The Embassy of Good Science - User contributions [en]

Report:Cb4d3d2c-7969-412e-87cd-aeae0c9c62cd

2021-10-26T13:13:02Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=The Netherlands
|Has Location=The Netherlands
|Research Infrastructure=In 2015 The Netherlands counted 112.946 researchers of which 79.155 were appointed full time <ref>Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsc00004&language=en</ref>. There are 84 higher education institutions in the Netherlands: 18 research universities, 40 universities of applied sciences, 4 institutes for international education, 10 university Colleges and 12 other institutions <ref>https://www.studyinholland.nl/dutch-education/research-universities</ref>. A total of 23 research institutes are present in the Netherlands <ref>Research Institutes in the Netherlands https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/binaries/netherlandsandyou/documents/publications/2016/06/13/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands.pdf</ref>. From these 23 institutions, 8 are part of NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek), 10 are part of KNAW (Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen) and 5 are part of GTI (institutes with the focus on applying fundamental research). There are 29 public knowledge organisations and 21.000 companies with investments in R&D.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="434"
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}'''Research Organisations'''
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tudelft.nl/ Delft University of Technology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tue.nl/en/ Eindhoven University of Technology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eur.nl/ Erasmus University Rotterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Rotterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/ Leiden University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/nl Maastricht University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Maastricht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nyenrode.nl/ Nyenrode Business Universiteit]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam/Breukelen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ou.nl/ Open University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Heerlen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ru.nl/ Radboud University Nijmegen]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Nijmegen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pthu.nl/ The Protestant Theological University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Groningen/Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tias.edu/ TIAS School for Business and Society]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Tilburg/Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/nl Tilburg University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Tilburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uva.nl/ University of Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rug.nl/ University of Groningen]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvh.nl/university-of-humanistic-studies/home University of Humanistic Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utwente.nl/ University of Twente]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Twente
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uu.nl/ Utrecht University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vu.nl/nl/index.aspx VU Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wur.nl/ Wageningen University and Research Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.astron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Dwingeloo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cwi.nl/ National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://amolf.nl/ Laboratory for molecular and materials research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.differ.nl/ Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nikhef.nl/ National Institute for Subatomic Physics]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nioz.nl/en Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Texel
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nscr.nl/en/ Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Space Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht/Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://iisg.amsterdam/nl International Institute of Social History]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kitlv.nl/nl/ The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.niod.nl/en NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nidi.nl/en/ The Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Den Haag
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nias.knaw.nl/ The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/westerdijkinstitute Fungal Biodiversity Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hubrecht.eu/nl/ Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nederlands-herseninstituut The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nioo The Netherlands Institute for Ecology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.spinozacentre.nl/ Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nlr.nl/ The Netherlands Aerospace Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ecn.nl/energy-research/index.html Energy Research Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam/Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.marin.nl/ Maritime Research Institute Netherlands]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.deltares.nl/nl/ Deltares]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tno.nl/nl/ TNO]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2016, the gross expenditures on research and development as a part of the gross domestic product (GDP) were €14.28 billion <ref name=":0">https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/43/increased-r-d-spending-in-2016</ref>. In percentages, this is 2.03% of the GDP in 2016. In these expenses, the province of Noord-Brabant was the front runner with at least 30% of private R&D expenditure. The province of Zuid-Holland follows in second place and Noord-Holland in third place <ref name=":0" />. The distribution of private, public and charity funding is as follows; companies fund around half of all academic research and development work (R&D) in the Netherlands (49.32%), followed by central government with about a third of R&D in the Netherlands (32.34%). Research in the Netherlands also receives funding from foreign companies and from European Union research programmes (15.57%) and to a lesser extent also from other domestic sources (2.77%) <ref>https://www.rathenau.nl/en/page/funding-and-performance-rd-netherlands</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=What distinguishes Dutch science today can be explained by several factors: its external orientation, its non-hierarchical, open culture, the long track of record of successful research evaluations, and the high degree of autonomy enjoyed by institutes and individual researchers. To promote innovation and the development of new knowledge, there is active and close cooperation between government, the private sector, universities and the research institutions. The Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science has come up with a Science Strategy called: 2025 – Vision for Science choices for the future <ref>https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documents/reports/2014/12/08/2025-vision-for-science-choices-for-the-future/visie-wetenschap-eng-web.pdf</ref>. The government formulated a broad-based National Science Agenda where scientific strengths are directly linked to the social challenges. This strategic action aims to create or improve large-scale infrastructure and the development of a more responsive and dynamic system of institutions. Measures to promote scientific excellence, diversity and equality are part of talks with VSNU (The Association of Universities in the Netherlands). The agreement on a new framework also include other aspects, such as an updating of the current career paths structure, opportunities for young talent, more attention for teaching and the preparation of PhD students to pursue career opportunities in other sectors.

Women in science

Women in science are still underrepresented in the Netherlands. In 2010, the female-to-male ratio was 20%. The intent in the Dutch strategy is to rebalance this ratio to at least that of the European average by 2025. It also intends to promote the appointment of more women professors. Initiatives include for example the University of Groningen’s Rosalind Franklin Fellowship, which seeks to increase the number of women in senior tenured positions and which resulted in 65% of the Fellows in previous rounds to now hold an associate or full professorship.

Funding

The acquisition of indirect funding involves a high workload in preparing detailed research proposals while the percentage of proposals which are actually approved is relatively low. The government wishes to see less pressure to publish and acquire funding and keep the science of high quality.<references />
|Research Governance= 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''National bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lowi.nl/ Netherlands Board on Research Integrity (LOWI)]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The LOWI advises the Boards of its affiliated institutions regarding alleged violations of principles of research integrity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ceg.nl/about-ceg The Netherlands Centre for Ethics and Health]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The CEG identifies and informs about developments in the field of health which deserve a place on the government’s ethical policy agenda.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.ccmo.nl/ The Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The CCMO protects subjects taking part in medical research by reviewing the research on the basis of the statutory provisions laid down for them and taking into account the interests of medical progress.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/ The Central Committee on Animal Experimentation]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The CCD is the only institution which can grant permits for animal experiments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.loketgentherapie.nl/en/gene-therapy-office/overview-of-assessment-bodies/cogem The Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The task of the Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification (COGEM Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification ) is to advise the Minister of Infrastructure and Water either at the minister’s request or on its own initiative, with regard to the risks of GMOs for people and the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/ The Netherlands Advice Committee on Animal Experimentation]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The NCad achieves visible improvements that are specifically related to the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3Rs) of animal procedures and to the associated ethical review in scientific research (including applied scientific research) and teaching. Its goal, in doing so, is to minimize laboratory animal use at both national and international level.
{{!}}}
 
|Law And Regulation=Research infrastructure

In 1992 laws concerning higher education and research (WHW: Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek) were made to enhance quality, to innovate the capacity and targeting society <ref>http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/2018-02-01</ref>. Together with the government the national bodies for research ethics and research integrity are responsible for checking whether research institutes obey the laws.

Governance

In the Netherlands, there is a law which determines that the government has to act open. In other words, there are particular tasks which must be done in public <ref>https://wob.nl/alles-over-de-wob/</ref>. This is describes in detail in the ‘Wet openbaarheid van bestuur’ <ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005252/2018-07-28</ref>.

Research with subjects

Research with subject must be done within strict rules and regulations. The ‘Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen’ and ‘Embryowet’ ensures subjects safety and the research is ethically responsible.

Research with animals

Scientific research with animals, just like research with subjects, should be done within strict rules. These rules are made to ensure protection of animals to avoid animal abuse.

Research with hazardous materials

It is important that research institutes/universities act transparent. In this way, the government can verify easily whether the research institute/university obey the law concerning hazardous materials. The goal of this law, The Nuclear Energy Act, is to protect employees, patients and other citizens against ionizing radiation <ref>https://www.autoriteitnvs.nl/onderwerpen/wet--en-regelgeving</ref><ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002402/2018-10-16</ref>.

