The Embassy of Good Science - User contributions [en]

Aboutcollaboration

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<div class="sidebar-item sidebar-anchors">
<h2>On this page:</h2>
<ul class="sidebar-anchors-wrapper">
<li>[[#our-mission|Partnership]]</li>
<li>[[#community|Different options]]</li>
<li>[[#founders|How to get in touch]]</li>
</ul>
</div>
== Partnership with the Embassy of Good Science ==

'''Why partner with The Embassy?'''

Building a platform that is visually appealing, technically appropriate, safe, privacy-oriented and cost-effective, while meeting the needs of users, is challenging. Preserving it in the long term is an even bigger challenge. Therefore, we aim to support ethics and integrity projects in focusing on their objectives – while we ensure that the platform is kept up and running in the long term. We offer projects and initiatives support in permanently presenting themselves and their products on the platform in an accessible way. Furthermore, we are open to participate in projects to jointly develop a dissemination strategy or to co-create new functionalities to extend the platform.

'''How can you partner with The Embassy?'''

Projects and initiatives can present themselves on The Embassy, by creating an initiative page in the Community section. The initiative page enables you to present information about your project and to permanently store products in a repository. You can also communicate project events, which are automatically added to the events calendar of the Community section. Furthermore, you can make results accessible and findable on the platform by describing them in theme pages or training instructions. These options are free to all projects and other initiatives.
Projects can also get support in optimally using platform facilities and in organizing internal and external communication. This includes assistance of The Embassy team, which has associated costs.

'''How can you reach us?'''

If you are interested in being a partner as described above, or if you would like to discuss the participation of The Embassy in your project in another way, you can contact us [https://embassy.science/wiki/Special:Contact here].

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Aboutcollaboration

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== Partnership with the Embassy of Good Science ==

'''Why partner with The Embassy?'''

Building a platform that is visually appealing, technically appropriate, safe, privacy-oriented and cost-effective, while meeting the needs of users, is challenging. Preserving it in the long term is an even bigger challenge. Therefore, we aim to support ethics and integrity projects in focusing on their objectives – while we ensure that the platform is kept up and running in the long term. We offer projects and initiatives support in permanently presenting themselves and their products on the platform in an accessible way. Furthermore, we are open to participate in projects to jointly develop a dissemination strategy or to co-create new functionalities to extend the platform.

'''How can you partner with The Embassy?'''

Projects and initiatives can present themselves on The Embassy, by creating an initiative page in the Community section. The initiative page enables you to present information about your project and to permanently store products in a repository. You can also communicate project events, which are automatically added to the events calendar of the Community section. Furthermore, you can make results accessible and findable on the platform by describing them in theme pages or training instructions. These options are free to all projects and other initiatives.
Projects can also get support in optimally using platform facilities and in organizing internal and external communication. This includes assistance of The Embassy team, which has associated costs.

'''How can you reach us?'''

If you are interested in being a partner as described above, or if you would like to discuss the participation of The Embassy in your project in another way, you can contact us [https://embassy.science/wiki/Special:Contact here].

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Community

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<h3>What's happening in the community?</h3>
<span class="link-button te-mw-link" data-href="https://embassy.science/wiki/community" data-target="_blank">Find out</span>
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<h3>What's happening in the community?</h3>
<span class="link-button te-mw-link" data-href="https://embassy.science/community" data-target="_blank">Find out</span>
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Community

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About

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<div class="sidebar-item sidebar-anchors">
<h2>On this page:</h2>
<ul class="sidebar-anchors-wrapper">
<li>[[#our-mission|Our Mission]]</li>
<li>[[#community|Let our community take over]]</li>
<li>[[#How_you_can_be_part_of_The_Embassy|How you can be part of The Embassy]]</li>
<li>[[#Science_with_and_for_Society|Science with and for Society]]</li>
<li>[[#opensource|Open Source]]</li>
<li>[[#acknowledgements|Acknowledgements]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

=About=
<h2 id="our-mission">Our Mission</h2>
The goal of The Embassy of Good Science is to promote research integrity among all those involved in research. The platform is open to anyone willing to learn or support others in fostering understanding and awareness around Good Science.

The Embassy aims to become a unique ‘go to’ place, a public square where the community of researchers can gather to discuss ‘hot topics’, share knowledge, and find guidance and support to perform science responsibly and with integrity.

We want to focus on researchers’ daily practice. Our ambition is to collaboratively map the laws, policies and guidelines informing good practices and highlight relevant cases, experiences, educational materials and good practice examples. We will also support educators to develop training on research integrity and ethics.

<h2 id="community">Let our community take over</h2>
The Embassy of Good Science is developed by and for researchers, who are willing to gather and join forces to preserve and safeguard good science. No embassy can function without its ambassadors. <strong>And that’s where you come in.</strong>

<div class="video-button" data-href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/34d8tJKEBXE"><span class="video-button-label">New Features</span></div>

<h5>The Embassy of Good Science</h5>
<h2>Your platform for research <br>integrity and ethics</h2>
Our declaration describes the Embassy’s principles in strong, affirmative language. It forms a clear reference for all involved, including you.

<span class="link-button link--download te-mw-link" data-href="wiki-wiki/images/f/ff/The-Embassy-of-Good-Science-Declaration.pdf"><span class="link-button-label">The Embassy Declaration</span></span>

<div class="generic-content-break">
==Founders==
The people and institutes that founded The Embassy:
<div class="founders">
{{FounderProfile|Guy-founder.jpg|Guy Widdershoven|Amsterdam University Medical Center, NL}}{{FounderProfile|Giulia-founder.jpg|Giulia Inguaggiato|Amsterdam University Medical Center, NL}}{{FounderProfile|Marc_van_hoof_founder.jpg|Marc van Hoof|Amsterdam University Medical Center, NL}}{{FounderProfile|Ana-founder.jpg|Ana Marušić|Sveuciliste U Splitu, HR}}{{FounderProfile|Natalie-founder.jpg|Natalie Evans|Amsterdam University Medical Center, NL}}
{{FounderProfile|Te-founder-viewall.png}}
</div>
==Contributors==
The people who already contributed to The Embassy:
<div class="contributors-list">{{#vardefine:contributorList|
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</div>

<h2>How you can be part of The Embassy</h2>

You can already contribute to The Embassy by writing about an issue you care about, sharing your expertise, or uploading your resources.

Let us keep you posted on the latest state of The Embassy - sign up!

{{#widget:Mailchimp}}

<h2 id="Science_with_and_for_Society">Science with and for Society</h2>

Two European Commission funded projects, EnTIRE and VIRT2UE, have developed The Embassy of Good Science. EnTIRE and VIRT2UE received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Science with and for Society work program, part of the Research and Innovation program. The Science with and for Society work program (2016-17) described its aims as "to build effective cooperation between science and society, to recruit new talent for science and to pair scientific excellence with social awareness and responsibility". EnTIRE and VIRT2UE were both funded under the strategic objective to develop inclusive, anticipatory governance for research and innovation.

<h2 id="opensource">Open Source</h2>

This project uses an open science and source approach. An overview of the components of the software that makes up The Embassy can be found [https://embassy.science/wiki-wiki/index.php/Special:Version on this page]. Its foundation is based on [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki MediaWiki] with the [https://www.semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/Semantic_MediaWiki Semantic MediaWiki extension]. The Discussion functionality is based on [https://github.com/discourse Discourse]. The Training functionality has been inspired by [https://dokit.io/ dokit]. The main software repository which holds the customizations can be found on [https://github.com/the-embassy-of-good-science GitHub]. The implementation of the user interface is documented on a [https://components.embassy.science/ dedicated page] explaining it in detail.

<h2 id="acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</h2>

This is an initiative by the two projects EnTIRE and VIRT2UE and founded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research program under grant agreement N 741782 and 787580. The [https://www.zonmw.nl/nl/onderzoek-resultaten/fundamenteel-onderzoek/programmas/project-detail/bevorderen-van-verantwoorde-onderzoekspraktijken/inspire-inventory-in-the-netherlands-of-stakeholders-practices-and-initiatives-on-research-integ/ ZonMW funded INSPIRE project] contributed to list relevant content.

