/ministry/commissions/central-ethics-committee/ Central Ethics Committee]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Gives opinions on deontological and ethical issues in clinical trials when approached by the ethics committees, Bulgarian Drug Agency or by the contracting authority.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://cdn2.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/news/act_on_development_acadstaff_022019.pdf Academic Ethics Committee]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Deals with cases of misconduct in academia regarding award system, conflict of interest among science teams and detecting cases of plagiarism.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Bulgaria <ref>Deliverska, M, Gradinarova N. Ethical and legal aspects of functioning of ethics committees in Bulgaria. J of IMAB. 2017;23(2):1587-1590</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2478/V10133-010-0091-6 Law on Drugs and Pharmacies in Human Medicine (1995)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates clinical trial activity in Bulgaria.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17511405/ Health Law (2005)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Organizes and finances healthcare, patients’ rights, accessibility and quality of health care, mental health, alternative medical services, medical education, medical profession and medical science as well as administrative-punitive measures.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bda.bg/images/stories/documents/legal_acts/ZLPHM_en.pdf Medicinal Products in Human Medicine Act]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Governs the procedures for placing pharmaceutical products on the market, clinical trials, manufacture and import of pharmaceutical products as well as active substances, their packing, classification, safety, sale, retail trade and export, advertisement and state control.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bda.bg/images/stories/documents/legal_acts/ZMI_en_20160308.pdf Medical Devices Act (2007)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates advertising medicines and medical devices.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://blsbg.eu/en/site/htm/filename/LAW+ON+THE+PROFESSIONAL+ORGANIZATIONS+OF+PHYSICIANS+AND+DENTISTS.pdf Law on the professional organizations of physicians and dentists (2007)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the structure, organization and activities of the professional organizations of physicians and dentists, the conditions for practicing the medical and dental professions and the liability for breaching professional ethics.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.aegle-uhealth.eu/imagem/AEGLEinyourcountry_Bulgaria.pdf Ordinance No. 31 of August 12th, 2007 establishing rules for good clinical practice]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Governs the principles and guidance for good clinical practice with regard to pharmaceutical products for human use intended for research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bda.bg/images/stories/documents/legal_acts/Ordinance_Essential_requirements_MD_EN.pdf Ordinance on the essential requirements and the procedures for conformity assessment to the essential requirements for medical devices referred to in article 2, paragraph 1 (3) of the law on medical devices]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Defines essential requirements for the medical devices; the procedures for conformity assessment to the essential requirements and the technical documentation; the requirements for the notified bodies and for a risk analysis and risk management procedures for medical devices containing animal tissue which is rendered non-viable. It also defines the rules for classification of medical devices.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tma-bulgaria.com/en/translations-of-pharma-legislation-in-english.html Ordinance No. 2 of February 5th, 2008 on the requirements for collection, validation and provision of information on unwanted side effects and on the content and format of emergency reports for adverse drug reactions and periodic safety reports]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the procedures for collecting, verifying and reporting adverse drug reactions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://blsbg.com/bg/kodeks-za-profesionalna-etika-na-lekarite-v-blgariia_p2719.html Code of professional ethics of doctors in Bulgaria (2000)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Defines the rules of professional medical ethics binding on every physician.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mh.government.bg/media/filer_public/2015/04/17/naredba27-ot-15-06-2007g-razreshavane-upotreba-lekarstveni-produkti.pdf Ordinance No. 27 of June 15th, 2007 on the data requirements and the documentation for the authorization and the registration of medicinal products.]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Determines the requirements for the data and documentation submitted for authorization or registration, extension, modification and renewal of the marketing authorization or registration under a national procedure, under mutual recognition procedure and decentralized procedure for all kinds of medical products. Medicinal products that fall within the scope of Regulation (EC) are not subject to this Ordinance.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mh.government.bg/bg/ministerstvo/komisii/komisiya-po-etika/ Rules and Regulations of the Central Ethics Commission to the Council of Ministers on the Law of Medicinal Products in Human Medicine (2007)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Determine the conditions and the order for work of the Central Ethics Commission to the Council of Ministers under the Law on Medical Products in Human Medicine.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://blsbg.com/bg/pravilnik-za-deinostta-na-komisiiata-po-profesionalna-etika_p2660.html Rules for the procedure of the commission for professional ethics of Bulgarian Medical Association (2015)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Provides rules on the observance of professional-medical, moral and deontological issues related to the exercise of the profession.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/bulgaria/3357084/law-for-the-development-of-academic-staff-in-the-republic-of-bulgaria.html Law for the Development of the Academic Staff in the Republic of Bulgaria]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates development of academic staff from the acquisition of degrees “doctor” and “doctor of sciences” to academic positions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lex.bg/en/laws/ldoc/2135680028%20%20Law%20on%20the%20development%20of%20the%20academic%20staff%20in%20the%20Republic%20of%20Bulgaria Rules for the Application of the Act for the Development of the Academic Staff in the Republic of Bulgaria]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the public relations related to the acquisition of scientific digress and for holding academic positions in the republic of Bulgaria.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/national-reforms-higher-education-9_en Rules for the Activity of the Commission for Academic Ethics]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Examines cases of violations in the procedures for the award of academic degrees or academic positions, signals of plagiarism in doctoral dissertations, unreliability of scientific data or conflicts of interest in the formation of the scientific jury under the terms of Development of the Academic Staff in the Republic of Bulgaria.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Measure=RI training

To become members of a local ethics committee, candidates must finish training course and obtain the certificate. Moreover, members of the Multi-Centre Ethics Committee have to complete basic training regarding legal provisions <ref>European Network of Research Ethics Committees. Eurec. [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/bulgaria.html</ref>. There are also annual training courses organised by Bulgarian Drug Agency <ref>Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Education and Science. Committee on Academic Ethics. [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.mon.bg/bg/100555</ref>. Ethics committees organise seminars and training but there is no information regarding their frequency.

RI dialogue and communication

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences promotes open access policy through conferences and meetings <ref>1. Global Open Access Portal Bulgaria. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from:

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/europe-and-north-america/bulgaria/</ref>.

European Researcher’s Night is organised annually in different Bulgarian cities and aims to bring science closer to the general public. The event is composed of workshops and presentations to engage the general public in science by presenting scientific results and knowledge <ref>European Researcher’s Night. European Commission. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/research/mariecurieactions/actions/european-researchers-night_en</ref>.