Privacy

The ‘Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming’ contains the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. It is important that it is clear and transparent how and why personal data are processed. The goal of processing the personal data must be clarified before using the data <ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/sites/default/files/atoms/files/verordening_2016_-_679_definitief.pdf</ref><ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/over-privacy/wetten/algemene-verordening-gegevensbescherming-avg</ref>.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="614"
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}'''Title'''
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/2021-10-01 Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}This law describes the following aspects of higher education and scientific research: planning and funding; consultation; personnel; supervision; accreditation in higher education; educational offer; education; collaboration of funded higher education institutions; management and organization of the universities, open university, academic hospitals and institutions for scientific research; appeal to the administrative judge; withholding of funding; compensation and penalties; transitional provisions, including in connection with the introduction of the law and regulations in connection with mergers, conversion, demergers, relocations and transfers of management; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws until 2002; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws from 2002.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vsnu.nl/files/documenten/Domeinen/Governance/VSNU_CodeGoedBestuur_Nederlands_definitief_11122019.pdf Code goed bestuur universiteiten]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}The goal of this code is to create transparency of universities. In the code, the universities clarify how they implement the assignment and the scope that the law gives in the field of governance of universities. The code is based on 9 principles on the basis of which the directors and regulators of the universities affiliated with the VSNU give substance to good board [12].
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/nl/actueel/publicaties/gedragscode-voor-gebruik-van-persoonsgegevens-in-wetenschappelijk-onderzoek Code voor het gebruik van persoonsgegevens in wetenschappelijk onderzoek]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}The code of conduct is an elaboration for researchers of the 2001 Personal Data Protection Act, which protects the privacy of Dutch citizens. This code offers researchers who work with privacy-sensitive data practical instructions on how to handle it responsibly. According to the code, no more data may be collected than is necessary for the investigation, and the data must be anonymised as much as possible. The code of conduct provides important guidelines that researchers use personal data only for research, that is, for a scientific publication, and that individuals should never be recognizable in that publication. [13,14]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/over-privacy/wetten/algemene-verordening-gegevensbescherming-avg Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}This law describes the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. [15,16]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vsnu.nl/files/documenten/Nederlandse%20gedragscode%20wetenschappelijke%20integriteit%202018.pdf De Nederlandse Gedragscode wetenschappelijke Integriteit]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}The code of conduct defines five principles of academic integrity, 61 standards for good research practices and the institutions' duties of care. The five principles are: honesty; accuracy; transparency; independency; accountability. [17,18]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0009408/2020-01-01#Paragraaf6 Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}This law described the following aspects of medical scientific research with humans: rules for scientific research with participants; liability and insurance; obligations of those who conduct or conduct scientific research; additional rules for scientific research with medicines; the committees. [19]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0013797/2020-10-01#Paragraaf6 Embryowet]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}The embyo law descibes the following aspects: rules on the control of germ cells and embryos; rules concerning scientific research with embryos outside the human body that do not induce pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with embryos outside the human body with the aim of inducing pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with fetuses; prohibited actions with germ cells and embryos. [20]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0021505/2020-04-01#Hoofdstuk11 Geneesmiddelenwet]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}The Medicines Act describes the following aspects: the board for the evaluation of medicines; the manufacturer's license and the wholesale license; manufacturers and wholesalers of active substances; the marketing authorization for medicines; classification of drugs; handing over and prescribing medicines; labeling and package insert; pharmacovigilance; pharmaceutical advertising; enforcement: supervision and investigation. [21]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knmp.nl/praktijkvoering/regelgeving/regelgeving-geneesmiddelen-en-grondstoffen/opiumwet Opiumwet]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}The Opium Act prohibits the possession of certain substances listed on Lists l and ll of the Opium Act. Their manufacture, preparation, processing, processing, sale, delivery, provision and transportation are also prohibited. [22]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0008974/2019-04-02 Wet op bijzondere medische verrichtingen]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}Some medical procedures are so special that only licensed licensed hospitals are allowed to perform them. This applies, for example, to open heart operations and certain organ transplants. This is stated in the Special Medical Procedures Act. [23,24]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005699/2019-04-02 Wet op het bevolkingsonderzoek]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}In certain cases, a permit is required to carry out population screening. This law describes in which cases the permit is needed. [25,26]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005252/2018-07-28 Wet openbaarheid van bestuur]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}The government fulfills public disclosure in the performance of its task. This is determined in Article 110 of the Constitution. In other words, the government observes transparency in the performance of its duties. Article 110 also determines that a law must describe how the government must do this.

For example, the Wet openbaarheid bestuur (Wob) determines which information is public and when it must be provided to an applicant for information. The core objective of the Wob is to regulate the public nature of the administration and the provision of information. This is for the benefit of good and democratic governance. [27,28]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002402/2018-10-16 De Kernenergiewet]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}The Nuclear Energy Act lays the foundation for protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The rules of the Nuclear Energy Act protect employees, patients and other citizens against this radiation as much as possible. The Nuclear Energy Act does this by, among other things, requiring a permit for most activities involving sources of ionizing radiation. [29,30]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0007850/2015-01-01 Kwaliteitswet zorginstellingen]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}All healthcare institutions must provide care that meets certain quality requirements. This law describes these requirements, ho wit is enforced and what the sanctions are if the requirements are not met. [31,32]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0040509/2019-02-15 Regeling basisveiligheidsnormen stralingsbescherming]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}The Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection Regulation is a General Administrative Order (AMvB). It elaborates on the Nuclear Energy Act and aims to protect the population, employees and patients against the adverse effects of ionizing radiation. [33,34]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003081/2019-01-01 Wet op de dierproeven]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}The goals of this law are: strengthen the protection of animals used for scientific purposes; restore a level playing field for industry and scientific research in the EU; the treatment and use of animals for scientific purposes should be subject to the Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement). [35,36]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/compliance/good-clinical-practice Good clinical practice]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top"{{!}}Good clinical practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and wellbeing of trial subjects are protected and that clinical-trial data are credible. In addition, this standard ensures that the data obtained from clinical research is reliable. [37,38]
{{!}}}
<references />
|Measure=Ethics assessment is regulated by statutory organisations which are authorised to formulate policies for all public research institutes. An overarching body of legislation consists of the four codes that have been established by the Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU), which are the codes on personal data, scientific integrity, animal experiments, and good governance <ref>http://satoriproject.eu/media/4.f-Country-report-the-Netherlands.pdf</ref>. In addition to the policies developed by the VSNU, the statutory research funding organisation Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) formulates policies for the regulation of it funding activities for public research and Dutch Corporate Governance unions governs several ethical aspects of research by private industry. Finally, research institutes formulate their own policies on the conduct of their individual Researchers and general instances of such policy are university codes of ethics.
<references />
}}

Report:Cb4d3d2c-7969-412e-87cd-aeae0c9c62cd

2021-10-26T13:08:23Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=The Netherlands
|Has Location=The Netherlands
|Research Infrastructure=In 2015 The Netherlands counted 112.946 researchers of which 79.155 were appointed full time <ref>Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsc00004&language=en</ref>. There are 84 higher education institutions in the Netherlands: 18 research universities, 40 universities of applied sciences, 4 institutes for international education, 10 university Colleges and 12 other institutions <ref>https://www.studyinholland.nl/dutch-education/research-universities</ref>. A total of 23 research institutes are present in the Netherlands <ref>Research Institutes in the Netherlands https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/binaries/netherlandsandyou/documents/publications/2016/06/13/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands.pdf</ref>. From these 23 institutions, 8 are part of NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek), 10 are part of KNAW (Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen) and 5 are part of GTI (institutes with the focus on applying fundamental research). There are 29 public knowledge organisations and 21.000 companies with investments in R&D.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="434"
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}'''Research Organisations'''
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tudelft.nl/ Delft University of Technology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tue.nl/en/ Eindhoven University of Technology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eur.nl/ Erasmus University Rotterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Rotterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/ Leiden University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/nl Maastricht University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Maastricht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nyenrode.nl/ Nyenrode Business Universiteit]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam/Breukelen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ou.nl/ Open University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Heerlen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ru.nl/ Radboud University Nijmegen]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Nijmegen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pthu.nl/ The Protestant Theological University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Groningen/Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tias.edu/ TIAS School for Business and Society]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Tilburg/Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/nl Tilburg University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Tilburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uva.nl/ University of Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rug.nl/ University of Groningen]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvh.nl/university-of-humanistic-studies/home University of Humanistic Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utwente.nl/ University of Twente]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Twente
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uu.nl/ Utrecht University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vu.nl/nl/index.aspx VU Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wur.nl/ Wageningen University and Research Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.astron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Dwingeloo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cwi.nl/ National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://amolf.nl/ Laboratory for molecular and materials research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.differ.nl/ Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nikhef.nl/ National Institute for Subatomic Physics]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nioz.nl/en Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Texel
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nscr.nl/en/ Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Space Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht/Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://iisg.amsterdam/nl International Institute of Social History]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kitlv.nl/nl/ The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.niod.nl/en NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nidi.nl/en/ The Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Den Haag
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nias.knaw.nl/ The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/westerdijkinstitute Fungal Biodiversity Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hubrecht.eu/nl/ Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nederlands-herseninstituut The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nioo The Netherlands Institute for Ecology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.spinozacentre.nl/ Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nlr.nl/ The Netherlands Aerospace Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ecn.nl/energy-research/index.html Energy Research Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam/Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.marin.nl/ Maritime Research Institute Netherlands]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.deltares.nl/nl/ Deltares]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tno.nl/nl/ TNO]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2016, the gross expenditures on research and development as a part of the gross domestic product (GDP) were €14.28 billion <ref name=":0">https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/43/increased-r-d-spending-in-2016</ref>. In percentages, this is 2.03% of the GDP in 2016. In these expenses, the province of Noord-Brabant was the front runner with at least 30% of private R&D expenditure. The province of Zuid-Holland follows in second place and Noord-Holland in third place <ref name=":0" />. The distribution of private, public and charity funding is as follows; companies fund around half of all academic research and development work (R&D) in the Netherlands (49.32%), followed by central government with about a third of R&D in the Netherlands (32.34%). Research in the Netherlands also receives funding from foreign companies and from European Union research programmes (15.57%) and to a lesser extent also from other domestic sources (2.77%) <ref>https://www.rathenau.nl/en/page/funding-and-performance-rd-netherlands</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=What distinguishes Dutch science today can be explained by several factors: its external orientation, its non-hierarchical, open culture, the long track of record of successful research evaluations, and the high degree of autonomy enjoyed by institutes and individual researchers. To promote innovation and the development of new knowledge, there is active and close cooperation between government, the private sector, universities and the research institutions. The Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science has come up with a Science Strategy called: 2025 – Vision for Science choices for the future <ref>https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documents/reports/2014/12/08/2025-vision-for-science-choices-for-the-future/visie-wetenschap-eng-web.pdf</ref>. The government formulated a broad-based National Science Agenda where scientific strengths are directly linked to the social challenges. This strategic action aims to create or improve large-scale infrastructure and the development of a more responsive and dynamic system of institutions. Measures to promote scientific excellence, diversity and equality are part of talks with VSNU (The Association of Universities in the Netherlands). The agreement on a new framework also include other aspects, such as an updating of the current career paths structure, opportunities for young talent, more attention for teaching and the preparation of PhD students to pursue career opportunities in other sectors.

Women in science

Women in science are still underrepresented in the Netherlands. In 2010, the female-to-male ratio was 20%. The intent in the Dutch strategy is to rebalance this ratio to at least that of the European average by 2025. It also intends to promote the appointment of more women professors. Initiatives include for example the University of Groningen’s Rosalind Franklin Fellowship, which seeks to increase the number of women in senior tenured positions and which resulted in 65% of the Fellows in previous rounds to now hold an associate or full professorship.