[[File:Te-acknowledgements.png|560px|link=]]

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Main Page

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{{EvaluationGeneral}}
<div id="top" class="homeblock is-header homeblock--top">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="homeblock-content">
<h1 class="homeblock-title">Your platform for research integrity and ethics</h1>
<p>
<div class="video-button" data-href="https://vimeo.com/338636333">
<span class="video-button-label">The Embassy story</span>
<span class="video-button-duration">2:07 min</span>
</div>
</p>
<div class="homeblock-anchor text-center">[[#help|What's here for me?]]</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="help" class="homeblock homeblock--help">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="homeblock-content">
<h1 class="homeblock-title">What's here for me?</h1>
<div class="homeblock-description">
The Embassy offers help to anyone seeking support in handling day-to-day research practices and dilemmas.
</div>
{{HomeCards}}
<div class="homeblock-anchor text-center">[[#about|About The Embassy of Good Science]]</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div id="about" class="homeblock homeblock--about">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="homeblock-content">
<h1 class="homeblock-title">About The Embassy of Good Science</h1>
<div class="homeblock-description">A place where the community can share experiences and insights, deepening understanding and continuously contribute to the development of good science.</div>{{AboutCards}}
<div class="homeblock-anchor text-center">[[#mc_embed_signup|Stay up to date with the development of The Embassy]]</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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Privacy statement

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<div class="sidebar-item sidebar-anchors">
<h2>On this page:</h2>
<ul class="sidebar-anchors-wrapper">
<li>[[#p_s_registration|Registration]]</li>
<li>[[#p_s_publications|Publications]]</li>
<li>[[#p_s_notifications|Notifications]]</li>
<li>[[#p_s_providing_data_to_third_parties|Providing Data to Third Parties]]</li>
<li>[[#p_s_statistics|Statistics]]</li>
<li>[[#p_s_cookies|Cookies]]</li>
<li>[[#p_s_security|Security]]</li>
<li>[[#p_s_changes_to_this_Privacy_Statement|Changes to this Privacy Statement]]</li>
<li>[[#p_s_inspection_and_modification_of_your_data|Inspection and Modification of your Data]]</li>
<li>[[#p_s_complaints|Complaints]]</li>
<li>[[#p_s_contact_details|Contact details]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

=Privacy Statement of The Embassy of Good Science=
The Embassy of Good Science is an initiative commissioned by the EU that offers an online discussion platform on research ethics and research integrity aimed at sharing experiences and provide tools to improve the institutional research climate and the education of both junior and senior scientists, thus contributing to the development of good science. As part of this service, we use your personal data. Of course we conform to the requirements of the applicable data protection legislation. This means we:

*'''Clearly specify our purposes''' before we process personal data, by using this Privacy Statement;
*'''Limit our collection of personal data''' to only the personal data needed for legitimate purposes;
*First '''ask for explicit permission''' to process your personal data in cases where your permission is required;
*Take '''appropriate security measures''' to protect your personal data and we demand the same from parties who process personal data on our behalf;
*'''Respect''' your right to inspect, correct or delete your personal data held by us.

The EnTIRE Consortium is the party responsible for all data processing. In this privacy statement, we will explain what kind of personal data we collect and for which purposes within our platform. We recommend that you read it carefully.

<h2 id="p_s_registration">Registration</h2>
To fully contribute to the platform, we require you to register beforehand by indicating your name and e-mail address. For the discussion sections of our platform we work with the ORCID third-party authentication service to make this easy for you. Please consult the ORCID Privacy Policy for more information on how ORCID processes your personal data.

<h2 id="p_s_publications">Publications</h2>
Using the platform you can publish contributions. These will be visible to all visitors, including search engines. We have no control over what these visitors do with your published contributions.

Publications include your nickname, real name, profile picture (if applicable). Other information will not be published.

<h2 id="p_s_notifications">Notifications</h2>
From time to time we may e-mail you to notify you of new features and new content published on the platform. You can block such notifications at any time by responding to the e-mail.

<h2 id="p_s_providing_data_to_third_parties">Providing Data to Third Parties</h2>
 Except for the parties mentioned above, we do not under any circumstance provide your personal data to other companies or organizations, unless we are required so by law (for example, when the police demands access to personal data in case of a suspected crime).

Our website features social media buttons and third-party services such as Youtube videos. These buttons and services are used by the providers of these services to collect your personal data.

<h2 id="p_s_statistics">Statistics</h2>
We keep statistics on the use of our platform, but these are kept anonymous at all times. The statistics are used to improve the platform and to fight abuse.

<h2 id="p_s_cookies">Cookies</h2>
Our platform makes use of functional cookies. Cookies are small files in which we can store information, so that you do not have to fill that information again. We can also use them to see whether you are visiting us again.

You can disable the use of cookies through your browser setting, but some parts of our website may not work properly as a result of that.

We made arrangements with other parties who place cookies through our website. Nevertheless, we cannot fully control what they are doing with their cookies, so please read their privacy statements as well.

<h2 id="p_s_security">Security</h2>
We take security measures to reduce misuse of and unauthorized access to personal data. We take responsibility in the security of your personal data. We renew our security measures to ensure safe storage of personal data and keep track what might go wrong.

<h2 id="p_s_changes_to_this_Privacy_Statement">Changes to this Privacy Statement</h2>
We reserve the right to modify this statement. We recommend that you consult this statement on a regular basis, so that you remain informed of any changes.

<h2 id="p_s_inspection_and_modification_of_your_data">Inspection and Modification of your Data</h2>
 You can always contact us if you have any questions regarding our privacy policy or wish to review, modify or delete your personal data.

You have the following rights:

*Being informed on which personal data we have and what we are using it for;
*Inspection of the personal data that we keep from you;
*Having incorrect data corrected;
*Request to delete outdated personal data;
*Revoke your consent;
*Object to certain uses.

Please note that you always make clear who you are, so that we can assure that we do not modify or remove the data from the wrong person.

Your right to have data removed does not apply to the publications that you make. In the interest of an open and scientific debate, we retain those indefinitely except as provided under our Notice&Takedown Policy. However, upon request we will anonymize your name and other identifying information associated therewith. If you have a specific reason to request removal of a publication despite the foregoing, please do not hesitate to contact us.

<h2 id="p_s_complaints">Complaints</h2>
If you think that we are not helping you in the right way, you have the right to lodge a complaint at the authority. For the Netherlands, this is the Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens.

<h2 id="p_s_contact_details">Contact details</h2>
You can contact us using the following e-mail address: embassy@vumc.nl.

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{{EvaluationResources}}
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{{{Has Best Practice|}}} </div>| }}[[Resource Type::{{{Resource Type|}}}| ]][[Title::{{{Title|}}}| ]]{{#set:Is About={{{Is About|}}}}}{{#set:Important Because={{{Important Because|}}}}}{{#arraymap:{{{Important For|}}}|;|@@@@|[[Important For::@@@@| ]]| }}{{#set:Has Best Practice={{{Has Best Practice|}}}}}[[Semantic Dependency::{{FULLPAGENAME}}| ]] [[Main Category::Category:Resource| ]] [[Display Title::{{{Title}}}| ]] {{DISPLAYTITLE:{{{Title}}}}}[[Category:Resource]] </includeonly>

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{{G Standard Header Banner|Training|Training guides||{{#formlink:form=Guide|link type=button|link text=Add Guide }}|Courses, training programs and curated collections of modules and exercises for fostering research integrity and ethics.}}

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{{EvaluationThemes}}
<noinclude><h2>Usage</h2>
<pre>{{Theme
|Theme Type=
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<div class="smw-edit-dropdown" data-dropdown-trigger=""><div class="menu-dots">[[File:Dropdown_dots.svg|link=]]</div>
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{{#arraymap:{{{Important For|}}}
|;
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{{{Has Best Practice|}}} </div>| }}{{#if: {{{Has Detail|}}} |<h2>{{int:EGS Has Detail}}</h2><div class="mw-field-value" data-property="Has Detail">
{{{Has Detail|}}} </div>| }}{{#if: {{{Has Parent Theme|}}}| {{DEFAULTSORT:{{#ask:[[{{{Has Parent Theme}}}]]|?Display Title|mainlabel=-}}{{{Title}}} }} | [[Has Parent Theme::{{FULLPAGENAME}}| ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:{{{Title}}}}}}}
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Template:Training Cards

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<div class="card-grid is-trainings">
<div class="cards-wrapper">
<div class="card is-trainings">
<div class="card-header">
<h2 class="card-title text-center">Training material</h2>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="card-text">
<div class="text-block"><span>Step by step guides that help you as a trainer</span>
<div class="Virt2ue-button-wrapper is-mobile"><span class="Virt2ue-button">[[Guide:Bbe860a3-56a9-45f7-b787-031689729e52|VIRT2UE training guide]]</span></div>
<hr>
<div class="training-links"><span class="training-link">[[Special:BrowseData/Guide|All training guides]]</span><span class="training-link">[[Special:BrowseData/Instruction|Individual exercises]]</span></div>
</div>
<div class="Virt2ue-button-wrapper is-desktop"><span class="Virt2ue-button">[[Guide:Bbe860a3-56a9-45f7-b787-031689729e52|VIRT2UE training guide]]</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cards-wrapper">
<div class="card is-trainings">
<div class="card-header">
<h2 class="card-title text-center">[{{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}/index.php/Special:BrowseData/Resource?_search_Resource_Type%5B0%5D=Education Educational resources]</h2>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="card-text">[[Special:BrowseData/Resource|Literature, tools and other resources to use in training.]]</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card is-trainings">
<div class="card-header">
<h2 class="card-title text-center"> Training community</h2>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="card-text"> Meet [https://embassy.science/wiki/AboutCertifiedTrainers the certified VIRT2UE trainers], trainees and ask your questions</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

Terms of service

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<div class="sidebar-item sidebar-anchors">
<h2>On this page:</h2>
<ul class="sidebar-anchors-wrapper">
<li>[[#t_o_s-Use_of_the_service|Article 1. Use of the service]]</li>
<li>[[#t_o_s-Terms_of_use|Article 2. Terms of use]]</li>
<li>[[#t_o_s-availability_and_maintenance|Article 3. Availability and maintenance]]</li>
<li>[[#t_o_s-intellectual_property|Article 4. Intellectual property]]</li>
<li>[[#t_o_s-limitation_of_liability|Article 5. Limitation of liability]]</li>
<li>[[#t_o_s-term_and_termination|Article 6. Term and termination]]</li>
<li>[[#t_o_s-changes_to_terms|Article 7. Changes to terms]]</li>
<li>[[#t_o_s-miscellaneous_provisions|Article 8. Miscellaneous provisions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

=Terms and conditions for the The Embassy of Good Science=
The service “The Embassy of Good Science” is offered over the internet in the form of Software-as-a-Service by the company EnTIRE Consortium. The use of The Embassy of Good Science is subject to the below terms and conditions. Using The Embassy of Good Science constitutes acceptance of these terms and conditions.Deviations from these terms and conditions is possible only by means of written confirmation by EnTIRE Consortium.