From its very first year (2011), Sofia Science Festival has attracted a large number of supporters. It is a space where there is no dividing line between culture and science. The Festival is a founding member of the Bulgarian Festivals Association <ref>Sofia Science Festival. British Council. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: https://www.britishcouncil.bg/en/sofia-science-festival</ref>. Apart from that, online journal Nauka.bg presents science results, policies and instruments in cooperation between the Ministry of Education and Science and Science Forum Association <ref>BalgarskaNauka [Bulgarian Science Magazine]. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: https://nauka.bg/category/spisanie-50/</ref>.

Although some interest in academic integrity and plagiarism was apparent in Bulgaria, the low teacher and management response rates demonstrate a reluctance to discuss this topic. No evidence of specific research was found within the country about academic integrity or of people actively trying to bring about changes to improve practices nationally or locally <ref>Glendinning I. Impact of Policies for Plagiarism in Higher Education Across Europe. Plagiarism Policies in Bulgaria. July 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://plagiarism.cz/ippheae/files/D2-3-03%20BG%20EX%20IPPHEAE%20CU%20Survey%20Bulgaria%20Exec%20Summary.pdf</ref>.

There is a small group of social scientists in the field of Science and Technology Studies (Bulgarian academy of science) who started working on Science ethics, Responsible research and innovation; Research integrity in 2002. At present there is training for young researchers: “Ethics in Science and technology”, which has been implemented in universities and research institutes.

The public perception of the role of RI in Bulgaria is low. This appears in many ways a more general problem in many European countries. However, interesting examples exist in which an all-party parliamentary consensus can be developed with both academia and business to secure widespread support for a major national effort on RI <ref>European Commission. Peer Review of the Bulgarian Research and Innovation system. Horizon 2020 Policy Support Facility. September 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/Full%20report%20-%20Peer%20Review%20of%20the%20BG%20RI%20system%20under%20the%20PSF.pdf</ref>. Occasionally research integrity is discussed in the press.

RI incentives

The National Evaluation and Accreditation Agency is responsible for evaluation, accreditation and monitoring of the quality in higher education institutions and research organizations with aim of assuring high academic standards <ref>National Evaluation and Accreditation Agency (NEAA). [cited 2021 Jan 21]. Available from: https://www.neaa.government.bg/en/home-en?catid=0</ref>. There are also several annual rewards for researchers in different scientific disciplines.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurecnet.org/information/bulgaria.html Basic training for the members of the Ethics Committee for Multi-Centre trials on the legal instruments]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.neaa.government.bg/en/home-en?catid=0 National Evaluation and Accreditation Agency]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://m.president.bg/en/cat195/Awards The John Atanasoff Award of the President of the Republic of Bulgaria]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mon.bg/bg/100466 Pythagoras Awards of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mon.bg/bg/100122 National Competition Young Talents of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:F7c09ac7-5a3e-4c7a-b473-3d9d8205fecf

2021-10-22T17:19:46Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Bulgaria
|Has Location=Bulgaria
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 16,940 full-time researchers in Bulgaria <ref>Republic of Bulgaria National Statistical Institute. Research and Development Activity in 2019 (Preliminary Data). [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/NIRD_2019_en_O2NGWYK.pdf</ref>. Bulgaria has 37 public and 14 private higher education institutions <ref>Ministry of Education and Science. Register of Higher Education Institutions. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: http://rvu.mon.bg/HomeEn/IndexEn</ref>. There are 7 research institutes <ref>Scimago Institutions Ranking. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?country=BGR</ref> and 14 centres of excellence and centres of competence <ref>1. European Commission. Bulgarian Centres of Excellence – video message 14 January 2021. [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from:

https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2019-2024/ferreira/announcements/bulgarian-centres-excellence-video-message-14-january-2021_en</ref>. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences with 42 autonomous scientific units <ref>1. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from:

http://www.bas.bg/en/about-us/</ref> and Agricultural academy with 24 research institutes, 4 scientific centres, 13 DS Research and production centres <ref>Agricultural academy. [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.agriacad.bg/en</ref>.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unipage.net/en/5198/academy_of_the_ministry_of_interior_sofia Academy of the Ministry of Interior – Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vsu.bg/ Higher School of Civil Engineering (VSU) "LyubenKaravelov" – Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.utp.bg/ High School of Telecommunications and Post]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mu-sofia.bg/en/ Medical University of Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://en.natfiz.bg/ National Academy for Theatre and Films Arts - Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nha.bg/en National Academy of Arts Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nma.bg/en National Academy of Music "Professor PantchoVladigerov"]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nsa.bg/en National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://rndc.bg/en/homepage-english/#pll_switcher Rakovski National Defence College]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng Sofia University “St. KlimentOhridski”]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tu-sofia.bg/ Technical University of Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.vtu.bg/ TodorKableshkov University of Transport]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uacg.bg/?l=2 University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uctm.edu/en/ University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ltu.bg/en/ University of Forestry]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unibit.bg/en University of Library Studies and Information Technologies]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.mgu.bg/new/EN/ University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://unwe.bg/ University of National and World Economy]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://try.artacademyplovdiv.com/EN/home.html Academy of Music, Dance and Fine Arts - Plovdiv]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.au-plovdiv.bg/en/ Agricultural University – Plovdiv]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mu-plovdiv.bg/ Medical University – Plovdiv]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uni-plovdiv.bg/en/ Plovdiv University “PaisiiHilendarski”]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uft-plovdiv.bg/en/%d1%83%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%81%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%82-%d0%bf%d0%be-%d1%85%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%bd%d0%b8-%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%85%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%b8/ University of Food Technologies - Plovdiv]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.naval-acad.bg/ N.Y.Vaptsarov Naval Academy – Varna]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://fs.tu-varna.bg/ Technical University of Varna]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ue-varna.bg/en/ University of Economics – Varna]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mu-varna.bg/EN Varna University of Medicine Prof. Dr ParaskevStoyanov]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.btu.bg/index.php/en/ University “Prof. D-R AsenZlatarov” - Burgas]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Burgas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-svishtov.bg/en Dmitar A. Tsenov Academy of Economics]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Svishtov
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.shu.bg/en/english/ Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Shumen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.mu-pleven.bg/index.php/en/ Medical University – Pleven]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Pleven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://en.swu.bg/ South-West University]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Blagoevgrad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-vt.bg/bul/pages/?page=1783&zid=1 St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of VelikoTarnovo]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}VelikoTarnovo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tugab.bg/en/ Technical University of Gabrovo]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Gabrovo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://uni-sz.bg/engl/ Trakia University – Stara Zagora]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Stara Zagora
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-ruse.bg/en "Angel Kanchev" University of Ruse]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Ruse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nvu.bg/ Vasil Levski National Military University]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}VelikoTarnovo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nbu.bg/en New Bulgarian University]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vuzf.bg/en Higher School of Insurance and Finance - Sofia]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.study-without-borders.com/uni/eu/management-trade-and-marketing-college-752.html Management, Trade and Marketing College]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lgroys-college.com/ LubenGroys Theatre College]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Sofia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uard.bg/ University of Agribusiness and Rural Development]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ehsem.bg/Home/en/Index European Higher School of Economics and Management]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vusi.bg/en/frontpage/ Higher School of Security and Economy]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Plovdiv
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vfu.bg/en/?language=en&controller=pages&action=read Varna Free University "ChernorizecHrabar"]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vum.bg/ Varna University of Management]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Varna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://cotur.bg/ College of Tourism – Blagoevgrad]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Blagoevgrad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aubg.edu/ American University in Bulgaria]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Blagoevgrad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ibsedu.bg/ International Business School]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Botevgrad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.epubg.eu/bulgaria/ European Polytechnical University EPU Bulgaria]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Pernik
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="432" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bfu.bg/en Burgas Free University]
{{!}} width="172" valign="top"{{!}}Burgas
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2017, the gross expenditures on research and development were€389 million, which comprises 0.75% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">Eurostat newsrelease. R&D expenditure in the EU increased slightly to 2.07% of GDP in 2017. 2019 Jan 10. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9483597/9-10012019-AP-EN.pdf/856ce1d3-b8a8-4fa6-bf00-a8ded6dd1cc1</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (70.3%), government (23.2%), higher education (5.7%) and non-profit institutions (0.8%) <ref name=":0" /><ref>Republic of Bulgaria. National statistical institute. Total intramural R&D expenditure (GERD) by source of funds and sectors. 2020 Oct 30. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/6755/total-intramural-rd-expenditure-gerd-source-funds-and-sectors</ref>. Bulgaria had 591 signed grants and 881 participations in H2020 projects receiving €143,6 million funding from H2020 <ref name=":1">1. H2020 Projects. [cited 2020 Feb 22]. Available from:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Bulgaria</ref> and 3 ERC grants receiving €2,42 million <ref name=":1" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science launched the National strategy for development of scientific research in the Republic of Bulgaria 2017-2030 (Better Science for better Bulgaria). One of the Strategy’s objectives is to transform Bulgaria into center for advanced research and development of new technologies, recover and raise its international status and prestige in science in order to keep talented scientists in the country. It also aims to achieve long-term economic growth and improve the quality of life in Bulgaria <ref>Republic of Bulgaria. National strategy for development of scientific research in the Republic of Bulgaria 2017-2030. Better science for better Bulgaria. 4. Policies, actions and measures for their implementation. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://epluse.tceptt.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/20170910-06.pdf</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=The Ministry of Education and Science is an overseeing body for education and research in Bulgaria while the Parliament is the decision making a body for the higher education institutions. There is the Academic Ethics Committee under the Ministry of Education and Science <ref>Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Education and Science. Committee on Academic Ethics. [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.mon.bg/bg/100555</ref>. Bulgaria has Ethics Committee for Multi-Centre Trials <ref name=":0">European Network of Research Ethics Committees. Eurec. [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/bulgaria.html</ref> and around 150 local ethics committees, registered by the Bulgarian Drug Agency <ref name=":0" />. These committees are established across different institutions (universities, hospitals etc.). Each committee has from 7 to 12 members from different fields of medicine and at least two non-medical members. Moreover, at least one member has to be financially independent of the institution. The work of local ethics committees and the Ethics Committee for Multi-Centre trials is supervised by the Central Ethics Committee which is responsible to the Council of Ministers. The Central Ethics Committee serves as an appeal body for cases that have been rejected by local ethics committees and Ethics Committee for Multi-Centre Trials, providing guidance to those committees <ref name=":0" /><ref>Krastev Y. Discussion Ethics of Ethics Committees. Institutionalisation of Bulgarian ethics committees: history and current status. Indian J. Med. Ethics. 2011;8(3):148-151</ref>.

Institutions have their codes or standard operating procedures that serve as a guide for ethics committees. For example, major universities have standard operating procedures for their ethics committees <ref name=":0" />.

There are no research integrity officers in Bulgarian research institutions. With regard to investigation of alleged misconduct, this role is usually taken by ethics committees situated at universities, hospitals and research institutions. Academic Ethics Committee, established by Ministry of Education and Science, is responsible for handling cases of misconduct in academia <ref>Republic of Bulgaria. Ministry of Education and Sciences. Regulations. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.mon.bg/bg/100556</ref><ref>1. Act on Development of the Academic Staff in the Republic of Bulgaria. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from:

https://cdn2.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/news/act_on_development_acadstaff_022019.pdf</ref>.