Funding

The acquisition of indirect funding involves a high workload in preparing detailed research proposals while the percentage of proposals which are actually approved is relatively low. The government wishes to see less pressure to publish and acquire funding and keep the science of high quality.
<references />
|Research Governance= 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''National bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lowi.nl/ Netherlands Board on Research Integrity (LOWI)]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The LOWI advises the Boards of its affiliated institutions regarding alleged violations of principles of research integrity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ceg.nl/about-ceg The Netherlands Centre for Ethics and Health]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The CEG identifies and informs about developments in the field of health which deserve a place on the government’s ethical policy agenda.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.ccmo.nl/ The Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The CCMO protects subjects taking part in medical research by reviewing the research on the basis of the statutory provisions laid down for them and taking into account the interests of medical progress.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/ The Central Committee on Animal Experimentation]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The CCD is the only institution which can grant permits for animal experiments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.loketgentherapie.nl/en/gene-therapy-office/overview-of-assessment-bodies/cogem The Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The task of the Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification (COGEM Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification ) is to advise the Minister of Infrastructure and Water either at the minister’s request or on its own initiative, with regard to the risks of GMOs for people and the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/ The Netherlands Advice Committee on Animal Experimentation]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}The NCad achieves visible improvements that are specifically related to the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3Rs) of animal procedures and to the associated ethical review in scientific research (including applied scientific research) and teaching. Its goal, in doing so, is to minimize laboratory animal use at both national and international level.
{{!}}}
 
|Law And Regulation=Research infrastructure

In 1992 laws concerning higher education and research (WHW: Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek) were made to enhance quality, to innovate the capacity and targeting society <ref>http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/2018-02-01</ref>. Together with the government the national bodies for research ethics and research integrity are responsible for checking whether research institutes obey the laws.

Governance

In the Netherlands, there is a law which determines that the government has to act open. In other words, there are particular tasks which must be done in public <ref>https://wob.nl/alles-over-de-wob/</ref>. This is describes in detail in the ‘Wet openbaarheid van bestuur’ <ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005252/2018-07-28</ref>.

Research with subjects

Research with subject must be done within strict rules and regulations. The ‘Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen’ and ‘Embryowet’ ensures subjects safety and the research is ethically responsible.

Research with animals

Scientific research with animals, just like research with subjects, should be done within strict rules. These rules are made to ensure protection of animals to avoid animal abuse.

Research with hazardous materials

It is important that research institutes/universities act transparent. In this way, the government can verify easily whether the research institute/university obey the law concerning hazardous materials. The goal of this law, The Nuclear Energy Act, is to protect employees, patients and other citizens against ionizing radiation <ref>https://www.autoriteitnvs.nl/onderwerpen/wet--en-regelgeving</ref><ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002402/2018-10-16</ref>.

Privacy

The ‘Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming’ contains the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. It is important that it is clear and transparent how and why personal data are processed. The goal of processing the personal data must be clarified before using the data <ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/sites/default/files/atoms/files/verordening_2016_-_679_definitief.pdf</ref><ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/over-privacy/wetten/algemene-verordening-gegevensbescherming-avg</ref>.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="614"
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}'''Title'''
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/2021-10-01 Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}This law describes the following aspects of higher education and scientific research: planning and funding; consultation; personnel; supervision; accreditation in higher education; educational offer; education; collaboration of funded higher education institutions; management and organization of the universities, open university, academic hospitals and institutions for scientific research; appeal to the administrative judge; withholding of funding; compensation and penalties; transitional provisions, including in connection with the introduction of the law and regulations in connection with mergers, conversion, demergers, relocations and transfers of management; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws until 2002; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws from 2002.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.vsnu.nl/files/documenten/Domeinen/Governance/VSNU_CodeGoedBestuur_Nederlands_definitief_11122019.pdf Code goed bestuur universiteiten]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}The goal of this code is to create transparency of universities. In the code, the universities clarify how they implement the assignment and the scope that the law gives in the field of governance of universities. The code is based on 9 principles on the basis of which the directors and regulators of the universities affiliated with the VSNU give substance to good board [12].
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/nl/actueel/publicaties/gedragscode-voor-gebruik-van-persoonsgegevens-in-wetenschappelijk-onderzoek Code voor het gebruik van persoonsgegevens in wetenschappelijk onderzoek]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}The code of conduct is an elaboration for researchers of the 2001 Personal Data Protection Act, which protects the privacy of Dutch citizens. This code offers researchers who work with privacy-sensitive data practical instructions on how to handle it responsibly. According to the code, no more data may be collected than is necessary for the investigation, and the data must be anonymised as much as possible. The code of conduct provides important guidelines that researchers use personal data only for research, that is, for a scientific publication, and that individuals should never be recognizable in that publication. [13,14]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/over-privacy/wetten/algemene-verordening-gegevensbescherming-avg Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}This law describes the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. [15,16]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.vsnu.nl/files/documenten/Nederlandse%20gedragscode%20wetenschappelijke%20integriteit%202018.pdf De Nederlandse Gedragscode wetenschappelijke Integriteit]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}The code of conduct defines five principles of academic integrity, 61 standards for good research practices and the institutions' duties of care. The five principles are: honesty; accuracy; transparency; independency; accountability. [17,18]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0009408/2020-01-01#Paragraaf6 Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}This law described the following aspects of medical scientific research with humans: rules for scientific research with participants; liability and insurance; obligations of those who conduct or conduct scientific research; additional rules for scientific research with medicines; the committees. [19]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0013797/2020-10-01#Paragraaf6 Embryowet]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}The embyo law descibes the following aspects: rules on the control of germ cells and embryos; rules concerning scientific research with embryos outside the human body that do not induce pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with embryos outside the human body with the aim of inducing pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with fetuses; prohibited actions with germ cells and embryos. [20]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0021505/2020-04-01#Hoofdstuk11 Geneesmiddelenwet]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}The Medicines Act describes the following aspects: the board for the evaluation of medicines; the manufacturer's license and the wholesale license; manufacturers and wholesalers of active substances; the marketing authorization for medicines; classification of drugs; handing over and prescribing medicines; labeling and package insert; pharmacovigilance; pharmaceutical advertising; enforcement: supervision and investigation. [21]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.knmp.nl/praktijkvoering/regelgeving/regelgeving-geneesmiddelen-en-grondstoffen/opiumwet Opiumwet]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}The Opium Act prohibits the possession of certain substances listed on Lists l and ll of the Opium Act. Their manufacture, preparation, processing, processing, sale, delivery, provision and transportation are also prohibited. [22]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0008974/2019-04-02 Wet op bijzondere medische verrichtingen]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}Some medical procedures are so special that only licensed licensed hospitals are allowed to perform them. This applies, for example, to open heart operations and certain organ transplants. This is stated in the Special Medical Procedures Act. [23,24]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005699/2019-04-02 Wet op het bevolkingsonderzoek]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}In certain cases, a permit is required to carry out population screening. This law describes in which cases the permit is needed. [25,26]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005252/2018-07-28 Wet openbaarheid van bestuur]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}The government fulfills public disclosure in the performance of its task. This is determined in Article 110 of the Constitution. In other words, the government observes transparency in the performance of its duties. Article 110 also determines that a law must describe how the government must do this.

For example, the Wet openbaarheid bestuur (Wob) determines which information is public and when it must be provided to an applicant for information. The core objective of the Wob is to regulate the public nature of the administration and the provision of information. This is for the benefit of good and democratic governance. [27,28]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002402/2018-10-16 De Kernenergiewet]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}The Nuclear Energy Act lays the foundation for protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The rules of the Nuclear Energy Act protect employees, patients and other citizens against this radiation as much as possible. The Nuclear Energy Act does this by, among other things, requiring a permit for most activities involving sources of ionizing radiation. [29,30]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0007850/2015-01-01 Kwaliteitswet zorginstellingen]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}All healthcare institutions must provide care that meets certain quality requirements. This law describes these requirements, ho wit is enforced and what the sanctions are if the requirements are not met. [31,32]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0040509/2019-02-15 Regeling basisveiligheidsnormen stralingsbescherming]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}The Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection Regulation is a General Administrative Order (AMvB). It elaborates on the Nuclear Energy Act and aims to protect the population, employees and patients against the adverse effects of ionizing radiation. [33,34]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003081/2019-01-01 Wet op de dierproeven]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}The goals of this law are: strengthen the protection of animals used for scientific purposes; restore a level playing field for industry and scientific research in the EU; the treatment and use of animals for scientific purposes should be subject to the Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement). [35,36]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/compliance/good-clinical-practice Good clinical practice]
{{!}} width="380" valign="top" {{!}}Good clinical practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and wellbeing of trial subjects are protected and that clinical-trial data are credible. In addition, this standard ensures that the data obtained from clinical research is reliable. [37,38]
{{!}}}
<references />
|Measure=Ethics assessment is regulated by statutory organisations which are authorised to formulate policies for all public research institutes. An overarching body of legislation consists of the four codes that have been established by the Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU), which are the codes on personal data, scientific integrity, animal experiments, and good governance <ref>http://satoriproject.eu/media/4.f-Country-report-the-Netherlands.pdf</ref>. In addition to the policies developed by the VSNU, the statutory research funding organisation Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) formulates policies for the regulation of it funding activities for public research and Dutch Corporate Governance unions governs several ethical aspects of research by private industry. Finally, research institutes formulate their own policies on the conduct of their individual Researchers and general instances of such policy are university codes of ethics.
<references />
}}