<h2 id="t_o_s-Use_of_the_service">Article 1. Use of the service</h2>
1.1. The Embassy of Good Science allows you to have discussions about a wide range of topics. The topic and your contributions are up to you, within the limits as set for the various forums and topics. EnTIRE Consortium and its moderators have the final say on these limits.

1.2. To contribute to The Embassy of Good Science, you first need to register. After completing registration, you can directly log into your account and contribute to the platform.

1.3. You must secure access to your account using the username and password against third parties. In particular you must keep the password strictly confidential. EnTIRE Consortium may assume that all actions undertaken from your account after logging in with your username and password is authorized and supervised by you. This means you are liable for these actions, unless and until you have notified EnTIRE Consortium that someone else knows your password.

1.4. The Embassy of Good Science processes your personal data. You give your consent for all forms of processing within the scope of the service. Consult the privacy statement of EnTIRE Consortium for more information.

<h2 id="t_o_s-Terms_of_use>Article 2. Terms of use</h2>
2.1. It is not permitted to use The Embassy of Good Science for any purpose that violates Dutch or other applicable law or regulation. This includes (among others) the storage or transmission of data using the service that is slanderous, libelous or racist.

2.2. In particular it is not permitted to harass other users, create profiles on The Embassy of Good Science under the names of other people or to pretend to be another person, or a moderator/maintainer of The Embassy of Good Science.

2.3. In addition, on The Embassy of Good Science it is forbidden to

*use indecent or inappropriate language;
*publish information where it is unwanted (off-topic);
*publish information that is pornographic or erotic (even if legal under applicable law);
*publish information in violation of copyright or hyperlinks to such information;
*violate the privacy of third party, for example by distributing their personal data without permission or clear need or the repeated harassment of third parties with unwanted communications;
*exercise commercial activities;
*report on current research misconduct cases; accuse people of misconduct;
*blame, shame or insult others;
*and to do anything that violates applicable netiquette.
2.4. Should EnTIRE Consortium discover that you violate any of the above, or receive a complaint alleging the same, EnTIRE Consortium will issue a warning. If the warning does not lead to an acceptable resolution, then EnTIRE Consortium may intervene to end the violation. In urgent of serious cases EnTIRE Consortium may intervene without warning.

2.5. If in the opinion of EnTIRE Consortium the continued functioning of the computer systems or network of EnTIRE Consortium or third parties is actually or under threat of being damaged or jeopardized, for example through excessive transmission of e-mail or other data, leaks of personal data or virus activity, EnTIRE Consortium may take all steps it deems reasonably necessary to end or avert such damage or jeopardy.2.6. EnTIRE Consortium is at all times entitled to file a criminal complaint for any offenses committed through or using the service.2.7. EnTIRE Consortium may recoup from you all damages it suffers as a result of your violation of these terms of use. You agree and hold harmless EnTIRE Consortium from all third-party claims arising out of your violation of these terms of use.

<h2 id="t_o_s-availability_and_maintenance">Article 3. Availability and maintenance</h2>
3.1. EnTIRE Consortium uses its best efforts to have the service available at all times but makes no guarantees about uninterrupted availability.

3.2. EnTIRE Consortium actively maintains The Embassy of Good Science. In case maintenance is reasonably expected to negatively impact availability, EnTIRE Consortium carry out such maintenance at times when use of the service is relatively low. Maintenance is announced in advance whenever possible. Emergency maintenance can take place at any time and without prior announcement.

3.3. EnTIRE Consortium may from time to time adapt The Embassy of Good Science. Your feedback and suggestions are welcome but ultimately EnTIRE Consortium decides which adaptations to carry out (or not).

<h2 id="t_o_s-intellectual_property">Article 4. Intellectual property</h2>
4.1. The service The Embassy of Good Science, the accompanying software as well as all information and images on the website is the intellectual property of EnTIRE Consortium. None of these items may be copied or used without prior written permission of EnTIRE Consortium, except and to the extent permitted by mandatory law.

4.2. Information you store or process using the service is and remains your property (or the property of your suppliers or licensors). EnTIRE Consortium receives a license under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license, version 4.0 or any later version as set by the Creative Commons Consortium, to use this information for the service, including for future aspects thereof. You can cancel this license by removing the information in question and/or terminating the agreement.

4.3. If you send information to EnTIRE Consortium, for example a bug report or suggestion for improvement, you grant EnTIRE Consortium a perpetual and unlimited license to use this information for the service. This does not apply to information you expressly mark as confidential.

4.4. EnTIRE Consortium shall refrain from accessing data you store or transfer using The Embassy of Good Science, unless this is necessary for a good provision of the service or EnTIRE Consortium is forced to do so by law or order of competent authority. In these cases EnTIRE Consortium shall use its best efforts to limit access to the information as much as possible.

<h2 id="t_o_s-limitation_of_liability">Article 5. Limitation of liability</h2>
5.1. Except in case of intentional misconduct or gross negligence EnTIRE Consortium shall not be liable for the use of the service or any damages in connection therewith.

5.2. EnTIRE Consortium in no event is liable for indirect damages, consequential damages, lost profits, missed savings or damages through business interruption.

5.3. Damages may only be claimed if reported in writing to EnTIRE Consortium at most two months after discovery.

5.4. In case of force majeure EnTIRE Consortium is never required to compensate damages suffered by you. Force majeure includes among others disruptions or unavailability of the internet, telecommunication infrastructure, power interruptions, riots, traffic jams, strikes, company disruptions, interruptions in supply, fires and floods.

<h2 id="t_o_s-term_and_termination">Article 6. Term and termination</h2>
6.1. This agreement enters into force as soon as you first use the service and then remains in force until terminated.

6.2. If you entered into this agreement as a consumer, you may terminate the agreement at any time with a notice period of one month, calculated from the moment of the notice. Non-consumers can terminate the agreement with a notice period of two months.

6.3. EnTIRE Consortium is entitled to terminate the agreement if you have not used the service at all in the last 18 months. In such an event EnTIRE Consortium shall first send a reminder mail to the e-mail address connected to your account.

<h2 id="t_o_s-changes_to_terms">Article 7. Changes to terms</h2>
7.1. EnTIRE Consortium may change or add to these terms and conditions as well as any prices at any time.

7.2. EnTIRE Consortium shall announce through the service changes or additions at least thirty days before their taking effect.

7.3. If you do not want to accept a change or addition, you can terminate the agreement until the date the changes take effect. Use of The Embassy of Good Science after the date of effect shall constitute your acceptance of the changed or added-to terms and conditions.

<h2 id="t_o_s-miscellaneous_provisions">Article 8. Miscellaneous provisions</h2>
8.1. Dutch law applies to this agreement.

8.2. Except to the extent determined otherwise by mandatory applicable law all disputes arising in connection with The Embassy of Good Science shall be brought before the competent Dutch court for the principal place of business of EnTIRE Consortium.

8.3. For any clause in these terms and conditions that demand that a statement must be done “in writing” to be legally valid, a statement by e-mail or communication through the The Embassy of Good Science service shall be sufficient provided with sufficient certainty the authenticity of the sender can be established and the integrity of the statement has not been compromised.

8.4. The version of any communication of information as recorded by EnTIRE Consortium shall be deemed to be authentic, unless you supply proof to the contrary.

8.5. In case any part of these terms and conditions are declared legally invalid, this shall not affect the validity of the whole of the agreement. The parties shall in such an event agree on one or more replacement provisions that approximate the original intent of the invalid provision(s) within the limits of the law.

8.6. EnTIRE Consortium is entitled to transfer its rights and obligations under this agreement to a third party as part of an acquisition of The Embassy of Good Science or the associated business activities.

Thank you for reading!

__NOEDITSECTION__

MediaWiki:Sidebar

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MediaWiki:Sidebar

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* navigation
** Main_Page | Home
** Themes | Themes
** {{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Report}} | Reports
** Resources | Resources
** Community | Community
** Training | Training
** about | About

MediaWiki:Sidebar

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Theme:2646823b-4603-4305-aff9-32849fff0a4c

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{{Theme
|Theme Type=Principles & Aspirations
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Title=Dilemmas in daily practice
|Is About=Many researchers encounter moral conflicts and moral dilemmas in their day-to-day practice. Most research on scientific dilemmas concentrates on questionable research practices or even misconduct suspicions<ref>John, Leslie K., George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec. "Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling." ''Psychological science'' 23.5 (2012): 524-532.</ref>. Few publications address the prevalence and nature of common dilemmas directly. Here, you can find examples of moral dilemma's in daily practice.
<references />
|Important Because=The most important characteristic of a dilemma is that either choice is ‘''costly’''. In choosing between unfavourable outcomes, there is no simple solution which prevents a toll to yourself or others. Such a toll can vary substantially, for example between a physical effect (a harm to animals), a negative effect on the environment (radiation exposure) or psychological tensions and moral distress . Being mindful of such dilemmas in daily practice is important, because of the cognitive bias that might develop because of it and reflection brings the opportunity to change a situation.