Bulgaria has no legislation regarding whistleblower protection or legal definition of whistleblowing. The Administrative Procedure Code (applied only in the public sector) allows reporting corruption, mismanagement and other illegal or inappropriate acts that affect state or public interests. Moreover, the Law on Conflict of Interests states that anyone can report an alleged conflict of interest if he or she has information about violations in public office <ref>Kierans L. Providing an Alternative to Silence: Towards Greater Protection and Support for Whistleblowers in the EU. Country Report: Bulgaria. [cited 2021 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.asktheeu.org/en/request/994/response/5856/attach/5/Country%20report%20Bulgaria.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurecnet.org/information/bulgaria.html Ethics Committee for Multi-Centre Trials]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Deals with application assessment for the research that will be conducted in more than one institution in Bulgaria.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mh.government.bg/en/ministry/commissions/central-ethics-committee/ Central Ethics Committee]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Gives opinions on deontological and ethical issues in clinical trials when approached by the ethics committees, Bulgarian Drug Agency or by the contracting authority.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://cdn2.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/news/act_on_development_acadstaff_022019.pdf Academic Ethics Committee]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Deals with cases of misconduct in academia regarding award system, conflict of interest among science teams and detecting cases of plagiarism.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Bulgaria <ref>Deliverska, M, Gradinarova N. Ethical and legal aspects of functioning of ethics committees in Bulgaria. J of IMAB. 2017;23(2):1587-1590</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2478/V10133-010-0091-6 Law on Drugs and Pharmacies in Human Medicine (1995)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates clinical trial activity in Bulgaria.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17511405/ Health Law (2005)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Organizes and finances healthcare, patients’ rights, accessibility and quality of health care, mental health, alternative medical services, medical education, medical profession and medical science as well as administrative-punitive measures.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bda.bg/images/stories/documents/legal_acts/ZLPHM_en.pdf Medicinal Products in Human Medicine Act]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Governs the procedures for placing pharmaceutical products on the market, clinical trials, manufacture and import of pharmaceutical products as well as active substances, their packing, classification, safety, sale, retail trade and export, advertisement and state control.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bda.bg/images/stories/documents/legal_acts/ZMI_en_20160308.pdf Medical Devices Act (2007)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates advertising medicines and medical devices.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://blsbg.eu/en/site/htm/filename/LAW+ON+THE+PROFESSIONAL+ORGANIZATIONS+OF+PHYSICIANS+AND+DENTISTS.pdf Law on the professional organizations of physicians and dentists (2007)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the structure, organization and activities of the professional organizations of physicians and dentists, the conditions for practicing the medical and dental professions and the liability for breaching professional ethics.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.aegle-uhealth.eu/imagem/AEGLEinyourcountry_Bulgaria.pdf Ordinance No. 31 of August 12th, 2007 establishing rules for good clinical practice]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Governs the principles and guidance for good clinical practice with regard to pharmaceutical products for human use intended for research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bda.bg/images/stories/documents/legal_acts/Ordinance_Essential_requirements_MD_EN.pdf Ordinance on the essential requirements and the procedures for conformity assessment to the essential requirements for medical devices referred to in article 2, paragraph 1 (3) of the law on medical devices]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Defines essential requirements for the medical devices; the procedures for conformity assessment to the essential requirements and the technical documentation; the requirements for the notified bodies and for a risk analysis and risk management procedures for medical devices containing animal tissue which is rendered non-viable. It also defines the rules for classification of medical devices.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tma-bulgaria.com/en/translations-of-pharma-legislation-in-english.html Ordinance No. 2 of February 5th, 2008 on the requirements for collection, validation and provision of information on unwanted side effects and on the content and format of emergency reports for adverse drug reactions and periodic safety reports]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the procedures for collecting, verifying and reporting adverse drug reactions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://blsbg.com/bg/kodeks-za-profesionalna-etika-na-lekarite-v-blgariia_p2719.html Code of professional ethics of doctors in Bulgaria (2000)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Defines the rules of professional medical ethics binding on every physician.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mh.government.bg/media/filer_public/2015/04/17/naredba27-ot-15-06-2007g-razreshavane-upotreba-lekarstveni-produkti.pdf Ordinance No. 27 of June 15th, 2007 on the data requirements and the documentation for the authorization and the registration of medicinal products.]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Determines the requirements for the data and documentation submitted for authorization or registration, extension, modification and renewal of the marketing authorization or registration under a national procedure, under mutual recognition procedure and decentralized procedure for all kinds of medical products. Medicinal products that fall within the scope of Regulation (EC) are not subject to this Ordinance.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mh.government.bg/bg/ministerstvo/komisii/komisiya-po-etika/ Rules and Regulations of the Central Ethics Commission to the Council of Ministers on the Law of Medicinal Products in Human Medicine (2007)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Determine the conditions and the order for work of the Central Ethics Commission to the Council of Ministers under the Law on Medical Products in Human Medicine.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://blsbg.com/bg/pravilnik-za-deinostta-na-komisiiata-po-profesionalna-etika_p2660.html Rules for the procedure of the commission for professional ethics of Bulgarian Medical Association (2015)]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Provides rules on the observance of professional-medical, moral and deontological issues related to the exercise of the profession.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/bulgaria/3357084/law-for-the-development-of-academic-staff-in-the-republic-of-bulgaria.html Law for the Development of the Academic Staff in the Republic of Bulgaria]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates development of academic staff from the acquisition of degrees “doctor” and “doctor of sciences” to academic positions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lex.bg/en/laws/ldoc/2135680028%20%20Law%20on%20the%20development%20of%20the%20academic%20staff%20in%20the%20Republic%20of%20Bulgaria Rules for the Application of the Act for the Development of the Academic Staff in the Republic of Bulgaria]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the public relations related to the acquisition of scientific digress and for holding academic positions in the republic of Bulgaria.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="304" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/national-reforms-higher-education-9_en Rules for the Activity of the Commission for Academic Ethics]
{{!}} width="466" valign="top"{{!}}Examines cases of violations in the procedures for the award of academic degrees or academic positions, signals of plagiarism in doctoral dissertations, unreliability of scientific data or conflicts of interest in the formation of the scientific jury under the terms of Development of the Academic Staff in the Republic of Bulgaria.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Measure=RI training

To become members of a local ethics committee, candidates must finish training course and obtain the certificate. Moreover, members of the Multi-Centre Ethics Committee have to complete basic training regarding legal provisions <ref>European Network of Research Ethics Committees. Eurec. [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/bulgaria.html</ref>. There are also annual training courses organised by Bulgarian Drug Agency <ref>Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Education and Science. Committee on Academic Ethics. [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.mon.bg/bg/100555</ref>. Ethics committees organise seminars and training but there is no information regarding their frequency.

RI dialogue and communication

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences promotes open access policy through conferences and meetings <ref>1. Global Open Access Portal Bulgaria. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from:

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/europe-and-north-america/bulgaria/</ref>.

European Researcher’s Night is organised annually in different Bulgarian cities and aims to bring science closer to the general public. The event is composed of workshops and presentations to engage the general public in science by presenting scientific results and knowledge <ref>European Researcher’s Night. European Commission. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/research/mariecurieactions/actions/european-researchers-night_en</ref>.

From its very first year (2011), Sofia Science Festival has attracted a large number of supporters. It is a space where there is no dividing line between culture and science. The Festival is a founding member of the Bulgarian Festivals Association <ref>Sofia Science Festival. British Council. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: https://www.britishcouncil.bg/en/sofia-science-festival</ref>. Apart from that, online journal Nauka.bg presents science results, policies and instruments in cooperation between the Ministry of Education and Science and Science Forum Association <ref>BalgarskaNauka [Bulgarian Science Magazine]. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: https://nauka.bg/category/spisanie-50/</ref>.

Although some interest in academic integrity and plagiarism was apparent in Bulgaria, the low teacher and management response rates demonstrate a reluctance to discuss this topic. No evidence of specific research was found within the country about academic integrity or of people actively trying to bring about changes to improve practices nationally or locally <ref>Glendinning I. Impact of Policies for Plagiarism in Higher Education Across Europe. Plagiarism Policies in Bulgaria. July 2013. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: http://plagiarism.cz/ippheae/files/D2-3-03%20BG%20EX%20IPPHEAE%20CU%20Survey%20Bulgaria%20Exec%20Summary.pdf</ref>.