Report:Cb4d3d2c-7969-412e-87cd-aeae0c9c62cd

2021-10-26T12:42:17Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=The Netherlands
|Has Location=The Netherlands
|Research Infrastructure=In 2015 The Netherlands counted 112.946 researchers of which 79.155 were appointed full time <ref>Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsc00004&language=en</ref>. There are 84 higher education institutions in the Netherlands: 18 research universities, 40 universities of applied sciences, 4 institutes for international education, 10 university Colleges and 12 other institutions <ref>https://www.studyinholland.nl/dutch-education/research-universities</ref>. A total of 23 research institutes are present in the Netherlands <ref>Research Institutes in the Netherlands https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/binaries/netherlandsandyou/documents/publications/2016/06/13/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands.pdf</ref>. From these 23 institutions, 8 are part of NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek), 10 are part of KNAW (Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen) and 5 are part of GTI (institutes with the focus on applying fundamental research). There are 29 public knowledge organisations and 21.000 companies with investments in R&D.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="434"
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}'''Research Organisations'''
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tudelft.nl/ Delft University of Technology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tue.nl/en/ Eindhoven University of Technology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eur.nl/ Erasmus University Rotterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Rotterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/ Leiden University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/nl Maastricht University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Maastricht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nyenrode.nl/ Nyenrode Business Universiteit]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam/Breukelen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ou.nl/ Open University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Heerlen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ru.nl/ Radboud University Nijmegen]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Nijmegen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pthu.nl/ The Protestant Theological University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Groningen/Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tias.edu/ TIAS School for Business and Society]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Tilburg/Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/nl Tilburg University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Tilburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uva.nl/ University of Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rug.nl/ University of Groningen]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvh.nl/university-of-humanistic-studies/home University of Humanistic Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utwente.nl/ University of Twente]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Twente
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uu.nl/ Utrecht University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vu.nl/nl/index.aspx VU Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wur.nl/ Wageningen University and Research Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.astron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Dwingeloo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cwi.nl/ National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://amolf.nl/ Laboratory for molecular and materials research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.differ.nl/ Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nikhef.nl/ National Institute for Subatomic Physics]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nioz.nl/en Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Texel
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nscr.nl/en/ Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Space Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht/Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://iisg.amsterdam/nl International Institute of Social History]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kitlv.nl/nl/ The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.niod.nl/en NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nidi.nl/en/ The Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Den Haag
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://nias.knaw.nl/ The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/westerdijkinstitute Fungal Biodiversity Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hubrecht.eu/nl/ Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nederlands-herseninstituut The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nioo The Netherlands Institute for Ecology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.spinozacentre.nl/ Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nlr.nl/ The Netherlands Aerospace Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ecn.nl/energy-research/index.html Energy Research Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam/Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.marin.nl/ Maritime Research Institute Netherlands]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.deltares.nl/nl/ Deltares]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tno.nl/nl/ TNO]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top"{{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2016, the gross expenditures on research and development as a part of the gross domestic product (GDP) were €14.28 billion <ref name=":0">https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/43/increased-r-d-spending-in-2016</ref>. In percentages, this is 2.03% of the GDP in 2016. In these expenses, the province of Noord-Brabant was the front runner with at least 30% of private R&D expenditure. The province of Zuid-Holland follows in second place and Noord-Holland in third place <ref name=":0" />. The distribution of private, public and charity funding is as follows; companies fund around half of all academic research and development work (R&D) in the Netherlands (49.32%), followed by central government with about a third of R&D in the Netherlands (32.34%). Research in the Netherlands also receives funding from foreign companies and from European Union research programmes (15.57%) and to a lesser extent also from other domestic sources (2.77%) <ref>https://www.rathenau.nl/en/page/funding-and-performance-rd-netherlands</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=What distinguishes Dutch science today can be explained by several factors: its external orientation, its non-hierarchical, open culture, the long track of record of successful research evaluations, and the high degree of autonomy enjoyed by institutes and individual researchers. To promote innovation and the development of new knowledge, there is active and close cooperation between government, the private sector, universities and the research institutions. The Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science has come up with a Science Strategy called: 2025 – Vision for Science choices for the future <ref>https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documents/reports/2014/12/08/2025-vision-for-science-choices-for-the-future/visie-wetenschap-eng-web.pdf</ref>. The government formulated a broad-based National Science Agenda where scientific strengths are directly linked to the social challenges. This strategic action aims to create or improve large-scale infrastructure and the development of a more responsive and dynamic system of institutions. Measures to promote scientific excellence, diversity and equality are part of talks with VSNU (The Association of Universities in the Netherlands). The agreement on a new framework also include other aspects, such as an updating of the current career paths structure, opportunities for young talent, more attention for teaching and the preparation of PhD students to pursue career opportunities in other sectors.

Women in science

Women in science are still underrepresented in the Netherlands. In 2010, the female-to-male ratio was 20%. The intent in the Dutch strategy is to rebalance this ratio to at least that of the European average by 2025. It also intends to promote the appointment of more women professors. Initiatives include for example the University of Groningen’s Rosalind Franklin Fellowship, which seeks to increase the number of women in senior tenured positions and which resulted in 65% of the Fellows in previous rounds to now hold an associate or full professorship.

Funding

The acquisition of indirect funding involves a high workload in preparing detailed research proposals while the percentage of proposals which are actually approved is relatively low. The government wishes to see less pressure to publish and acquire funding and keep the science of high quality.
<references />
|Research Governance= 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''National bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://lowi.nl/ Netherlands Board on Research Integrity (LOWI)]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}The LOWI advises the Boards of its affiliated institutions regarding alleged violations of principles of research integrity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ceg.nl/about-ceg The Netherlands Centre for Ethics and Health]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}The CEG identifies and informs about developments in the field of health which deserve a place on the government’s ethical policy agenda.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://english.ccmo.nl/ The Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}The CCMO protects subjects taking part in medical research by reviewing the research on the basis of the statutory provisions laid down for them and taking into account the interests of medical progress.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/ The Central Committee on Animal Experimentation]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}The CCD is the only institution which can grant permits for animal experiments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.loketgentherapie.nl/en/gene-therapy-office/overview-of-assessment-bodies/cogem The Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}The task of the Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification (COGEM Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification ) is to advise the Minister of Infrastructure and Water either at the minister’s request or on its own initiative, with regard to the risks of GMOs for people and the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/ The Netherlands Advice Committee on Animal Experimentation]
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}The NCad achieves visible improvements that are specifically related to the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3Rs) of animal procedures and to the associated ethical review in scientific research (including applied scientific research) and teaching. Its goal, in doing so, is to minimize laboratory animal use at both national and international level.
{{!}}}
 
|Law And Regulation=Research infrastructure

In 1992 laws concerning higher education and research (WHW: Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek) were made to enhance quality, to innovate the capacity and targeting society <ref>http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/2018-02-01</ref>. Together with the government the national bodies for research ethics and research integrity are responsible for checking whether research institutes obey the laws.

Governance

In the Netherlands, there is a law which determines that the government has to act open. In other words, there are particular tasks which must be done in public <ref>https://wob.nl/alles-over-de-wob/</ref>. This is describes in detail in the ‘Wet openbaarheid van bestuur’ <ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005252/2018-07-28</ref>.

Research with subjects

Research with subject must be done within strict rules and regulations. The ‘Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen’ and ‘Embryowet’ ensures subjects safety and the research is ethically responsible.

Research with animals

Scientific research with animals, just like research with subjects, should be done within strict rules. These rules are made to ensure protection of animals to avoid animal abuse.

Research with hazardous materials

It is important that research institutes/universities act transparent. In this way, the government can verify easily whether the research institute/university obey the law concerning hazardous materials. The goal of this law, The Nuclear Energy Act, is to protect employees, patients and other citizens against ionizing radiation <ref>https://www.autoriteitnvs.nl/onderwerpen/wet--en-regelgeving</ref><ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002402/2018-10-16</ref>.

Privacy

The ‘Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming’ contains the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. It is important that it is clear and transparent how and why personal data are processed. The goal of processing the personal data must be clarified before using the data <ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/sites/default/files/atoms/files/verordening_2016_-_679_definitief.pdf</ref><ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/over-privacy/wetten/algemene-verordening-gegevensbescherming-avg</ref>.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}'''Title'''
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}'''Type'''
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}This law describes the following aspects of higher education and scientific research: planning and funding; consultation; personnel; supervision; accreditation in higher education; educational offer; education; collaboration of funded higher education institutions; management and organization of the universities, open university, academic hospitals and institutions for scientific research; appeal to the administrative judge; withholding of funding; compensation and penalties; transitional provisions, including in connection with the introduction of the law and regulations in connection with mergers, conversion, demergers, relocations and transfers of management; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws until 2002; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws from 2002.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Code goed bestuur universiteiten
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The goal of this code is to create transparency of universities. In the code, the universities clarify how they implement the assignment and the scope that the law gives in the field of governance of universities. The code is based on 9 principles on the basis of which the directors and regulators of the universities affiliated with the VSNU give substance to good board [12].
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Code voor het gebruik van persoonsgegevens in wetenschappelijk onderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The code of conduct is an elaboration for researchers of the 2001 Personal Data Protection Act, which protects the privacy of Dutch citizens. This code offers researchers who work with privacy-sensitive data practical instructions on how to handle it responsibly. According to the code, no more data may be collected than is necessary for the investigation, and the data must be anonymised as much as possible. The code of conduct provides important guidelines that researchers use personal data only for research, that is, for a scientific publication, and that individuals should never be recognizable in that publication. [13,14]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}This law describes the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. [15,16]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}De Nederlandse Gedragscode wetenschappelijke Integriteit
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The code of conduct defines five principles of academic integrity, 61 standards for good research practices and the institutions' duties of care. The five principles are: honesty; accuracy; transparency; independency; accountability. [17,18]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}This law described the following aspects of medical scientific research with humans: rules for scientific research with participants; liability and insurance; obligations of those who conduct or conduct scientific research; additional rules for scientific research with medicines; the committees. [19]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Embryowet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The embyo law descibes the following aspects: rules on the control of germ cells and embryos; rules concerning scientific research with embryos outside the human body that do not induce pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with embryos outside the human body with the aim of inducing pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with fetuses; prohibited actions with germ cells and embryos. [20]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Geneesmiddelenwet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Medicines Act describes the following aspects: the board for the evaluation of medicines; the manufacturer's license and the wholesale license; manufacturers and wholesalers of active substances; the marketing authorization for medicines; classification of drugs; handing over and prescribing medicines; labeling and package insert; pharmacovigilance; pharmaceutical advertising; enforcement: supervision and investigation. [21]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Opiumwet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Opium Act prohibits the possession of certain substances listed on Lists l and ll of the Opium Act. Their manufacture, preparation, processing, processing, sale, delivery, provision and transportation are also prohibited. [22]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op bijzondere medische verrichtingen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}Some medical procedures are so special that only licensed licensed hospitals are allowed to perform them. This applies, for example, to open heart operations and certain organ transplants. This is stated in the Special Medical Procedures Act. [23,24]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op het bevolkingsonderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}In certain cases, a permit is required to carry out population screening. This law describes in which cases the permit is needed. [25,26]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet openbaarheid van bestuur
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The government fulfills public disclosure in the performance of its task. This is determined in Article 110 of the Constitution. In other words, the government observes transparency in the performance of its duties. Article 110 also determines that a law must describe how the government must do this.