'''Our own bias'''

Our attitude towards the dilemmas we face can change over time, because of our past decisions ([[Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed|cognitive dissonance theory]] <ref>Festinger, Leon. ''A theory of cognitive dissonance''. Vol. 2. Stanford university press, 1957.</ref><ref>Graham, R. "Theory of cognitive dissonance as it pertains to morality." ''Journal of Scientific Psychology'' 29 (2007).</ref>). Coping strategies such as trivialization, self-affirmation, denial of responsibility and rationalization might further decrease the dissonance in a dilemma. Surprisingly little research has been performed on repetitive exposure<ref>McGrath, April. "Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction." ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 11.12 (2017): e12362.</ref>. However, it is not hard to imagine that, over the long run<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref><ref>Dalmolin, Graziele de Lima, et al. "Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? 1." ''Revista latino-americana de enfermagem'' 22 (2014): 35-42.</ref>, scientists feel less distress after repeatedly facing the same dilemma. As such, common dilemmas can result in ‘''common practice''’ where less attention is paid to them.

'''Designing a system which gives rise to fewer dilemmas'''

If such a common practice is actually a questionable research practice or worse, the original dilemma can indicate a deeper or broader problem for science and society. Acknowledging these dilemmas is therefore important, in order to understand where problems stem from. As Nussbaum advocates<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref>, to recognize the real structure of a situation, as ‘''Tragedy is rarely just tragedy''’. The recognition of a dilemma can promote a qualitative analysis. For example, by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]] in which the moral distress of an individual is directly addressed. Or a more technical analyses, for example by taking a ‘''game theory''’ approach<ref>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-ethics/</ref> . In essence, addressing Hegel’s question: ‘''is there a rearrangement of our practices that can remove the tragedy?''’ which might help to find a more beneficial resolution for science as a whole.
<references />
|Important For=Scientists; Policy makers
|Has Best Practice=The presence of a dilemma’s indicates that there is no universal hierarchy of values. A guideline or algorithm cannot simply resolve the dilemma<ref>Danhof, M., et al. "Knowledge in Ferment." (2007).</ref>. But, a dilemma (‘tragedy’) can be the start of reflection and improvement. Depending on the severity of the situation and the impact of your choice, consider the following:

*Informal discussion with peers
*Consult your supervisor or mentor
*Check a code of conduct or guideline
*Consult a confidentiality advisor
*Discuss it with ‘neutral outsiders’, friends or family
*Analyse the dilemma in more detail, e.g. by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]]
*Is there a rearrangement of practices that can remove the tragedy (Hegel’s question)?
<references />
|Has Detail='''Examples of common situations which involve dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Dilemma'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value A'''
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{{!}}-
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<br />
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}intellectual contribution
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}collegiality
{{!}}-
{{!}}Sharing your data openly
{{!}}Verification & re-use
{{!}}Rebuttal
{{!}}}
'''Examples of common values & principles involved in dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Personal'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scientific'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Technological'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Professional'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Honesty
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Accuracy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Utility
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Mentorship
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Curiosity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collaboration
{{!}}-
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{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Consistency
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
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{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Autonomy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Auditability
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collegiality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Universality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Precision
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
<br />
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:5a708521-86bf-4eac-947c-2747cefc9008
|Related To Theme=Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed;Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Related To Instruction=Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=Hegel; Nussbaum
|Has Virtue And Value=Morality; Rationality; Professionalism; Doing good; Fairness
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Hegel's question; Tragic question; Moral Case Deliberation
}}

Theme:2646823b-4603-4305-aff9-32849fff0a4c

2021-09-28T07:54:34Z

0000-0001-9246-6817:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Principles & Aspirations
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Title=Dilemmas in daily practice
|Is About=Many researchers encounter moral conflicts and moral dilemmas in their day-to-day practice. Most research on scientific dilemmas concentrates on questionable research practices or even misconduct suspicions<ref>John, Leslie K., George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec. "Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling." ''Psychological science'' 23.5 (2012): 524-532.</ref>. Few publications address the prevalence and nature of common dilemmas directly.
<references />
|Important Because=The most important characteristic of a dilemma is that either choice is ‘''costly’''. In choosing between unfavourable outcomes, there is no simple solution which prevents a toll to yourself or others. Such a toll can vary substantially, for example between a physical effect (a harm to animals), a negative effect on the environment (radiation exposure) or psychological tensions and moral distress . Being mindful of such dilemmas in daily practice is important, because of the cognitive bias that might develop because of it and reflection brings the opportunity to change a situation.

'''Our own bias'''

Our attitude towards the dilemmas we face can change over time, because of our past decisions ([[Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed|cognitive dissonance theory]] <ref>Festinger, Leon. ''A theory of cognitive dissonance''. Vol. 2. Stanford university press, 1957.</ref><ref>Graham, R. "Theory of cognitive dissonance as it pertains to morality." ''Journal of Scientific Psychology'' 29 (2007).</ref>). Coping strategies such as trivialization, self-affirmation, denial of responsibility and rationalization might further decrease the dissonance in a dilemma. Surprisingly little research has been performed on repetitive exposure<ref>McGrath, April. "Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction." ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 11.12 (2017): e12362.</ref>. However, it is not hard to imagine that, over the long run<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref><ref>Dalmolin, Graziele de Lima, et al. "Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? 1." ''Revista latino-americana de enfermagem'' 22 (2014): 35-42.</ref>, scientists feel less distress after repeatedly facing the same dilemma. As such, common dilemmas can result in ‘''common practice''’ where less attention is paid to them.

'''Designing a system which gives rise to fewer dilemmas'''

If such a common practice is actually a questionable research practice or worse, the original dilemma can indicate a deeper or broader problem for science and society. Acknowledging these dilemmas is therefore important, in order to understand where problems stem from. As Nussbaum advocates<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref>, to recognize the real structure of a situation, as ‘''Tragedy is rarely just tragedy''’. The recognition of a dilemma can promote a qualitative analysis. For example, by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]] in which the moral distress of an individual is directly addressed. Or a more technical analyses, for example by taking a ‘''game theory''’ approach<ref>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-ethics/</ref> . In essence, addressing Hegel’s question: ‘''is there a rearrangement of our practices that can remove the tragedy?''’ which might help to find a more beneficial resolution for science as a whole.
<references />
|Important For=Scientists; Policy makers
|Has Best Practice=The presence of a dilemma’s indicates that there is no universal hierarchy of values. A guideline or algorithm cannot simply resolve the dilemma<ref>Danhof, M., et al. "Knowledge in Ferment." (2007).</ref>. But, a dilemma (‘tragedy’) can be the start of reflection and improvement. Depending on the severity of the situation and the impact of your choice, consider the following:

*Informal discussion with peers
*Consult your supervisor or mentor
*Check a code of conduct or guideline
*Consult a confidentiality advisor
*Discuss it with ‘neutral outsiders’, friends or family
*Analyse the dilemma in more detail, e.g. by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]]
*Is there a rearrangement of practices that can remove the tragedy (Hegel’s question)?
<references />
|Has Detail='''Examples of common situations which involve dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Dilemma'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value A'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value B'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Co-authorship
<br />
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}intellectual contribution
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}collegiality
{{!}}-
{{!}}Sharing your data openly
{{!}}Verification & re-use
{{!}}Rebuttal
{{!}}}
'''Examples of common values & principles involved in dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Personal'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scientific'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Technological'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Professional'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Honesty
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Accuracy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Utility
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Mentorship
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Curiosity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collaboration
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Trustworthiness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Consistency
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Respect
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Objectivity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Autonomy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Auditability
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collegiality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Universality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Precision
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
<br />
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:5a708521-86bf-4eac-947c-2747cefc9008
|Related To Theme=Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed;Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Related To Instruction=Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=Hegel; Nussbaum
|Has Virtue And Value=Morality; Rationality; Professionalism; Doing good; Fairness
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Hegel's question; Tragic question; Moral Case Deliberation
}}

EnTIRE final conference

2021-09-09T09:03:54Z

0000-0001-9246-6817:

<div id="about" class="homeblock homeblock--about">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="homeblock-content text-center">
<h1 class="homeblock-title">A European RI platform for the global research community</h1>
<div class="homeblock-description">How The Embassy of Good Science contributes to responsible research</div>
<h2 id=Date> October 25th-26th 2021</h2>
<h3 id=Date>14:00-17:00 (CET) </h3>
<p>
<div class="video-button" data-href="https://vimeo.com/338636333">
<span class="video-button-label">Sign up</span>
<span class="video-button-duration"></span>
</div>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="homeblock-content text-center">
<h2 id="conference">Aim of the conference</h2>
The Embassy of Good Science is a wiki platform developed in the EnTIRE project, which was granted in the EU Horizon 2020 programme four years ago. We will present the platform and its relevance for Research Integrity in Europe and beyond during the final conference of the project, which will be held online on October 25th and 26th, 2021.

The conference will give due attention to new evolutions on major RI topics on the platform, including guidelines, cases, and training. We will showcase how the platform can be used to improve research integrity by different stakeholder groups through panel sessions on research integrity and ethics. We will also describe how we, as a consortium, will hand the platform over to the scientific community and go into the pivotal role which The Embassy is expected to play in making available results of EU projects in the future.