There is a small group of social scientists in the field of Science and Technology Studies (Bulgarian academy of science) who started working on Science ethics, Responsible research and innovation; Research integrity in 2002. At present there is training for young researchers: “Ethics in Science and technology”, which has been implemented in universities and research institutes.

The public perception of the role of RI in Bulgaria is low. This appears in many ways a more general problem in many European countries. However, interesting examples exist in which an all-party parliamentary consensus can be developed with both academia and business to secure widespread support for a major national effort on RI <ref>European Commission. Peer Review of the Bulgarian Research and Innovation system. Horizon 2020 Policy Support Facility. September 2015. [cited 2021 Jan 20]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/Full%20report%20-%20Peer%20Review%20of%20the%20BG%20RI%20system%20under%20the%20PSF.pdf</ref>. Occasionally research integrity is discussed in the press.

RI incentives

The National Evaluation and Accreditation Agency is responsible for evaluation, accreditation and monitoring of the quality in higher education institutions and research organizations with aim of assuring high academic standards <ref>National Evaluation and Accreditation Agency (NEAA). [cited 2021 Jan 21]. Available from: https://www.neaa.government.bg/en/home-en?catid=0</ref>. There are also several annual rewards for researchers in different scientific disciplines.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurecnet.org/information/bulgaria.html Basic training for the members of the Ethics Committee for Multi-Centre trials on the legal instruments]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.neaa.government.bg/en/home-en?catid=0 National Evaluation and Accreditation Agency]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://m.president.bg/en/cat195/Awards The John Atanasoff Award of the President of the Republic of Bulgaria]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mon.bg/bg/100466 Pythagoras Awards of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mon.bg/bg/100122 National Competition Young Talents of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:0aa0901d-92a6-413d-a01b-5e43a2ce9355

2021-10-22T16:21:56Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Austria
|Has Location=Austria
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 52,554 full-time researchers in Austria <ref>1. Total researchers by sectors of performance - full time equivalent. Eurostat. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsc00004&language=en</ref>. Austria has 55 higher education institutions: 22 public universities, 20 universities of applied sciences and 13 private universities <ref>Study in Austria. OeAD. 2017. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: https://oead.at/fileadmin/Dokumente/oead.at/KIM/Downloadcenter/Incoming/WEB_20170914_HEI_2017.pdf</ref>. There are more than 250 public non-university research organisations <ref>Well-known research institutes in Austria. ABA Invest in Austria. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: https://investinaustria.at/en/research-development/institutions-for-research.php</ref><ref name=":0">1. Arnold E, Fridholm T, Krčál A, Nielsen K. Osaamispääoman hyödyntäminen ja vaikuttavampi julkisten T&Kvoimavarojen kohdentaminen [Utilization of intangible capital and more effective allocation of public R&D resources]. Research and Innovation Governance in Six Countries Austria, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, UK. March 2016. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from:

https://tietokayttoon.fi/documents/1927382/3099869/Kuuden+maan+tutkimus-+ja+innovaatiopoliittinen+vertailu/e68b7a35-465d-4183-b7be-914efff95f62</ref>, over 60 Technology Centres and Clusters and more than 3,000 companies involved in research <ref name=":0" />. A number of research institutes were established by the Länder <ref name=":0" />.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="648"
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univie.ac.at/en/ University of Vienna]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/web/ Medical University of Vienna]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tuwien.at/en/ TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vetmeduni.ac.at/en/ University of Veterinary Medicine]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wu.ac.at/en/ WU (Vienna University of Economics and Business)]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dieangewandte.at/jart/prj3/angewandte-2016/main.jart?rel=en&reserve-mode=active&content-id=1436195997896 University of Applied Arts Vienna]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://studyinaustria.at/en/study/institutions/universities/mdw-university-of-music-and-performing-arts-vienna/ MDW (University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akbild.ac.at/portal_en/akbild_startpage Academy of Fine Arts Vienna]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://boku.ac.at/en/ BOKU (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences)]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna, Tulin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aau.at/en/ University of Klagenfurt]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Klagenfurt
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.donau-uni.ac.at/en.html Danube University Krems]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Krems
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-salzburg.at/index.php?id=52&L=1 University of Salzburg]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Salzburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-mozarteum.at/en/ Mozarteum University Salzburg]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Salzburg, Innsbruck
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-graz.at/de/ University of Graz]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Graz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.medunigraz.at/en/ Medical University of Graz]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Graz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tugraz.at/home/ Graz University of Technology]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Graz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kug.ac.at/en/ University of Music and Performing Arts Graz (KUG)]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Graz, Oberschützen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unileoben.ac.at/ Montanuniversität Leoben]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Leoben
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uibk.ac.at/index.html.en University of Innsbruck]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Innsbruck
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.i-med.ac.at/universitaet/index.html.en Medical University of Innsbruck]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Innsbruck
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.jku.at/ Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU)]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Linz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ufg.at/Art-and-Design.1254+M52087573ab0.0.html University of Art and Design Linz]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Linz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.muk.ac.at/en/themuk/ueber-die-universitaet.html Music and Arts University of the City of Vienna]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.modul.ac.at/ MODUL University Vienna]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sfu.ac.at/en/ Sigmund Freud University]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://webster.ac.at/ Webster Vienna Private University]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.jammusiclab.com/ JAM MUSIC LAB Private University for Jazz and Popular Music Vienna]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kl.ac.at/ Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences (KL)]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Krems
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dp-uni.ac.at/en/home Danube Private University (DPU)]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Krems-Stein
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ndu.ac.at/new-design-university/ New Design University]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}St. Pölten
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pmu.ac.at/en/home.html Paracelsus Medical University (PMU)]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Salzburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://studyinaustria.at/en/study/institutions/private-universities/seeburg-castle-university/ Seeburg Castle University]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Seekirchen am Wallersee
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umit-tirol.at/page.cfm?vpath=universitaet/die-universitaet&switchLocale=en_US UMIT – Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Hall in Tirol
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ku-linz.at/en/university Catholic Private University Linz]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Linz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="336" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bruckneruni.at/en/home/ Anton Bruckner Private University]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Linz
{{!}}}