For example, the Wet openbaarheid bestuur (Wob) determines which information is public and when it must be provided to an applicant for information. The core objective of the Wob is to regulate the public nature of the administration and the provision of information. This is for the benefit of good and democratic governance. [27,28]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}De Kernenergiewet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Nuclear Energy Act lays the foundation for protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The rules of the Nuclear Energy Act protect employees, patients and other citizens against this radiation as much as possible. The Nuclear Energy Act does this by, among other things, requiring a permit for most activities involving sources of ionizing radiation. [29,30]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Kwaliteitswet zorginstellingen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}All healthcare institutions must provide care that meets certain quality requirements. This law describes these requirements, ho wit is enforced and what the sanctions are if the requirements are not met. [31,32]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Regeling basisveiligheidsnormen stralingsbescherming
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Regeling
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection Regulation is a General Administrative Order (AMvB). It elaborates on the Nuclear Energy Act and aims to protect the population, employees and patients against the adverse effects of ionizing radiation. [33,34]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op de dierproeven
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The goals of this law are: strengthen the protection of animals used for scientific purposes; restore a level playing field for industry and scientific research in the EU; the treatment and use of animals for scientific purposes should be subject to the Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement). [35,36]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Good clinical practice
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}Good clinical practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and wellbeing of trial subjects are protected and that clinical-trial data are credible. In addition, this standard ensures that the data obtained from clinical research is reliable. [37,38]
{{!}}}
<references />
|Measure=Ethics assessment is regulated by statutory organisations which are authorised to formulate policies for all public research institutes. An overarching body of legislation consists of the four codes that have been established by the Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU), which are the codes on personal data, scientific integrity, animal experiments, and good governance <ref>http://satoriproject.eu/media/4.f-Country-report-the-Netherlands.pdf</ref>. In addition to the policies developed by the VSNU, the statutory research funding organisation Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) formulates policies for the regulation of it funding activities for public research and Dutch Corporate Governance unions governs several ethical aspects of research by private industry. Finally, research institutes formulate their own policies on the conduct of their individual Researchers and general instances of such policy are university codes of ethics.
<references />
}}

Report:Cb4d3d2c-7969-412e-87cd-aeae0c9c62cd

2021-10-26T12:38:48Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=The Netherlands
|Has Location=The Netherlands
|Research Infrastructure=In 2015 The Netherlands counted 112.946 researchers of which 79.155 were appointed full time <ref>Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsc00004&language=en</ref>. There are 84 higher education institutions in the Netherlands: 18 research universities, 40 universities of applied sciences, 4 institutes for international education, 10 university Colleges and 12 other institutions <ref>https://www.studyinholland.nl/dutch-education/research-universities</ref>. A total of 23 research institutes are present in the Netherlands <ref>Research Institutes in the Netherlands https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/binaries/netherlandsandyou/documents/publications/2016/06/13/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands.pdf</ref>. From these 23 institutions, 8 are part of NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek), 10 are part of KNAW (Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen) and 5 are part of GTI (institutes with the focus on applying fundamental research). There are 29 public knowledge organisations and 21.000 companies with investments in R&D.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="434"
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}'''Research Organisations'''
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tudelft.nl/ Delft University of Technology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tue.nl/en/ Eindhoven University of Technology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.eur.nl/ Erasmus University Rotterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Rotterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/ Leiden University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/nl Maastricht University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Maastricht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.nyenrode.nl/ Nyenrode Business Universiteit]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam/Breukelen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ou.nl/ Open University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Heerlen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ru.nl/ Radboud University Nijmegen]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Nijmegen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.pthu.nl/ The Protestant Theological University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Groningen/Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tias.edu/ TIAS School for Business and Society]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Tilburg/Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/nl Tilburg University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Tilburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uva.nl/ University of Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.rug.nl/ University of Groningen]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uvh.nl/university-of-humanistic-studies/home University of Humanistic Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.utwente.nl/ University of Twente]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Twente
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uu.nl/ Utrecht University]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.vu.nl/nl/index.aspx VU Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.wur.nl/ Wageningen University and Research Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.astron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Dwingeloo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.cwi.nl/ National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://amolf.nl/ Laboratory for molecular and materials research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.differ.nl/ Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.nikhef.nl/ National Institute for Subatomic Physics]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.nioz.nl/en Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Texel
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://nscr.nl/en/ Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.sron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Space Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht/Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://iisg.amsterdam/nl International Institute of Social History]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.kitlv.nl/nl/ The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.niod.nl/en NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://nidi.nl/en/ The Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Den Haag
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://nias.knaw.nl/ The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/westerdijkinstitute Fungal Biodiversity Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.hubrecht.eu/nl/ Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nederlands-herseninstituut The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nioo The Netherlands Institute for Ecology]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.spinozacentre.nl/ Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.nlr.nl/ The Netherlands Aerospace Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ecn.nl/energy-research/index.html Energy Research Centre]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam/Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.marin.nl/ Maritime Research Institute Netherlands]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.deltares.nl/nl/ Deltares]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tno.nl/nl/ TNO]
{{!}} width="170" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2016, the gross expenditures on research and development as a part of the gross domestic product (GDP) were €14.28 billion <ref name=":0">https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/43/increased-r-d-spending-in-2016</ref>. In percentages, this is 2.03% of the GDP in 2016. In these expenses, the province of Noord-Brabant was the front runner with at least 30% of private R&D expenditure. The province of Zuid-Holland follows in second place and Noord-Holland in third place <ref name=":0" />. The distribution of private, public and charity funding is as follows; companies fund around half of all academic research and development work (R&D) in the Netherlands (49.32%), followed by central government with about a third of R&D in the Netherlands (32.34%). Research in the Netherlands also receives funding from foreign companies and from European Union research programmes (15.57%) and to a lesser extent also from other domestic sources (2.77%) <ref>https://www.rathenau.nl/en/page/funding-and-performance-rd-netherlands</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=What distinguishes Dutch science today can be explained by several factors: its external orientation, its non-hierarchical, open culture, the long track of record of successful research evaluations, and the high degree of autonomy enjoyed by institutes and individual researchers. To promote innovation and the development of new knowledge, there is active and close cooperation between government, the private sector, universities and the research institutions. The Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science has come up with a Science Strategy called: 2025 – Vision for Science choices for the future <ref>https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documents/reports/2014/12/08/2025-vision-for-science-choices-for-the-future/visie-wetenschap-eng-web.pdf</ref>. The government formulated a broad-based National Science Agenda where scientific strengths are directly linked to the social challenges. This strategic action aims to create or improve large-scale infrastructure and the development of a more responsive and dynamic system of institutions. Measures to promote scientific excellence, diversity and equality are part of talks with VSNU (The Association of Universities in the Netherlands). The agreement on a new framework also include other aspects, such as an updating of the current career paths structure, opportunities for young talent, more attention for teaching and the preparation of PhD students to pursue career opportunities in other sectors.

Women in science

Women in science are still underrepresented in the Netherlands. In 2010, the female-to-male ratio was 20%. The intent in the Dutch strategy is to rebalance this ratio to at least that of the European average by 2025. It also intends to promote the appointment of more women professors. Initiatives include for example the University of Groningen’s Rosalind Franklin Fellowship, which seeks to increase the number of women in senior tenured positions and which resulted in 65% of the Fellows in previous rounds to now hold an associate or full professorship.

Funding

The acquisition of indirect funding involves a high workload in preparing detailed research proposals while the percentage of proposals which are actually approved is relatively low. The government wishes to see less pressure to publish and acquire funding and keep the science of high quality.
<references />
|Research Governance= 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}'''National bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}Netherlands Board on Research Integrity (LOWI)
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://lowi.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The LOWI advises the Boards of its affiliated institutions regarding alleged violations of principles of research integrity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}The Netherlands Centre for Ethics and Health
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://www.ceg.nl/about-ceg</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The CEG identifies and informs about developments in the field of health which deserve a place on the government’s ethical policy agenda.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}The Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://english.ccmo.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The CCMO protects subjects taking part in medical research by reviewing the research on the basis of the statutory provisions laid down for them and taking into account the interests of medical progress.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}The Central Committee on Animal Experimentation
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The CCD is the only institution which can grant permits for animal experiments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}The Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://www.loketgentherapie.nl/en/gene-therapy-office/overview-of-assessment-bodies/cogem</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The task of the Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification (COGEM Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification ) is to advise the Minister of Infrastructure and Water either at the minister’s request or on its own initiative, with regard to the risks of GMOs for people and the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}The Netherlands Advice Committee on Animal Experimentation
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The NCad achieves visible improvements that are specifically related to the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3Rs) of animal procedures and to the associated ethical review in scientific research (including applied scientific research) and teaching. Its goal, in doing so, is to minimize laboratory animal use at both national and international level.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=Research infrastructure

In 1992 laws concerning higher education and research (WHW: Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek) were made to enhance quality, to innovate the capacity and targeting society <ref>http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/2018-02-01</ref>. Together with the government the national bodies for research ethics and research integrity are responsible for checking whether research institutes obey the laws.

Governance

In the Netherlands, there is a law which determines that the government has to act open. In other words, there are particular tasks which must be done in public <ref>https://wob.nl/alles-over-de-wob/</ref>. This is describes in detail in the ‘Wet openbaarheid van bestuur’ <ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005252/2018-07-28</ref>.

Research with subjects

Research with subject must be done within strict rules and regulations. The ‘Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen’ and ‘Embryowet’ ensures subjects safety and the research is ethically responsible.

Research with animals

Scientific research with animals, just like research with subjects, should be done within strict rules. These rules are made to ensure protection of animals to avoid animal abuse.