<h2 id="conference">Research integrity scenario competition</h2>
To enrich The Embassy of Good Science’s collection of scenarios and encourage community
ownership, we invite you to share your fictional research integrity scenarios on the Embassy.
Complete submissions will be published on the Embassy website and candidates will receive a
certificate for participation. The top two submissions will receive a cash prize to the value of
€500 and will be offered the chance to present their scenario during the final conference. For more detail on how to particpate, view the [https://embassy.science/wiki-wiki/images/5/54/Call_for_scenarios-final.pdf submission guidelines]

<h2 id="target">Target audience</h2>

Researchers and Policy makers interested or involved in Research Integrity & Research Ethics
<div class="generic-content-break">
<h2 id="programme">Preliminary programme</h2>

'''''October 25th, 14-17 (CET)'''''

Opening by Guy Widdershoven (Amsterdam UMC)

# '''The Embassy of Good Science''' – Presenter: Marc van Hoof (MUMC)
# '''Training & Education''' – Moderator: Natalie Evans (Amsterdam UMC)
# '''Cases & Scenarios''' – Moderator: Bert Gordijn (DCU)

'''''October 26th 14-17 (CET)'''''

# '''Guidelines & Guidance''' – Moderator: Kris Dierickx (KU Leuven)
# '''Scenario competition award''' — Chair of the committee: Mohammad Hosseini (DCU)
# '''The future of The Embassy of Good Science''' — Moderator: Ana Marusic (MEFST)
</div>
<h2 id="register">Registration</h2>

Register here for the conference

</div>
__NOEDITSECTION__

File:Call for scenarios-final.pdf

2021-09-09T09:00:54Z

0000-0001-9246-6817: The Embassy scenario competition

== Summary ==
The Embassy scenario competition

Theme:2646823b-4603-4305-aff9-32849fff0a4c

2021-09-09T08:29:26Z

0000-0001-9246-6817:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Principles & Aspirations
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Title=Dilemmas in daily practice
|Is About=Many researchers encounter moral conflicts and moral dilemmas in their day-to-day practice. Most research on scientific dilemmas concentrates on questionable research practices or even misconduct suspicions<ref>John, Leslie K., George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec. "Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling." ''Psychological science'' 23.5 (2012): 524-532.</ref>. Few publications address the prevalence and nature of common dilemmas directly.
<references />
|Important Because=The most important characteristic of a dilemma is that either choice is ‘''costly’''. In choosing between unfavourable outcomes, there is no simple solution which prevents a toll to yourself or others. Such a toll can vary substantially, for example between a physical effect (a harm to animals), a negative effect on the environment (radiation exposure) or psychological tensions and moral distress . Being mindful of such dilemmas in daily practice is important, because of the cognitive bias that might develop because of it and reflection brings the opportunity to change a situation.

'''Our own bias'''

Our attitude towards the dilemmas we face can change over time, because of our past decisions ([[Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed|cognitive dissonance theory]] <ref>Festinger, Leon. ''A theory of cognitive dissonance''. Vol. 2. Stanford university press, 1957.</ref><ref>Graham, R. "Theory of cognitive dissonance as it pertains to morality." ''Journal of Scientific Psychology'' 29 (2007).</ref>). Coping strategies such as trivialization, self-affirmation, denial of responsibility and rationalization might further decrease the dissonance in a dilemma. Surprisingly little research has been performed on repetitive exposure<ref>McGrath, April. "Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction." ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 11.12 (2017): e12362.</ref>. However, it is not hard to imagine that, over the long run<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref><ref>Dalmolin, Graziele de Lima, et al. "Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? 1." ''Revista latino-americana de enfermagem'' 22 (2014): 35-42.</ref>, scientists feel less distress after repeatedly facing the same dilemma. As such, common dilemmas can result in ‘''common practice''’ where less attention is paid to them.

'''Designing a system which gives rise to fewer dilemmas'''

If such a common practice is actually a questionable research practice or worse, the original dilemma can indicate a deeper or broader problem for science and society. Acknowledging these dilemmas is therefore important, in order to understand where problems stem from. As Nussbaum advocates<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref>, to recognize the real structure of a situation, as ‘''Tragedy is rarely just tragedy''’. The recognition of a dilemma can promote a qualitative analysis. For example, by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]] in which the moral distress of an individual is directly addressed. Or a more technical analyses, for example by taking a ‘''game theory''’ approach<ref>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-ethics/</ref> . In essence, addressing Hegel’s question: ‘''is there a rearrangement of our practices that can remove the tragedy?''’ which might help to find a more beneficial resolution for science as a whole.
<references />
|Important For=Scientists; Policy makers
|Has Best Practice=The presence of a dilemma’s indicates that there is no universal hierarchy of values. A guideline or algorithm cannot simply resolve the dilemma<ref>Danhof, M., et al. "Knowledge in Ferment." (2007).</ref>. But, a dilemma (‘tragedy’) can be the start of reflection and improvement. Depending on the severity of the situation and the impact of your choice, consider the following:

*Informal discussion with peers
*Consult your supervisor or mentor
*Check a code of conduct or guideline
*Consult a confidentiality advisor
*Discuss it with ‘neutral outsiders’, friends or family
*Analyse the dilemma in more detail, e.g. by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]]
*Is there a rearrangement of practices that can remove the tragedy (Hegel’s question)?
<references />
|Has Detail='''Inventory of common situations which involve dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Dilemma'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value A'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value B'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Co-authorship
<br />
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}intellectual contribution
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}collegiality
{{!}}-
{{!}}Sharing your data openly
{{!}}Verification & re-use
{{!}}Rebuttal
{{!}}}
'''Inventory of common values & principles involved in dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Personal'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scientific'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Technological'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Professional'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Honesty
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Accuracy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Utility
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Mentorship
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Curiosity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collaboration
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Trustworthiness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Consistency
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Respect
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Objectivity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Autonomy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Auditability
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collegiality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Universality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Precision
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
<br />
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:5a708521-86bf-4eac-947c-2747cefc9008
|Related To Theme=Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed;Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Related To Instruction=Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=Hegel; Nussbaum
|Has Virtue And Value=Morality; Rationality; Professionalism; Doing good; Fairness
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Hegel's question; Tragic question; Moral Case Deliberation
}}

Theme:2646823b-4603-4305-aff9-32849fff0a4c

2021-09-09T08:28:34Z

0000-0001-9246-6817:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Principles & Aspirations
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Title=Dilemmas in daily practice
|Is About=Many researchers encounter moral conflicts and moral dilemmas in their day-to-day practice. Most research on scientific dilemmas concentrates on questionable research practices or even misconduct suspicions<ref>John, Leslie K., George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec. "Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling." ''Psychological science'' 23.5 (2012): 524-532.</ref>. Few publications address the prevalence and nature of common dilemmas directly.
<references />
|Important Because=The most important characteristic of a dilemma is that either choice is ‘''costly’''. In choosing between unfavourable outcomes, there is no simple solution which prevents a toll to yourself or others. Such a toll can vary substantially, for example between a physical effect (a harm to animals), a negative effect on the environment (radiation exposure) or psychological tensions and moral distress . Being mindful of such dilemmas in daily practice is important, because of the cognitive bias that might develop because of it and reflection brings the opportunity to change a situation.

'''Our own bias'''

Our attitude towards the dilemmas we face can change over time, because of our past decisions ([[Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed|cognitive dissonance theory]] <ref>Festinger, Leon. ''A theory of cognitive dissonance''. Vol. 2. Stanford university press, 1957.</ref><ref>Graham, R. "Theory of cognitive dissonance as it pertains to morality." ''Journal of Scientific Psychology'' 29 (2007).</ref>). Coping strategies such as trivialization, self-affirmation, denial of responsibility and rationalization might further decrease the dissonance in a dilemma. Surprisingly little research has been performed on repetitive exposure<ref>McGrath, April. "Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction." ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 11.12 (2017): e12362.</ref>. However, it is not hard to imagine that, over the long run<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref><ref>Dalmolin, Graziele de Lima, et al. "Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? 1." ''Revista latino-americana de enfermagem'' 22 (2014): 35-42.</ref>, scientists feel less distress after repeatedly facing the same dilemma. As such, common dilemmas can result in ‘''common practice''’ where less attention is paid to them.