<references />
|Research Funding=In 2017, the gross expenditures on research and development were €11.518 billion, which comprises 3.11% of the country’s GDP <ref>1. Expenditure on research and development increases to 3.19% of GDP in 2019. Statistics Austria The Information Manager. 2019 April 11. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from:

http://www.statistik.at/web_en/statistics/EnergyEnvironmentInnovationMobility/research_and_development_r_d_innovation/120667.html</ref>. Most funding was spent in the corporate sector (70%), 22.4% in higher education sector, 7.1% in state sector (federal institutions, excluding those in the higher education sector) and 0.5% in private non-profit sector <ref>1. Research and experimental development expenditure 2007 to 2017 by implementation and funding sectors. Statistics Austria The Information Manager. 2019 Dec 18. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from:

http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/energie_umwelt_innovation_mobilitaet/forschung_und_innovation/f_und_e_in_allen_volkswirtschaftlichen_sektoren/023530.html</ref>. Austria had 2960 signed grants receiving €1.78 billion funding from H2020 <ref name=":0">H2020 Projects. [cited 2020 Feb 19]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref>. It also had 228 ERC grants, receiving €358.7 million in H2020 <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2011, the Austrian Federal Government launched the Strategy for Research, Technology and Innovation for the next decade <ref name=":0">Austrian RTI Strategy. ERA Portal Austria. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: https://era.gv.at/directory/158</ref>. The strategy’s aim is to strengthen national research structures, focusing on excellence, fostering innovative capacity of companies, raising the efficiency of governance and linking research, technology and innovation for societal and economic challenges <ref>Wolfslehner D, Griessler E. Ethics Assessment in Different Countries. Austria. SATORI. 2015 June. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://satoriproject.eu/media/4.a-Country-report-Austria.pdf</ref>. It is intended to be “a guiding instrument” for Austria to advance towards the most innovative countries in Europe <ref name=":0" />. Following up on the RTI Strategy, the Action Plan for a Competitive Research Area was drawn up by the Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy and presented in 2015. It contains measures within the remit of the Ministry for an enhanced implementation of the RTI Strategy of the Federal Government, in selected fields <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Governance=The Austrian government officially created several national bodies for research self-regulation: Austrian Bioethics Commission, Advisory Board on Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, and National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes. These are government advisory bodies regarding research ethics <ref name=":0">Wolfslehner D, Griessler E. Ethics Assessment in Different Countries. Austria. SATORI. 2015 June. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://satoriproject.eu/media/4.a-Country-report-Austria.pdf</ref>.

Forum for the Austrian Ethics Committees is a body that represents all 27 ethics committees in Austria. It consists of the Board and General Assembly, which have regular meetings once and twice a year <ref name=":0" />. Moreover, the Forum organises annual training for the members of ethics committees <ref>Forum Österreichischer Ethikkommissionen [Forum of the Austrian Ethics Committees]. 2019 March 24. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.ethikkommissionen.at/</ref>. Some of ethics committees serve both as hospital, university and state committees. The work of committees is supervised by the Federal Office for Safety in Health Care <ref name=":0" />.

Ethics committees at universities are compulsory only for the Medical Universities, which is stipulated by the University Act and additionally regulated by Hospital and Resort Act. Today, the majority of Austrian universities have non-statutory ethics committees. Some universities have a [https://www.uibk.ac.at/rektorenteam/forschung/ethikbeirat.html.en Board for Ethical Issues] (University of Innsbruck) or a [https://www.tugraz.at/en/tu-graz/organisational-structure/representative-bodies-for-members-of-tu-graz/commission-for-scientific-integrity-and-ethics/ Commission for Scientific Integrity and Ethics] (Graz University of Technology) or an [https://boku.ac.at/en/ethikplattform Ethics platform] and [https://boku.ac.at/en/besondere-organe-und-einrichtungen/ethics-committee Ethics committee] (Vienna University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences). Usually, opinions brought by university ethics committees, advisory boards and commissions are non-binding and serve as guidelines for researchers <ref name=":0" />.

Austrian Agency for Research Integrity is responsible for raising awareness for the Standards of Good Scientific Practice. Since the Agency has no legal competence, its opinions are not binding and it is up to each institution whether to apply them. For the implementation of research integrity and good scientific practice, universities usually have individual guidelines which differ due to their academic autonomy. In 2015, there was a joint process to agree on common guidelines; all (at that time) 37 member organisations agreed <ref>Österreichische Agentur für wissenschaftliche Integrität (ÖAWI). [Austrian Agnency for Research Integrity]. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://oeawi.at/en/</ref>. Following the suggestion of Forum of the Austrian Ethics Committees, an annual training course for members of ethics committees is organised by the Centre of Ethics and Medicine of the Lower Austria State Academy. Moreover, the General Assembly of the Forum meets once a year during an annual Forum meeting <ref>National Information: Austria. EUREC (European Network of Research Ethics Committees). [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/austria.html</ref>.

In 2016, the Agency and Austrian Students Ombudsman founded a network for exchange of experiences in the area of conflict management, quality assurance and maintaining good scientific practice <ref>Austrian Agency for Research Integrity. Enrio. [cited 2020 Dec 16]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/austria/</ref>.

Austrian Agency for Research Integrity is also responsible for investigating cases of misconduct. Inquiry can be initiated by the members of the Agency and individuals, whereupon the Agency will decide its competence to bring statements in each case. However, those statements do not have any legal influence and it is up to each institution to bring decision about further actions in the cases of allegations of research misconduct <ref>Austrian Commission for Research Integrity. Annual Report 2017. Austrian Agency for Research Integrity. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: https://oeawi.at/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Annual-Report_engl_-2017_final-1.pdf</ref>. Besides the Agency, cases of misconduct at Universities are handled by research integrity committees or similar bodies. Some cases of proven misconduct were published in media.

The investigation of alleged cases of misconduct is confidential i.e. the identity of whistleblowers and accused are not revealed <ref>Whistleblowing in Austria. Lexology. [cited 2020 Dec 16]. Available from: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c85ecd9b-28f3-4bb4-9106-f6e5882e4fd7</ref>.