Research with hazardous materials

It is important that research institutes/universities act transparent. In this way, the government can verify easily whether the research institute/university obey the law concerning hazardous materials. The goal of this law, The Nuclear Energy Act, is to protect employees, patients and other citizens against ionizing radiation <ref>https://www.autoriteitnvs.nl/onderwerpen/wet--en-regelgeving</ref><ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002402/2018-10-16</ref>.

Privacy

The ‘Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming’ contains the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. It is important that it is clear and transparent how and why personal data are processed. The goal of processing the personal data must be clarified before using the data <ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/sites/default/files/atoms/files/verordening_2016_-_679_definitief.pdf</ref><ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/over-privacy/wetten/algemene-verordening-gegevensbescherming-avg</ref>.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}'''Title'''
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}'''Type'''
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}This law describes the following aspects of higher education and scientific research: planning and funding; consultation; personnel; supervision; accreditation in higher education; educational offer; education; collaboration of funded higher education institutions; management and organization of the universities, open university, academic hospitals and institutions for scientific research; appeal to the administrative judge; withholding of funding; compensation and penalties; transitional provisions, including in connection with the introduction of the law and regulations in connection with mergers, conversion, demergers, relocations and transfers of management; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws until 2002; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws from 2002.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Code goed bestuur universiteiten
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The goal of this code is to create transparency of universities. In the code, the universities clarify how they implement the assignment and the scope that the law gives in the field of governance of universities. The code is based on 9 principles on the basis of which the directors and regulators of the universities affiliated with the VSNU give substance to good board [12].
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Code voor het gebruik van persoonsgegevens in wetenschappelijk onderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The code of conduct is an elaboration for researchers of the 2001 Personal Data Protection Act, which protects the privacy of Dutch citizens. This code offers researchers who work with privacy-sensitive data practical instructions on how to handle it responsibly. According to the code, no more data may be collected than is necessary for the investigation, and the data must be anonymised as much as possible. The code of conduct provides important guidelines that researchers use personal data only for research, that is, for a scientific publication, and that individuals should never be recognizable in that publication. [13,14]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}This law describes the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. [15,16]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}De Nederlandse Gedragscode wetenschappelijke Integriteit
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The code of conduct defines five principles of academic integrity, 61 standards for good research practices and the institutions' duties of care. The five principles are: honesty; accuracy; transparency; independency; accountability. [17,18]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}This law described the following aspects of medical scientific research with humans: rules for scientific research with participants; liability and insurance; obligations of those who conduct or conduct scientific research; additional rules for scientific research with medicines; the committees. [19]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Embryowet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The embyo law descibes the following aspects: rules on the control of germ cells and embryos; rules concerning scientific research with embryos outside the human body that do not induce pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with embryos outside the human body with the aim of inducing pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with fetuses; prohibited actions with germ cells and embryos. [20]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Geneesmiddelenwet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Medicines Act describes the following aspects: the board for the evaluation of medicines; the manufacturer's license and the wholesale license; manufacturers and wholesalers of active substances; the marketing authorization for medicines; classification of drugs; handing over and prescribing medicines; labeling and package insert; pharmacovigilance; pharmaceutical advertising; enforcement: supervision and investigation. [21]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Opiumwet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Opium Act prohibits the possession of certain substances listed on Lists l and ll of the Opium Act. Their manufacture, preparation, processing, processing, sale, delivery, provision and transportation are also prohibited. [22]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op bijzondere medische verrichtingen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}Some medical procedures are so special that only licensed licensed hospitals are allowed to perform them. This applies, for example, to open heart operations and certain organ transplants. This is stated in the Special Medical Procedures Act. [23,24]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op het bevolkingsonderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}In certain cases, a permit is required to carry out population screening. This law describes in which cases the permit is needed. [25,26]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet openbaarheid van bestuur
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The government fulfills public disclosure in the performance of its task. This is determined in Article 110 of the Constitution. In other words, the government observes transparency in the performance of its duties. Article 110 also determines that a law must describe how the government must do this.

For example, the Wet openbaarheid bestuur (Wob) determines which information is public and when it must be provided to an applicant for information. The core objective of the Wob is to regulate the public nature of the administration and the provision of information. This is for the benefit of good and democratic governance. [27,28]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}De Kernenergiewet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Nuclear Energy Act lays the foundation for protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The rules of the Nuclear Energy Act protect employees, patients and other citizens against this radiation as much as possible. The Nuclear Energy Act does this by, among other things, requiring a permit for most activities involving sources of ionizing radiation. [29,30]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Kwaliteitswet zorginstellingen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}All healthcare institutions must provide care that meets certain quality requirements. This law describes these requirements, ho wit is enforced and what the sanctions are if the requirements are not met. [31,32]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Regeling basisveiligheidsnormen stralingsbescherming
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Regeling
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection Regulation is a General Administrative Order (AMvB). It elaborates on the Nuclear Energy Act and aims to protect the population, employees and patients against the adverse effects of ionizing radiation. [33,34]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op de dierproeven
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The goals of this law are: strengthen the protection of animals used for scientific purposes; restore a level playing field for industry and scientific research in the EU; the treatment and use of animals for scientific purposes should be subject to the Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement). [35,36]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Good clinical practice
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}Good clinical practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and wellbeing of trial subjects are protected and that clinical-trial data are credible. In addition, this standard ensures that the data obtained from clinical research is reliable. [37,38]
{{!}}}
<references />
|Measure=Ethics assessment is regulated by statutory organisations which are authorised to formulate policies for all public research institutes. An overarching body of legislation consists of the four codes that have been established by the Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU), which are the codes on personal data, scientific integrity, animal experiments, and good governance <ref>http://satoriproject.eu/media/4.f-Country-report-the-Netherlands.pdf</ref>. In addition to the policies developed by the VSNU, the statutory research funding organisation Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) formulates policies for the regulation of it funding activities for public research and Dutch Corporate Governance unions governs several ethical aspects of research by private industry. Finally, research institutes formulate their own policies on the conduct of their individual Researchers and general instances of such policy are university codes of ethics.
<references />
}}

Report:Cb4d3d2c-7969-412e-87cd-aeae0c9c62cd

2021-10-26T12:37:37Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=The Netherlands
|Has Location=The Netherlands
|Research Infrastructure=In 2015 The Netherlands counted 112.946 researchers of which 79.155 were appointed full time <ref>Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsc00004&language=en</ref>. There are 84 higher education institutions in the Netherlands: 18 research universities, 40 universities of applied sciences, 4 institutes for international education, 10 university Colleges and 12 other institutions <ref>https://www.studyinholland.nl/dutch-education/research-universities</ref>. A total of 23 research institutes are present in the Netherlands <ref>Research Institutes in the Netherlands https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/binaries/netherlandsandyou/documents/publications/2016/06/13/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands.pdf</ref>. From these 23 institutions, 8 are part of NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek), 10 are part of KNAW (Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen) and 5 are part of GTI (institutes with the focus on applying fundamental research). There are 29 public knowledge organisations and 21.000 companies with investments in R&D.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="331"
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}'''Research Organisations'''
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tudelft.nl/ Delft University of Technology]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tue.nl/en/ Eindhoven University of Technology]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.eur.nl/ Erasmus University Rotterdam]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Rotterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/ Leiden University]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/nl Maastricht University]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Maastricht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.nyenrode.nl/ Nyenrode Business Universiteit]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam/Breukelen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ou.nl/ Open University]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Heerlen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ru.nl/ Radboud University Nijmegen]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Nijmegen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.pthu.nl/ The Protestant Theological University]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Groningen/Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tias.edu/ TIAS School for Business and Society]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Tilburg/Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/nl Tilburg University]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Tilburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uva.nl/ University of Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.rug.nl/ University of Groningen]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uvh.nl/university-of-humanistic-studies/home University of Humanistic Studies]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.utwente.nl/ University of Twente]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Twente
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uu.nl/ Utrecht University]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.vu.nl/nl/index.aspx VU Amsterdam]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.wur.nl/ Wageningen University and Research Centre]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.astron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Dwingeloo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.cwi.nl/ National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://amolf.nl/ Laboratory for molecular and materials research]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.differ.nl/ Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.nikhef.nl/ National Institute for Subatomic Physics]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.nioz.nl/en Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Texel
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://nscr.nl/en/ Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.sron.nl/ Netherlands Institute for Space Research]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht/Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://iisg.amsterdam/nl International Institute of Social History]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.kitlv.nl/nl/ The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.niod.nl/en NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://nidi.nl/en/ The Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Den Haag
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://nias.knaw.nl/ The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/westerdijkinstitute Fungal Biodiversity Centre]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.hubrecht.eu/nl/ Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nederlands-herseninstituut The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nioo The Netherlands Institute for Ecology]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.spinozacentre.nl/ Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.nlr.nl/ The Netherlands Aerospace Centre]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ecn.nl/energy-research/index.html Energy Research Centre]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam/Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.marin.nl/ Maritime Research Institute Netherlands]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.deltares.nl/nl/ Deltares]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tno.nl/nl/ TNO]
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2016, the gross expenditures on research and development as a part of the gross domestic product (GDP) were €14.28 billion <ref name=":0">https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/43/increased-r-d-spending-in-2016</ref>. In percentages, this is 2.03% of the GDP in 2016. In these expenses, the province of Noord-Brabant was the front runner with at least 30% of private R&D expenditure. The province of Zuid-Holland follows in second place and Noord-Holland in third place <ref name=":0" />. The distribution of private, public and charity funding is as follows; companies fund around half of all academic research and development work (R&D) in the Netherlands (49.32%), followed by central government with about a third of R&D in the Netherlands (32.34%). Research in the Netherlands also receives funding from foreign companies and from European Union research programmes (15.57%) and to a lesser extent also from other domestic sources (2.77%) <ref>https://www.rathenau.nl/en/page/funding-and-performance-rd-netherlands</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=What distinguishes Dutch science today can be explained by several factors: its external orientation, its non-hierarchical, open culture, the long track of record of successful research evaluations, and the high degree of autonomy enjoyed by institutes and individual researchers. To promote innovation and the development of new knowledge, there is active and close cooperation between government, the private sector, universities and the research institutions. The Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science has come up with a Science Strategy called: 2025 – Vision for Science choices for the future <ref>https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documents/reports/2014/12/08/2025-vision-for-science-choices-for-the-future/visie-wetenschap-eng-web.pdf</ref>. The government formulated a broad-based National Science Agenda where scientific strengths are directly linked to the social challenges. This strategic action aims to create or improve large-scale infrastructure and the development of a more responsive and dynamic system of institutions. Measures to promote scientific excellence, diversity and equality are part of talks with VSNU (The Association of Universities in the Netherlands). The agreement on a new framework also include other aspects, such as an updating of the current career paths structure, opportunities for young talent, more attention for teaching and the preparation of PhD students to pursue career opportunities in other sectors.