'''Designing a system which gives rise to fewer dilemmas'''

If such a common practice is actually a questionable research practice or worse, the original dilemma can indicate a deeper or broader problem for science and society. Acknowledging these dilemmas is therefore important, in order to understand where problems stem from. As Nussbaum advocates<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref>, to recognize the real structure of a situation, as ‘''Tragedy is rarely just tragedy''’. The recognition of a dilemma can promote a qualitative analysis. For example, by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]] in which the moral distress of an individual is directly addressed. Or a more technical analyses, for example by taking a ‘''game theory''’ approach<ref>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-ethics/</ref> . In essence, addressing Hegel’s question: ‘''is there a rearrangement of our practices that can remove the tragedy?''’ which might help to find a more beneficial resolution for science as a whole.
<references />
|Important For=Scientists; Policy makers
|Has Best Practice=The presence of a dilemma’s indicates that there is no universal hierarchy of values. A guideline or algorithm cannot simply resolve the dilemma<ref>Danhof, M., et al. "Knowledge in Ferment." (2007).</ref>. But, a dilemma (‘tragedy’) can be the start of reflection and improvement. Depending on the severity of the situation and the impact of your choice, consider the following:

*Informal discussion with peers
*Consult your supervisor or mentor
*Check a code of conduct or guideline
*Consult a confidentiality advisor
*Discuss it with ‘neutral outsiders’, friends or family
*Analyse the dilemma in more detail, e.g. by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]]
*Is there a rearrangement of practices that can remove the tragedy (Hegel’s question)?
<references />
|Has Detail='''Inventory of common situations which involve dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Dilemma'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value A'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value B'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Co-authorship
<br />
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}intellectual contribution
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}collegiality
{{!}}}
'''Inventory of common values & principles involved in dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Personal'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scientific'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Technological'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Professional'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Honesty
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Accuracy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Utility
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Mentorship
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Curiosity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collaboration
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Trustworthiness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Consistency
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Respect
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Objectivity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Autonomy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Auditability
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collegiality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Universality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Precision
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
<br />
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:5a708521-86bf-4eac-947c-2747cefc9008
|Related To Theme=Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed;Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Related To Instruction=Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=Hegel; Nussbaum
|Has Virtue And Value=Morality; Rationality; Professionalism; Doing good; Fairness
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Hegel's question; Tragic question; Moral Case Deliberation
}}

Theme:2646823b-4603-4305-aff9-32849fff0a4c

2021-09-09T08:28:15Z

0000-0001-9246-6817: Undo revision 7361 by 0000-0001-9246-6817 (talk)

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Principles & Aspirations
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Title=Dilemmas in daily practice
|Is About=Many researchers encounter moral conflicts and moral dilemmas in their day-to-day practice. Most research on scientific dilemmas concentrates on questionable research practices or even misconduct suspicions<ref>John, Leslie K., George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec. "Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling." ''Psychological science'' 23.5 (2012): 524-532.</ref>. Few publications address the prevalence and nature of common dilemmas directly.
<references />
|Important Because=The most important characteristic of a dilemma is that either choice is ‘''costly’''. In choosing between unfavourable outcomes, there is no simple solution which prevents a toll to yourself or others. Such a toll can vary substantially, for example between a physical effect (a harm to animals), a negative effect on the environment (radiation exposure) or psychological tensions and moral distress . Being mindful of such dilemmas in daily practice is important, because of the cognitive bias that might develop because of it and reflection brings the opportunity to change a situation.

'''Our own bias'''

Our attitude towards the dilemmas we face can change over time, because of our past decisions ([[Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed|cognitive dissonance theory]] <ref>Festinger, Leon. ''A theory of cognitive dissonance''. Vol. 2. Stanford university press, 1957.</ref><ref>Graham, R. "Theory of cognitive dissonance as it pertains to morality." ''Journal of Scientific Psychology'' 29 (2007).</ref>). Coping strategies such as trivialization, self-affirmation, denial of responsibility and rationalization might further decrease the dissonance in a dilemma. Surprisingly little research has been performed on repetitive exposure<ref>McGrath, April. "Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction." ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 11.12 (2017): e12362.</ref>. However, it is not hard to imagine that, over the long run<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref><ref>Dalmolin, Graziele de Lima, et al. "Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? 1." ''Revista latino-americana de enfermagem'' 22 (2014): 35-42.</ref>, scientists feel less distress after repeatedly facing the same dilemma. As such, common dilemmas can result in ‘''common practice''’ where less attention is paid to them.

'''Designing a system which gives rise to fewer dilemmas'''

If such a common practice is actually a questionable research practice or worse, the original dilemma can indicate a deeper or broader problem for science and society. Acknowledging these dilemmas is therefore important, in order to understand where problems stem from. As Nussbaum advocates<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref>, to recognize the real structure of a situation, as ‘''Tragedy is rarely just tragedy''’. The recognition of a dilemma can promote a qualitative analysis. For example, by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]] in which the moral distress of an individual is directly addressed. Or a more technical analyses, for example by taking a ‘''game theory''’ approach<ref>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-ethics/</ref> . In essence, addressing Hegel’s question: ‘''is there a rearrangement of our practices that can remove the tragedy?''’ which might help to find a more beneficial resolution for science as a whole.
<references />
|Important For=Scientists; Policy makers
|Has Best Practice=The presence of a dilemma’s indicates that there is no universal hierarchy of values. A guideline or algorithm cannot simply resolve the dilemma<ref>Danhof, M., et al. "Knowledge in Ferment." (2007).</ref>. But, a dilemma (‘tragedy’) can be the start of reflection and improvement. Depending on the severity of the situation and the impact of your choice, consider the following:

*Informal discussion with peers
*Consult your supervisor or mentor
*Check a code of conduct or guideline
*Consult a confidentiality advisor
*Discuss it with ‘neutral outsiders’, friends or family
*Analyse the dilemma in more detail, e.g. by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]]
*Is there a rearrangement of practices that can remove the tragedy (Hegel’s question)?
<references />
|Has Detail='''Inventory of common situations which involve dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Dilemma'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value A'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value B'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Co-authorship
<br />
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}intellectual contribution
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}collegiality
{{!}}-
{{!}}Openly providing your data
{{!}}Verification
{{!}}Rebutal
{{!}}}
'''Inventory of common values & principles involved in dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Personal'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scientific'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Technological'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Professional'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Honesty
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Accuracy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Utility
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Mentorship
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Curiosity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collaboration
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Trustworthiness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Consistency
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Respect
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Objectivity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Autonomy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Auditability
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collegiality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Universality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Precision
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
<br />
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:5a708521-86bf-4eac-947c-2747cefc9008
|Related To Theme=Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed;Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Related To Instruction=Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=Hegel; Nussbaum
|Has Virtue And Value=Morality; Rationality; Professionalism; Doing good; Fairness
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Hegel's question; Tragic question; Moral Case Deliberation
}}

Theme:2646823b-4603-4305-aff9-32849fff0a4c

2021-09-09T08:26:54Z

0000-0001-9246-6817:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Principles & Aspirations
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Title=Dilemmas in daily practice
|Is About=Many researchers encounter moral conflicts and moral dilemmas in their day-to-day practice. Most research on scientific dilemmas concentrates on questionable research practices or even misconduct suspicions<ref>John, Leslie K., George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec. "Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling." ''Psychological science'' 23.5 (2012): 524-532.</ref>. Few publications address the prevalence and nature of common dilemmas directly.
<references />
|Important Because=The most important characteristic of a dilemma is that either choice is ‘''costly’''. In choosing between unfavourable outcomes, there is no simple solution which prevents a toll to yourself or others. Such a toll can vary substantially, for example between a physical effect (a harm to animals), a negative effect on the environment (radiation exposure) or psychological tensions and moral distress . Being mindful of such dilemmas in daily practice is important, because of the cognitive bias that might develop because of it and reflection brings the opportunity to change a situation.

'''Our own bias'''

Our attitude towards the dilemmas we face can change over time, because of our past decisions ([[Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed|cognitive dissonance theory]] <ref>Festinger, Leon. ''A theory of cognitive dissonance''. Vol. 2. Stanford university press, 1957.</ref><ref>Graham, R. "Theory of cognitive dissonance as it pertains to morality." ''Journal of Scientific Psychology'' 29 (2007).</ref>). Coping strategies such as trivialization, self-affirmation, denial of responsibility and rationalization might further decrease the dissonance in a dilemma. Surprisingly little research has been performed on repetitive exposure<ref>McGrath, April. "Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction." ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 11.12 (2017): e12362.</ref>. However, it is not hard to imagine that, over the long run<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref><ref>Dalmolin, Graziele de Lima, et al. "Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? 1." ''Revista latino-americana de enfermagem'' 22 (2014): 35-42.</ref>, scientists feel less distress after repeatedly facing the same dilemma. As such, common dilemmas can result in ‘''common practice''’ where less attention is paid to them.

'''Designing a system which gives rise to fewer dilemmas'''

If such a common practice is actually a questionable research practice or worse, the original dilemma can indicate a deeper or broader problem for science and society. Acknowledging these dilemmas is therefore important, in order to understand where problems stem from. As Nussbaum advocates<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref>, to recognize the real structure of a situation, as ‘''Tragedy is rarely just tragedy''’. The recognition of a dilemma can promote a qualitative analysis. For example, by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]] in which the moral distress of an individual is directly addressed. Or a more technical analyses, for example by taking a ‘''game theory''’ approach<ref>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-ethics/</ref> . In essence, addressing Hegel’s question: ‘''is there a rearrangement of our practices that can remove the tragedy?''’ which might help to find a more beneficial resolution for science as a whole.
<references />
|Important For=Scientists; Policy makers
|Has Best Practice=The presence of a dilemma’s indicates that there is no universal hierarchy of values. A guideline or algorithm cannot simply resolve the dilemma<ref>Danhof, M., et al. "Knowledge in Ferment." (2007).</ref>. But, a dilemma (‘tragedy’) can be the start of reflection and improvement. Depending on the severity of the situation and the impact of your choice, consider the following:

*Informal discussion with peers
*Consult your supervisor or mentor
*Check a code of conduct or guideline
*Consult a confidentiality advisor
*Discuss it with ‘neutral outsiders’, friends or family
*Analyse the dilemma in more detail, e.g. by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]]
*Is there a rearrangement of practices that can remove the tragedy (Hegel’s question)?
<references />
|Has Detail='''Inventory of common situations which involve dilemmas'''