Austria does not have a specific law for the regulation of research and possible violations of research integrity.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at/en/topics/bioethics-commission?lang=en Austrian Bioethics Commission]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Advises the Federal Chancellor from an ethical point of view on all social, natural scientific and legal issues arising from the scientific developments in human medicine and human biology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://satoriproject.eu/media/4.a-Country-report-Austria.pdf The Advisory Board on Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Advises the authorities on basic questions of genetic engineering in relation to GMOs in contained use, the deliberate release and placing on the market of GMOs, and genetic analysis and genetic therapy in human beings.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20008142 National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for scientific purposes]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Advises government on research ethics.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://oeawi.at/vereinsorgane/?lang=en Austrian Agency for Research Integrity – The Commission for Research Integrity]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates cases of research misconduct in Austria, evaluates the severity of each violation and recommends follow-up measures.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ethikkommissionen.at/ Research Ethics Committees (federal and local)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provide opinion on research ethics. Some of them serve both as hospital, university, and state committees.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=The Austrian government officially instated several laws regarding RE and RI.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Erv/ERV_1999_1_165/ERV_1999_1_165.html Federal Act concerning the Protection of Personal Data]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Protects fundamental right to data protection.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Erv/ERV_2002_1_120/ERV_2002_1_120.html Federal Act on the Organisation of Universities and their Studies (University Act)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures autonomous development and integration of individual universities into an overall system.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://bch.cbd.int/database/record.shtml?documentid=26 Genetic Engineering Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the main aspects of biotechnology and genetic engineering and lays down the rules for the installation and work of an Advisory Board on Gene Technology and its three scientific committees.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20008142 Federal Act on Experiments on Live Animals]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Protects the life and well-being of animals based on man’s special responsibility for the animal as a fellow creature.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10010285 Hospitals and Health Resorts Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Lays down general principles concerning hospitals and health resorts.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bmbwf.gv.at/Themen/Forschung/Forschung-in-%C3%96sterreich/Services/Forschungsstatistik.html R & D Statistics Regulation]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to compile statistics on research and experimental development.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

The Austrian Agency for Research Integrity offers training for researchers in the form of workshops, lectures, and train-the-trainer programs. The training is not mandatory. The Agency delivers via their web page various documents regarding the promotion of research integrity (guidelines, reports, recommendations) that can be used for training. Moreover, the Agency participates in several EU projects related to research integrity ([https://eneri.eu/ ENERI], [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/787580 VIRT2UE] and [https://sops4ri.eu/ SOPs4RI]). It has created [https://oeawi.at/en/guidelines/ Guidelines for Good Scientific Practice].

Some universities in Austria have also created guidelines on good scientific practice:

Medical University of Graz - [https://www.medunigraz.at/fileadmin/studieren/med_wissenschaft/pdf/GSP_Standards_engl.pdf Standards of Good Scientific Practice and Ombuds Committee],

Graz University of Technology - [https://mibla-archiv.tugraz.at/16_17/Stk_22/RL_Sicherung_guter_wiss._Arbeit_englisch.pdf Guidelines on Safeguarding Good Scientific Practice],

University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna – [https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/web/fileadmin/content/forschung/pdf/MedUni_Wien_GSP-Richtlinien_2017.pdf Good Scientific Practice],

University of Linz - [https://www.jku.at/fileadmin/gruppen/29/Dateien/SOP_8201_sicherung_gute_wiss_Praxis_EN.pdf Guidelines for Ensuring Good Scientific Practice],

University of Klagenfurt - [https://www.aau.at/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Richtlinien-Gute-wissenschaftliche-Praxis.pdf Ombudsman Guidelines for Good Scientific Practice and Code of Conduct for Good Academic Practice].

Austrian Agency for Research Integrity participates in the ENRIO meetings and organises workshops and training session for research integrity <ref>Österreichische Agentur für wissenschaftliche Integrität (ÖAWI). [Austrian Agnency for Research Integrity]. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://oeawi.at/en/</ref>.

RI dialogue and communication

The members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences are engaged in informing the general public of important scientific insights and they form committees to discuss questions which are important for the science and society <ref>Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW). [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/austrian-academy-of-sciences/</ref>. Usually, cases of research integrity are dealt with in confidence and decisions are not made public. Some cases of misconduct were reported in the press. There are several initiatives from projects on responsible research and innovation and science shops, “Wiener Vorlesungen” <ref>RRI Platform. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://www.rri-plattform.at/</ref>. The Austrian Science Fund (FWF) publishes statistics on suspected cases in an anonymous form, and is updated annually <ref>Research Integrity & Research Ethics. FWF Der Wissenschaftsfonds [Austrian Science Fund]. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.fwf.ac.at/en/research-funding/research-integrity-research-ethics/</ref><ref>Hutschenreiter G. Tax Incentives for Research and Development. Austrian Economic Quaterly. 2002;2:74-85</ref>. RI is discussed in the lay press occasionally. The cases that are discussed the most are related to research fraud.

RI incentives

Austria offers a number of incentives for research companies as well as for individual researchers in R&D. Whoever carries out research in Austria pays a lower tax. Funding Agencies work on the promotion of R&D by providing generous funding for research projects <ref>1. Austria lures researchers with research tax allowance. Invest in Austria. [cited 2020 Dec 16]. Available from:

https://investinaustria.at/en/news/2017/08/tax-allowance.php</ref>. There are also several awards for contributions in research or scholarships for young researchers in different research areas. Some universities also offer awards for research, e.g. [https://www.uibk.ac.at/portal/forschende/ University of Innsbruck].
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://oeawi.at/training-uebersicht/?lang=en Austrian agency for research integrity training]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aq.ac.at/en/ Agency for Quality Assurance and Accreditation Austria]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://m.fwf.ac.at/en/research-funding/fwf-programmes/wittgenstein-award/ The Wittgenstein Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://unterlasslab.com/2017/06/21/start-prize-of-the-austrian-science-fund-fwf-awarded-to-miriam/ The START Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oenb.at/en/About-Us/Research-Promotion/scholarships_and_awards/klaus_liebscher_economic_research_scholarship.html The Klaus Liebscher Scholarship]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oenb.at/en/About-Us/Research-Promotion/scholarships_and_awards.html The Olga Radzyner Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oenb.at/en/About-Us/Research-Promotion/scholarships_and_awards.html The Franz Weninger Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Theme:8c6bf00a-d760-47d8-9aa1-5f48c14ce3f5

2021-09-20T10:01:19Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Good Practices
|Title=Responsible mentoring
|Is About=Mentoring is a formal or informal professional relationship between an experienced researcher and a less experienced researcher.<ref>Sambunjak D, Marušić A. Mentoring: what's in a name? JAMA. 2009 Dec 16;302(23):2591-2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1858. </ref> It is dyadic relationship, i.e. a committed relationship between two persons, usually characterized by institutional proximity and direct contact.
<references />
|Important Because=Mentoring is important as it has traditionally been a successful way for research development of individuals, as well as research institutions and systems.