Women in science

Women in science are still underrepresented in the Netherlands. In 2010, the female-to-male ratio was 20%. The intent in the Dutch strategy is to rebalance this ratio to at least that of the European average by 2025. It also intends to promote the appointment of more women professors. Initiatives include for example the University of Groningen’s Rosalind Franklin Fellowship, which seeks to increase the number of women in senior tenured positions and which resulted in 65% of the Fellows in previous rounds to now hold an associate or full professorship.

Funding

The acquisition of indirect funding involves a high workload in preparing detailed research proposals while the percentage of proposals which are actually approved is relatively low. The government wishes to see less pressure to publish and acquire funding and keep the science of high quality.
<references />
|Research Governance= 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}'''National bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}Netherlands Board on Research Integrity (LOWI)
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://lowi.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The LOWI advises the Boards of its affiliated institutions regarding alleged violations of principles of research integrity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}The Netherlands Centre for Ethics and Health
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://www.ceg.nl/about-ceg</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The CEG identifies and informs about developments in the field of health which deserve a place on the government’s ethical policy agenda.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}The Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://english.ccmo.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The CCMO protects subjects taking part in medical research by reviewing the research on the basis of the statutory provisions laid down for them and taking into account the interests of medical progress.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}The Central Committee on Animal Experimentation
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The CCD is the only institution which can grant permits for animal experiments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}The Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://www.loketgentherapie.nl/en/gene-therapy-office/overview-of-assessment-bodies/cogem</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The task of the Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification (COGEM Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification ) is to advise the Minister of Infrastructure and Water either at the minister’s request or on its own initiative, with regard to the risks of GMOs for people and the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top"{{!}}The Netherlands Advice Committee on Animal Experimentation
{{!}} width="176" valign="top"{{!}}<nowiki>https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The NCad achieves visible improvements that are specifically related to the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3Rs) of animal procedures and to the associated ethical review in scientific research (including applied scientific research) and teaching. Its goal, in doing so, is to minimize laboratory animal use at both national and international level.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=Research infrastructure

In 1992 laws concerning higher education and research (WHW: Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek) were made to enhance quality, to innovate the capacity and targeting society <ref>http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/2018-02-01</ref>. Together with the government the national bodies for research ethics and research integrity are responsible for checking whether research institutes obey the laws.

Governance

In the Netherlands, there is a law which determines that the government has to act open. In other words, there are particular tasks which must be done in public <ref>https://wob.nl/alles-over-de-wob/</ref>. This is describes in detail in the ‘Wet openbaarheid van bestuur’ <ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005252/2018-07-28</ref>.

Research with subjects

Research with subject must be done within strict rules and regulations. The ‘Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen’ and ‘Embryowet’ ensures subjects safety and the research is ethically responsible.

Research with animals

Scientific research with animals, just like research with subjects, should be done within strict rules. These rules are made to ensure protection of animals to avoid animal abuse.

Research with hazardous materials

It is important that research institutes/universities act transparent. In this way, the government can verify easily whether the research institute/university obey the law concerning hazardous materials. The goal of this law, The Nuclear Energy Act, is to protect employees, patients and other citizens against ionizing radiation <ref>https://www.autoriteitnvs.nl/onderwerpen/wet--en-regelgeving</ref><ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002402/2018-10-16</ref>.

Privacy

The ‘Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming’ contains the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. It is important that it is clear and transparent how and why personal data are processed. The goal of processing the personal data must be clarified before using the data <ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/sites/default/files/atoms/files/verordening_2016_-_679_definitief.pdf</ref><ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/over-privacy/wetten/algemene-verordening-gegevensbescherming-avg</ref>.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}'''Title'''
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}'''Type'''
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}This law describes the following aspects of higher education and scientific research: planning and funding; consultation; personnel; supervision; accreditation in higher education; educational offer; education; collaboration of funded higher education institutions; management and organization of the universities, open university, academic hospitals and institutions for scientific research; appeal to the administrative judge; withholding of funding; compensation and penalties; transitional provisions, including in connection with the introduction of the law and regulations in connection with mergers, conversion, demergers, relocations and transfers of management; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws until 2002; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws from 2002.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Code goed bestuur universiteiten
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The goal of this code is to create transparency of universities. In the code, the universities clarify how they implement the assignment and the scope that the law gives in the field of governance of universities. The code is based on 9 principles on the basis of which the directors and regulators of the universities affiliated with the VSNU give substance to good board [12].
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Code voor het gebruik van persoonsgegevens in wetenschappelijk onderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The code of conduct is an elaboration for researchers of the 2001 Personal Data Protection Act, which protects the privacy of Dutch citizens. This code offers researchers who work with privacy-sensitive data practical instructions on how to handle it responsibly. According to the code, no more data may be collected than is necessary for the investigation, and the data must be anonymised as much as possible. The code of conduct provides important guidelines that researchers use personal data only for research, that is, for a scientific publication, and that individuals should never be recognizable in that publication. [13,14]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}This law describes the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. [15,16]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}De Nederlandse Gedragscode wetenschappelijke Integriteit
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The code of conduct defines five principles of academic integrity, 61 standards for good research practices and the institutions' duties of care. The five principles are: honesty; accuracy; transparency; independency; accountability. [17,18]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}This law described the following aspects of medical scientific research with humans: rules for scientific research with participants; liability and insurance; obligations of those who conduct or conduct scientific research; additional rules for scientific research with medicines; the committees. [19]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Embryowet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The embyo law descibes the following aspects: rules on the control of germ cells and embryos; rules concerning scientific research with embryos outside the human body that do not induce pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with embryos outside the human body with the aim of inducing pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with fetuses; prohibited actions with germ cells and embryos. [20]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Geneesmiddelenwet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Medicines Act describes the following aspects: the board for the evaluation of medicines; the manufacturer's license and the wholesale license; manufacturers and wholesalers of active substances; the marketing authorization for medicines; classification of drugs; handing over and prescribing medicines; labeling and package insert; pharmacovigilance; pharmaceutical advertising; enforcement: supervision and investigation. [21]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Opiumwet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Opium Act prohibits the possession of certain substances listed on Lists l and ll of the Opium Act. Their manufacture, preparation, processing, processing, sale, delivery, provision and transportation are also prohibited. [22]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op bijzondere medische verrichtingen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}Some medical procedures are so special that only licensed licensed hospitals are allowed to perform them. This applies, for example, to open heart operations and certain organ transplants. This is stated in the Special Medical Procedures Act. [23,24]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op het bevolkingsonderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}In certain cases, a permit is required to carry out population screening. This law describes in which cases the permit is needed. [25,26]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet openbaarheid van bestuur
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The government fulfills public disclosure in the performance of its task. This is determined in Article 110 of the Constitution. In other words, the government observes transparency in the performance of its duties. Article 110 also determines that a law must describe how the government must do this.

For example, the Wet openbaarheid bestuur (Wob) determines which information is public and when it must be provided to an applicant for information. The core objective of the Wob is to regulate the public nature of the administration and the provision of information. This is for the benefit of good and democratic governance. [27,28]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}De Kernenergiewet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Nuclear Energy Act lays the foundation for protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The rules of the Nuclear Energy Act protect employees, patients and other citizens against this radiation as much as possible. The Nuclear Energy Act does this by, among other things, requiring a permit for most activities involving sources of ionizing radiation. [29,30]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Kwaliteitswet zorginstellingen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}All healthcare institutions must provide care that meets certain quality requirements. This law describes these requirements, ho wit is enforced and what the sanctions are if the requirements are not met. [31,32]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Regeling basisveiligheidsnormen stralingsbescherming
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Regeling
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection Regulation is a General Administrative Order (AMvB). It elaborates on the Nuclear Energy Act and aims to protect the population, employees and patients against the adverse effects of ionizing radiation. [33,34]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Wet op de dierproeven
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}The goals of this law are: strengthen the protection of animals used for scientific purposes; restore a level playing field for industry and scientific research in the EU; the treatment and use of animals for scientific purposes should be subject to the Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement). [35,36]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top"{{!}}Good clinical practice
{{!}} width="87" valign="top"{{!}}code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top"{{!}}Good clinical practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and wellbeing of trial subjects are protected and that clinical-trial data are credible. In addition, this standard ensures that the data obtained from clinical research is reliable. [37,38]
{{!}}}
<references />
|Measure=Ethics assessment is regulated by statutory organisations which are authorised to formulate policies for all public research institutes. An overarching body of legislation consists of the four codes that have been established by the Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU), which are the codes on personal data, scientific integrity, animal experiments, and good governance <ref>http://satoriproject.eu/media/4.f-Country-report-the-Netherlands.pdf</ref>. In addition to the policies developed by the VSNU, the statutory research funding organisation Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) formulates policies for the regulation of it funding activities for public research and Dutch Corporate Governance unions governs several ethical aspects of research by private industry. Finally, research institutes formulate their own policies on the conduct of their individual Researchers and general instances of such policy are university codes of ethics.
<references />
}}

Report:Cb4d3d2c-7969-412e-87cd-aeae0c9c62cd

2021-10-25T07:29:31Z

0000-0002-1376-3125: Created page with "{{Report |Report Type=Country Report Cards |Title=The Netherlands |Has Location=The Netherlands |Research Infrastructure=In 2015 The Netherlands counted 112.946 researchers of..."