'''Inventory of common values & principles involved in dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Personal'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scientific'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Technological'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Professional'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Honesty
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Accuracy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Utility
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Mentorship
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Curiosity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collaboration
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Trustworthiness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Consistency
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Respect
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Objectivity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Autonomy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Auditability
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collegiality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Universality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Precision
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
<br />
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:5a708521-86bf-4eac-947c-2747cefc9008
|Related To Theme=Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed;Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Related To Instruction=Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=Hegel; Nussbaum
|Has Virtue And Value=Morality; Rationality; Professionalism; Doing good; Fairness
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Hegel's question; Tragic question; Moral Case Deliberation
}}

Theme:2646823b-4603-4305-aff9-32849fff0a4c

2021-09-09T08:23:55Z

0000-0001-9246-6817:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Principles & Aspirations
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Title=Dilemmas in daily practice
|Is About=Many researchers encounter moral conflicts and moral dilemmas in their day-to-day practice. Most research on scientific dilemmas concentrates on questionable research practices or even misconduct suspicions<ref>John, Leslie K., George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec. "Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling." ''Psychological science'' 23.5 (2012): 524-532.</ref>. Few publications address the prevalence and nature of common dilemmas directly.
<references />
|Important Because=The most important characteristic of a dilemma is that either choice is ‘''costly’''. In choosing between unfavourable outcomes, there is no simple solution which prevents a toll to yourself or others. Such a toll can vary substantially, for example between a physical effect (a harm to animals), a negative effect on the environment (radiation exposure) or psychological tensions and moral distress . Being mindful of such dilemmas in daily practice is important, because of the cognitive bias that might develop because of it and reflection brings the opportunity to change a situation.

'''Our own bias'''

Our attitude towards the dilemmas we face can change over time, because of our past decisions ([[Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed|cognitive dissonance theory]] <ref>Festinger, Leon. ''A theory of cognitive dissonance''. Vol. 2. Stanford university press, 1957.</ref><ref>Graham, R. "Theory of cognitive dissonance as it pertains to morality." ''Journal of Scientific Psychology'' 29 (2007).</ref>). Coping strategies such as trivialization, self-affirmation, denial of responsibility and rationalization might further decrease the dissonance in a dilemma. Surprisingly little research has been performed on repetitive exposure<ref>McGrath, April. "Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction." ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 11.12 (2017): e12362.</ref>. However, it is not hard to imagine that, over the long run<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref><ref>Dalmolin, Graziele de Lima, et al. "Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? 1." ''Revista latino-americana de enfermagem'' 22 (2014): 35-42.</ref>, scientists feel less distress after repeatedly facing the same dilemma. As such, common dilemmas can result in ‘''common practice''’ where less attention is paid to them.

'''Designing a system which gives rise to fewer dilemmas'''

If such a common practice is actually a questionable research practice or worse, the original dilemma can indicate a deeper or broader problem for science and society. Acknowledging these dilemmas is therefore important, in order to understand where problems stem from. As Nussbaum advocates<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref>, to recognize the real structure of a situation, as ‘''Tragedy is rarely just tragedy''’. The recognition of a dilemma can promote a qualitative analysis. For example, by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]] in which the moral distress of an individual is directly addressed. Or a more technical analyses, for example by taking a ‘''game theory''’ approach<ref>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-ethics/</ref> . In essence, addressing Hegel’s question: ‘''is there a rearrangement of our practices that can remove the tragedy?''’ which might help to find a more beneficial resolution for science as a whole.
<references />
|Important For=Scientists; Policy makers
|Has Best Practice=The presence of a dilemma’s indicates that there is no universal hierarchy of values. A guideline or algorithm cannot simply resolve the dilemma<ref>Danhof, M., et al. "Knowledge in Ferment." (2007).</ref>. But, a dilemma (‘tragedy’) can be the start of reflection and improvement. Depending on the severity of the situation and the impact of your choice, consider the following:

*Informal discussion with peers
*Consult your supervisor or mentor
*Check a code of conduct or guideline
*Consult a confidentiality advisor
*Discuss it with ‘neutral outsiders’, friends or family
*Analyse the dilemma in more detail, e.g. by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]]
*Is there a rearrangement of practices that can remove the tragedy (Hegel’s question)?
<references />
|Has Detail='''Inventory of common situations which involve dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Dilemma'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value A'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value B'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Co-authorship
<br />
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}intellectual contribution
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}collegiality
{{!}}-
{{!}}Openly providing your data
{{!}}Verification
{{!}}Rebutal
{{!}}}
'''Inventory of common values & principles involved in dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Personal'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scientific'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Technological'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Professional'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Honesty
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Accuracy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Utility
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Mentorship
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Curiosity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collaboration
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Trustworthiness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Consistency
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Respect
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Objectivity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Autonomy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Auditability
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collegiality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Universality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Precision
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
<br />
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:5a708521-86bf-4eac-947c-2747cefc9008
|Related To Theme=Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed;Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Related To Instruction=Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=Hegel; Nussbaum
|Has Virtue And Value=Morality; Rationality; Professionalism; Doing good; Fairness
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Hegel's question; Tragic question; Moral Case Deliberation
}}

Theme:2646823b-4603-4305-aff9-32849fff0a4c

2021-09-09T08:23:02Z

0000-0001-9246-6817:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Principles & Aspirations
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Title=Dilemmas in daily practice
|Is About=Many researchers encounter moral conflicts and moral dilemmas in their day-to-day practice. Most research on scientific dilemmas concentrates on questionable research practices or even misconduct suspicions<ref>John, Leslie K., George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec. "Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling." ''Psychological science'' 23.5 (2012): 524-532.</ref>. Few publications address the prevalence and nature of common dilemmas directly.
<references />
|Important Because=The most important characteristic of a dilemma is that either choice is ‘''costly’''. In choosing between unfavourable outcomes, there is no simple solution which prevents a toll to yourself or others. Such a toll can vary substantially, for example between a physical effect (a harm to animals), a negative effect on the environment (radiation exposure) or psychological tensions and moral distress . Being mindful of such dilemmas in daily practice is important, because of the cognitive bias that might develop because of it and reflection brings the opportunity to change a situation.

'''Our own bias'''

Our attitude towards the dilemmas we face can change over time, because of our past decisions ([[Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed|cognitive dissonance theory]] <ref>Festinger, Leon. ''A theory of cognitive dissonance''. Vol. 2. Stanford university press, 1957.</ref><ref>Graham, R. "Theory of cognitive dissonance as it pertains to morality." ''Journal of Scientific Psychology'' 29 (2007).</ref>). Coping strategies such as trivialization, self-affirmation, denial of responsibility and rationalization might further decrease the dissonance in a dilemma. Surprisingly little research has been performed on repetitive exposure<ref>McGrath, April. "Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction." ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 11.12 (2017): e12362.</ref>. However, it is not hard to imagine that, over the long run<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref><ref>Dalmolin, Graziele de Lima, et al. "Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? 1." ''Revista latino-americana de enfermagem'' 22 (2014): 35-42.</ref>, scientists feel less distress after repeatedly facing the same dilemma. As such, common dilemmas can result in ‘''common practice''’ where less attention is paid to them.

'''Designing a system which gives rise to fewer dilemmas'''

If such a common practice is actually a questionable research practice or worse, the original dilemma can indicate a deeper or broader problem for science and society. Acknowledging these dilemmas is therefore important, in order to understand where problems stem from. As Nussbaum advocates<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref>, to recognize the real structure of a situation, as ‘''Tragedy is rarely just tragedy''’. The recognition of a dilemma can promote a qualitative analysis. For example, by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]] in which the moral distress of an individual is directly addressed. Or a more technical analyses, for example by taking a ‘''game theory''’ approach<ref>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-ethics/</ref> . In essence, addressing Hegel’s question: ‘''is there a rearrangement of our practices that can remove the tragedy?''’ which might help to find a more beneficial resolution for science as a whole.
<references />
|Important For=Scientists; Policy makers
|Has Best Practice=The presence of a dilemma’s indicates that there is no universal hierarchy of values. A guideline or algorithm cannot simply resolve the dilemma<ref>Danhof, M., et al. "Knowledge in Ferment." (2007).</ref>. But, a dilemma (‘tragedy’) can be the start of reflection and improvement. Depending on the severity of the situation and the impact of your choice, consider the following:

*Informal discussion with peers
*Consult your supervisor or mentor
*Check a code of conduct or guideline
*Consult a confidentiality advisor
*Discuss it with ‘neutral outsiders’, friends or family
*Analyse the dilemma in more detail, e.g. by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]]
*Is there a rearrangement of practices that can remove the tragedy (Hegel’s question)?
<references />
|Has Detail='''Inventory of common situations which involve dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Dilemma'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value A'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value B'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Co-authorship
<br />
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}intellectual contribution
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}collegiality
{{!}}}
'''Inventory of common values & principles involved in dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Personal'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scientific'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Technological'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Professional'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Honesty
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Accuracy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Utility
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Mentorship
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Curiosity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collaboration
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Trustworthiness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Consistency
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Respect
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Objectivity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Autonomy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Auditability
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collegiality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Universality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Precision
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
<br />
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:5a708521-86bf-4eac-947c-2747cefc9008
|Related To Theme=Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed;Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Related To Instruction=Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=Hegel; Nussbaum
|Has Virtue And Value=Morality; Rationality; Professionalism; Doing good; Fairness
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Hegel's question; Tragic question; Moral Case Deliberation
}}

Theme:2646823b-4603-4305-aff9-32849fff0a4c

2021-09-09T08:16:44Z

0000-0001-9246-6817:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Principles & Aspirations
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Title=Dilemmas in daily practice
|Is About=Many researchers encounter moral conflicts and moral dilemmas in their day-to-day practice. Most research on scientific dilemmas concentrates on questionable research practices or even misconduct suspicions<ref>John, Leslie K., George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec. "Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling." ''Psychological science'' 23.5 (2012): 524-532.</ref>. Few publications address the prevalence and nature of common dilemmas directly.
<references />
|Important Because=The most important characteristic of a dilemma is that either choice is ‘''costly’''. In choosing between unfavourable outcomes, there is no simple solution which prevents a toll to yourself or others. Such a toll can vary substantially, for example between a physical effect (a harm to animals), a negative effect on the environment (radiation exposure) or psychological tensions and moral distress . Being mindful of such dilemmas in daily practice is important, because of the cognitive bias that might develop because of it and reflection brings the opportunity to change a situation.