Although mentoring is an old concept (Mentor and Telemachus in The Odyssey), it is a difficult concept. It is should not be confused with other types of professional research relationship, such as teaching, tutoring, coaching, advising, counselling, supervising, sponsoring, role-modelling, preceptoring, peer support.<ref>Sambunjak D, Marušić A. Mentoring: what's in a name? JAMA. 2009 Dec 16;302(23):2591-2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1858. </ref>

Mentoring is a complex phenomenon,<ref>Sambunjak D, Straus SE, Marušić A. A systematic review of qualitative research on the meaning and characteristics of mentoring in academic medicine. J Gen Intern Med. 2010 Jan;25(1):72-8. doi: 10.1007/s11606-009-1165-8.</ref> which integrates different functions, as mentors help their mentees to acquire, synthesize and integrate new knowledge and skills, as well as develop professionally and personally. It is an intense, personal as well as professional relationship with high commitment over a long period of time. It is reciprocal but asymmetrical, as the primary goal is the professional growth and development of a mentee.

We do not have solid evidence that mentorship work. A systematic review of mentoring in academic medicine<ref>Sambunjak D, Straus SE, Marušić A. Mentoring in academic medicine: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006 Sep 6;296(9):1103-15. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.9.1103.</ref> showed that it is perceived as very important bur there is little evidence that it is actually successful. This is similar for many other disciplines and types of mentoring.<ref>Eby LT, Allen TD, Evans SC, Ng T, Dubois D. Does Mentoring Matter? A Multidisciplinary Meta-Analysis Comparing Mentored and Non-Mentored Individuals. J Vocat Behav. 2008 Apr;72(2):254-267. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2007.04.005.</ref>

There are different ethical issues in mentoring, related to the individuals involved in the mentoring relationship but also related to the hosting organization.<ref>Kow CS, Teo YH, Teo YN, Chua KZY, Quah ELY, Kamal NHBA, Tan LHE, Cheong CWS, Ong YT, Tay KT, Chiam M, Mason S, Krishna LKR. A systematic scoping review of ethical issues in mentoring in medical schools. BMC Med Educ. 2020 Jul 31;20(1):246. doi: 10.1186/s12909-020-02169-3.</ref> Issues for mentees include lack of motivation and poor collaboration, and laps in professionalism, failure to acknowledge mentee’s contribution, lack of commitment and collaboration. Ethics burdens to a mentoring relationship may be the power imbalance, misalignment of goals, poor communication, competition, gender or cultural bias, and personality conflicts. Organizations where mentorship happen are also responsible for ethics problems generated by mentoring: they may not have adequate recruitment procedures, oversight, assessment and recognition of good mentorship, lack of clear guidelines, and lack of administrative support, such as protected time for mentoring.
<references />
|Important For=Researchers; Students; Research performing organisations; Research funding organisations; policy-makers in science
|Has Best Practice=The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (ECoC RI) defines a good practice in mentorship:<ref>All European Academies. The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. 2017. Available: https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ALLEA-European-Code-of-Conduct-for-Research-Integrity-2017.pdf.</ref>

“Senior researchers, research leaders and supervisors mentor their team members and offer specific guidance and training to properly develop, design and structure their research activity and to foster a culture of research integrity.” The ECoC RI also defines the misuse of seniority to encourage violations of research integrity as an unacceptable practice.

The Office for Research Integrity of the US Department of Health and Human Services defines the expectations of trainees and mentors in the research process.<ref>Office for Research Integrity (ORI). Basic responsibilities. ORI Introduction to RCR: Chapter 7. Mentor and Trainee Responsibilities. Available: https://ori.hhs.gov/content/Chapter-7-Mentor-and-Trainee-Responsibilities-Basic-responsibilities.</ref>

“Trainees need to know:

· how much time they will be expected to spend on their mentor’s research;

· the criteria that will be used for judging performance and form the basis of letters of recommendation;

· how responsibilities are shared or divided in the research setting;

· standard operating procedures, such as the way data are recorded and interpreted; and, most importantly,

· how credit is assigned, that is, how authorship and ownership are established.

Mentors need to know that a trainee will:

· do assigned work in a conscientious way,

· respect the authority of others working in the research setting,

· follow research regulations and research protocols, and

· live by agreements established for authorship and ownership.”
<references />
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:67caae86-68db-49ea-8305-2010fe701aa6;Resource:E75a85a9-e6bc-4f67-9dd4-2e117456ec38;Resource:716b3f79-2637-44e5-ba81-bf459d68347a;Resource:79a500ad-e8ba-4cc2-9f70-e90811ec48a3;Resource:D4f3d49c-6188-4310-9be4-dfda2f1bd40a;Resource:6f6e3190-4355-4462-b678-28483748aeec;Resource:5c0ff4eb-0a8f-4d38-a5f2-903d9dcaca05
|Related To Theme=Theme:Bd54dd3d-50ed-4f42-b5fb-473f2391714a;Theme:Ab4200ca-c14d-413d-a9f6-aa5a93e1800e
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{{Tags
|Has Virtue And Value=Reliability; Honesty; Respect; Accountability; Collegiality; Professional courtesy and fairness; Autonomy
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Collaborative research; Power abuse
}}

Resource:49bf0570-f75c-4d0c-8b22-9ddaeb64631d

2020-08-01T16:01:46Z

0000-0001-6272-0917:

{{Resource
|Resource Type=Cases
|Title=Bioethicists Call for Investigation Into Nutritional Experiments on Aboriginal People
|Is About=Factual cases of research on people without their approval.
|Important Because=Cases like these are unethical and should be prevented and/or investigated for misconduct.
|Important For=researchers; General public; All stakeholders in research
|Has Best Practice=There are six tenets or principles: indigenous identity development, indigenous paradigmatic lens, reflexivity and power sharing, critical immersion, participation and accountability, and methodological flexibility.

See more at: [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1476750315622542 Guidance in the article published in Action Research.]
}}
{{Link
|Has Link=http://www.cmaj.ca/content/185/14/1201
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Theme=Theme:D44fd22a-ed5d-4120-a78b-8881747131fd
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=Frederick Tisdall
|Has Timepoint=1942
|Has Location=Canada
|Has Virtue And Value=Respect; Accountability
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Vulnerable population; Informed consent; Patient safety
|Related To Research Area=SH - Social Sciences and Humanities; LS - Life Sciences
}}

User:0000-0001-6272-0917

2020-08-01T15:52:55Z

0000-0001-6272-0917: create user page