'''Our own bias'''

Our attitude towards the dilemmas we face can change over time, because of our past decisions ([[Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed|cognitive dissonance theory]] <ref>Festinger, Leon. ''A theory of cognitive dissonance''. Vol. 2. Stanford university press, 1957.</ref><ref>Graham, R. "Theory of cognitive dissonance as it pertains to morality." ''Journal of Scientific Psychology'' 29 (2007).</ref>). Coping strategies such as trivialization, self-affirmation, denial of responsibility and rationalization might further decrease the dissonance in a dilemma. Surprisingly little research has been performed on repetitive exposure<ref>McGrath, April. "Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction." ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 11.12 (2017): e12362.</ref>. However, it is not hard to imagine that, over the long run<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref><ref>Dalmolin, Graziele de Lima, et al. "Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? 1." ''Revista latino-americana de enfermagem'' 22 (2014): 35-42.</ref>, scientists feel less distress after repeatedly facing the same dilemma. As such, common dilemmas can result in ‘''common practice''’ where less attention is paid to them.

'''Designing a system which gives rise to fewer dilemmas'''

If such a common practice is actually a questionable research practice or worse, the original dilemma can indicate a deeper or broader problem for science and society. Acknowledging these dilemmas is therefore important, in order to understand where problems stem from. As Nussbaum advocates<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref>, to recognize the real structure of a situation, as ‘''Tragedy is rarely just tragedy''’. The recognition of a dilemma can promote a qualitative analysis. For example, by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]] in which the moral distress of an individual is directly addressed. Or a more technical analyses, for example by taking a ‘''game theory''’ approach<ref>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-ethics/</ref> . In essence, addressing Hegel’s question: ‘''is there a rearrangement of our practices that can remove the tragedy?''’ which might help to find a more beneficial resolution for science as a whole.
<references />
|Important For=Scientists; Policy makers
|Has Best Practice=The presence of a dilemma’s indicates that there is no universal hierarchy of values. A guideline or algorithm cannot simply resolve the dilemma<ref>Danhof, M., et al. "Knowledge in Ferment." (2007).</ref>. But, a dilemma (‘tragedy’) can be the start of reflection and improvement. Depending on the severity of the situation and the impact of your choice, consider the following:

*Informal discussion with peers
*Consult your supervisor or mentor
*Check a code of conduct or guideline
*Consult a confidentiality advisor
*Discuss it with ‘neutral outsiders’, friends or family
*Analyse the dilemma in more detail, e.g. by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]]
*Is there a rearrangement of practices that can remove the tragedy (Hegel’s question)?
<references />
|Has Detail='''Inventory of common situations which involve dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Dilemma'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value A'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value B'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Co-authorship
<br />
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}intellectual contribution
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}collegiality
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Openly providing your data
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Rebuttal
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Paper writing
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Readability
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}}}
'''Inventory of common values & principles involved in dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Personal'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scientific'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Technological'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Professional'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Honesty
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Accuracy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Utility
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Mentorship
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Curiosity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collaboration
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Trustworthiness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Consistency
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Respect
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Objectivity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Autonomy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Auditability
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collegiality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Universality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Precision
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
<br />
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:5a708521-86bf-4eac-947c-2747cefc9008
|Related To Theme=Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed;Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Related To Instruction=Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=Hegel; Nussbaum
|Has Virtue And Value=Morality; Rationality; Professionalism; Doing good; Fairness
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Hegel's question; Tragic question; Moral Case Deliberation
}}

Theme:2646823b-4603-4305-aff9-32849fff0a4c

2021-09-09T08:15:37Z

0000-0001-9246-6817:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Principles & Aspirations
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Title=In daily practice
|Is About=Many researchers encounter moral conflicts and moral dilemmas in their day-to-day practice. Most research on scientific dilemmas concentrates on questionable research practices or even misconduct suspicions<ref>John, Leslie K., George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec. "Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling." ''Psychological science'' 23.5 (2012): 524-532.</ref>. Few publications address the prevalence and nature of common dilemmas directly.
<references />
|Important Because=The most important characteristic of a dilemma is that either choice is ‘''costly’''. In choosing between unfavourable outcomes, there is no simple solution which prevents a toll to yourself or others. Such a toll can vary substantially, for example between a physical effect (a harm to animals), a negative effect on the environment (radiation exposure) or psychological tensions and moral distress . Being mindful of such dilemmas in daily practice is important, because of the cognitive bias that might develop because of it and reflection brings the opportunity to change a situation.

'''Our own bias'''

Our attitude towards the dilemmas we face can change over time, because of our past decisions ([[Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed|cognitive dissonance theory]] <ref>Festinger, Leon. ''A theory of cognitive dissonance''. Vol. 2. Stanford university press, 1957.</ref><ref>Graham, R. "Theory of cognitive dissonance as it pertains to morality." ''Journal of Scientific Psychology'' 29 (2007).</ref>). Coping strategies such as trivialization, self-affirmation, denial of responsibility and rationalization might further decrease the dissonance in a dilemma. Surprisingly little research has been performed on repetitive exposure<ref>McGrath, April. "Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction." ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'' 11.12 (2017): e12362.</ref>. However, it is not hard to imagine that, over the long run<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref><ref>Dalmolin, Graziele de Lima, et al. "Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? 1." ''Revista latino-americana de enfermagem'' 22 (2014): 35-42.</ref>, scientists feel less distress after repeatedly facing the same dilemma. As such, common dilemmas can result in ‘''common practice''’ where less attention is paid to them.

'''Designing a system which gives rise to fewer dilemmas'''

If such a common practice is actually a questionable research practice or worse, the original dilemma can indicate a deeper or broader problem for science and society. Acknowledging these dilemmas is therefore important, in order to understand where problems stem from. As Nussbaum advocates<ref>The costs of tragedy: Some moral limits of cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Legal Studies 29: 1005–1036</ref>, to recognize the real structure of a situation, as ‘''Tragedy is rarely just tragedy''’. The recognition of a dilemma can promote a qualitative analysis. For example, by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]] in which the moral distress of an individual is directly addressed. Or a more technical analyses, for example by taking a ‘''game theory''’ approach<ref>https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-ethics/</ref> . In essence, addressing Hegel’s question: ‘''is there a rearrangement of our practices that can remove the tragedy?''’ which might help to find a more beneficial resolution for science as a whole.
<references />
|Important For=Scientists; Policy makers
|Has Best Practice=The presence of a dilemma’s indicates that there is no universal hierarchy of values. A guideline or algorithm cannot simply resolve the dilemma<ref>Danhof, M., et al. "Knowledge in Ferment." (2007).</ref>. But, a dilemma (‘tragedy’) can be the start of reflection and improvement. Depending on the severity of the situation and the impact of your choice, consider the following:

*Informal discussion with peers
*Consult your supervisor or mentor
*Check a code of conduct or guideline
*Consult a confidentiality advisor
*Discuss it with ‘neutral outsiders’, friends or family
*Analyse the dilemma in more detail, e.g. by [[Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd|moral case deliberation]]
*Is there a rearrangement of practices that can remove the tragedy (Hegel’s question)?
<references />
|Has Detail='''Inventory of common situations which involve dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Dilemma'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value A'''
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Value B'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Co-authorship
<br />
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}intellectual contribution
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}collegiality
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Openly providing your data
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Rebuttal
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Paper writing
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Readability
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}}}
'''Inventory of common values & principles involved in dilemmas'''
{{{!}} class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Personal'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scientific'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Technological'''
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}'''Professional'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Honesty
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Accuracy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Utility
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Mentorship
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Curiosity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Completeness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collaboration
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Trustworthiness
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Consistency
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Respect
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Objectivity
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Autonomy
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Auditability
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Collegiality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Universality
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Precision
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}Verification
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="120" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
<br />
}}
{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:5a708521-86bf-4eac-947c-2747cefc9008
|Related To Theme=Theme:Cda80c83-0101-4e27-bdc0-87a45846e5ed;Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34
|Related To Instruction=Instruction:C0cf8cfb-6090-49e3-94f5-20f530f83ffd
}}
{{Tags
|Involves=Hegel; Nussbaum
|Has Virtue And Value=Morality; Rationality; Professionalism; Doing good; Fairness
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Hegel's question; Tragic question; Moral Case Deliberation
}}