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=The Netherlands
|Has Location=The Netherlands
|Research Infrastructure=In 2015 The Netherlands counted 112.946 researchers of which 79.155 were appointed full time <ref>Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsc00004&language=en</ref>. There are 84 higher education institutions in the Netherlands: 18 research universities, 40 universities of applied sciences, 4 institutes for international education, 10 university Colleges and 12 other institutions <ref>https://www.studyinholland.nl/dutch-education/research-universities</ref>. A total of 23 research institutes are present in the Netherlands <ref>Research Institutes in the Netherlands https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/binaries/netherlandsandyou/documents/publications/2016/06/13/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands/research-institutes-in-the-netherlands.pdf</ref>. From these 23 institutions, 8 are part of NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek), 10 are part of KNAW (Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen) and 5 are part of GTI (institutes with the focus on applying fundamental research). There are 29 public knowledge organisations and 21.000 companies with investments in R&D.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="601"
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}'''Research Organisations'''
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Delft University of Technology
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.tudelft.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Eindhoven University of Technology
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.tue.nl/en/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Erasmus University Rotterdam
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.eur.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Rotterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Leiden University
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Maastricht University
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/nl</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Maastricht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Nyenrode Business Universiteit
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.nyenrode.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam/Breukelen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Open University
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.ou.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Heerlen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Radboud University Nijmegen
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.ru.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Nijmegen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}The Protestant Theological University
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.pthu.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Groningen/Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}TIAS School for Business and Society
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.tias.edu/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Tilburg/Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Tilburg University
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/nl</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Tilburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}University of Amsterdam
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.uva.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}University of Groningen
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.rug.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}University of Humanistic Studies
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.uvh.nl/university-of-humanistic-studies/home</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}University of Twente
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.utwente.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Twente
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht University
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.uu.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}VU Amsterdam
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.vu.nl/nl/index.aspx</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Wageningen University and Research Centre
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.wur.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.astron.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Dwingeloo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.cwi.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Laboratory for molecular and materials research
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://amolf.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.differ.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}National Institute for Subatomic Physics
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.nikhef.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.nioz.nl/en</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Texel
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://nscr.nl/en/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Netherlands Institute for Space Research
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.sron.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht/Groningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}International Institute of Social History
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://iisg.amsterdam/nl</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.kitlv.nl/nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Leiden
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.niod.nl/en</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}The Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://nidi.nl/en/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Den Haag
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://nias.knaw.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Fungal Biodiversity Centre
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/westerdijkinstitute</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.hubrecht.eu/nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Utrecht
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nederlands-herseninstituut</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}The Netherlands Institute for Ecology
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.knaw.nl/en/institutes/nioo</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.spinozacentre.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}The Netherlands Aerospace Centre
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.nlr.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Energy Research Centre
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.ecn.nl/energy-research/index.html</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam/Eindhoven
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Maritime Research Institute Netherlands
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.marin.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Wageningen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}Deltares
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.deltares.nl/nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Delft
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="179" valign="top" {{!}}TNO
{{!}} width="270" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.tno.nl/nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="152" valign="top" {{!}}Amsterdam
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2016, the gross expenditures on research and development as a part of the gross domestic product (GDP) were €14.28 billion <ref name=":0">https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/43/increased-r-d-spending-in-2016</ref>. In percentages, this is 2.03% of the GDP in 2016. In these expenses, the province of Noord-Brabant was the front runner with at least 30% of private R&D expenditure. The province of Zuid-Holland follows in second place and Noord-Holland in third place <ref name=":0" />. The distribution of private, public and charity funding is as follows; companies fund around half of all academic research and development work (R&D) in the Netherlands (49.32%), followed by central government with about a third of R&D in the Netherlands (32.34%). Research in the Netherlands also receives funding from foreign companies and from European Union research programmes (15.57%) and to a lesser extent also from other domestic sources (2.77%) <ref>https://www.rathenau.nl/en/page/funding-and-performance-rd-netherlands</ref>.
|Research Strategy=What distinguishes Dutch science today can be explained by several factors: its external orientation, its non-hierarchical, open culture, the long track of record of successful research evaluations, and the high degree of autonomy enjoyed by institutes and individual researchers. To promote innovation and the development of new knowledge, there is active and close cooperation between government, the private sector, universities and the research institutions. The Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science has come up with a Science Strategy called: 2025 – Vision for Science choices for the future <ref>https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documents/reports/2014/12/08/2025-vision-for-science-choices-for-the-future/visie-wetenschap-eng-web.pdf</ref>. The government formulated a broad-based National Science Agenda where scientific strengths are directly linked to the social challenges. This strategic action aims to create or improve large-scale infrastructure and the development of a more responsive and dynamic system of institutions. Measures to promote scientific excellence, diversity and equality are part of talks with VSNU (The Association of Universities in the Netherlands). The agreement on a new framework also include other aspects, such as an updating of the current career paths structure, opportunities for young talent, more attention for teaching and the preparation of PhD students to pursue career opportunities in other sectors.

Women in science

Women in science are still underrepresented in the Netherlands. In 2010, the female-to-male ratio was 20%. The intent in the Dutch strategy is to rebalance this ratio to at least that of the European average by 2025. It also intends to promote the appointment of more women professors. Initiatives include for example the University of Groningen’s Rosalind Franklin Fellowship, which seeks to increase the number of women in senior tenured positions and which resulted in 65% of the Fellows in previous rounds to now hold an associate or full professorship.

Funding

The acquisition of indirect funding involves a high workload in preparing detailed research proposals while the percentage of proposals which are actually approved is relatively low. The government wishes to see less pressure to publish and acquire funding and keep the science of high quality.
|Research Governance= 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="145" valign="top" {{!}}'''National bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="176" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top" {{!}}Netherlands Board on Research Integrity (LOWI)
{{!}} width="176" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://lowi.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The LOWI advises the Boards of its affiliated institutions regarding alleged violations of principles of research integrity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top" {{!}}The Netherlands Centre for Ethics and Health
{{!}} width="176" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.ceg.nl/about-ceg</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The CEG identifies and informs about developments in the field of health which deserve a place on the government’s ethical policy agenda.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top" {{!}}The Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects
{{!}} width="176" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://english.ccmo.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The CCMO protects subjects taking part in medical research by reviewing the research on the basis of the statutory provisions laid down for them and taking into account the interests of medical progress.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top" {{!}}The Central Committee on Animal Experimentation
{{!}} width="176" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The CCD is the only institution which can grant permits for animal experiments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top" {{!}}The Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification
{{!}} width="176" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://www.loketgentherapie.nl/en/gene-therapy-office/overview-of-assessment-bodies/cogem</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The task of the Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification (COGEM Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification ) is to advise the Minister of Infrastructure and Water either at the minister’s request or on its own initiative, with regard to the risks of GMOs for people and the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="145" valign="top" {{!}}The Netherlands Advice Committee on Animal Experimentation
{{!}} width="176" valign="top" {{!}}<nowiki>https://english.ncadierproevenbeleid.nl/</nowiki>
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The NCad achieves visible improvements that are specifically related to the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3Rs) of animal procedures and to the associated ethical review in scientific research (including applied scientific research) and teaching. Its goal, in doing so, is to minimize laboratory animal use at both national and international level.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=Research infrastructure

In 1992 laws concerning higher education and research (WHW: Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek) were made to enhance quality, to innovate the capacity and targeting society <ref>http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/2018-02-01</ref>. Together with the government the national bodies for research ethics and research integrity are responsible for checking whether research institutes obey the laws.

Governance

In the Netherlands, there is a law which determines that the government has to act open. In other words, there are particular tasks which must be done in public <ref>https://wob.nl/alles-over-de-wob/</ref>. This is describes in detail in the ‘Wet openbaarheid van bestuur’ <ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005252/2018-07-28</ref>.

Research with subjects

Research with subject must be done within strict rules and regulations. The ‘Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen’ and ‘Embryowet’ ensures subjects safety and the research is ethically responsible.

Research with animals

Scientific research with animals, just like research with subjects, should be done within strict rules. These rules are made to ensure protection of animals to avoid animal abuse.

Research with hazardous materials

It is important that research institutes/universities act transparent. In this way, the government can verify easily whether the research institute/university obey the law concerning hazardous materials. The goal of this law, The Nuclear Energy Act, is to protect employees, patients and other citizens against ionizing radiation <ref>https://www.autoriteitnvs.nl/onderwerpen/wet--en-regelgeving</ref><ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002402/2018-10-16</ref>.

Privacy

The ‘Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming’ contains the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. It is important that it is clear and transparent how and why personal data are processed. The goal of processing the personal data must be clarified before using the data <ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/sites/default/files/atoms/files/verordening_2016_-_679_definitief.pdf</ref><ref>https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/nl/over-privacy/wetten/algemene-verordening-gegevensbescherming-avg</ref>.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}'''Title'''
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}'''Type'''
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}This law describes the following aspects of higher education and scientific research: planning and funding; consultation; personnel; supervision; accreditation in higher education; educational offer; education; collaboration of funded higher education institutions; management and organization of the universities, open university, academic hospitals and institutions for scientific research; appeal to the administrative judge; withholding of funding; compensation and penalties; transitional provisions, including in connection with the introduction of the law and regulations in connection with mergers, conversion, demergers, relocations and transfers of management; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws until 2002; transitional and implementation provisions amending laws from 2002.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Code goed bestuur universiteiten
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The goal of this code is to create transparency of universities. In the code, the universities clarify how they implement the assignment and the scope that the law gives in the field of governance of universities. The code is based on 9 principles on the basis of which the directors and regulators of the universities affiliated with the VSNU give substance to good board [12].
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Code voor het gebruik van persoonsgegevens in wetenschappelijk onderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The code of conduct is an elaboration for researchers of the 2001 Personal Data Protection Act, which protects the privacy of Dutch citizens. This code offers researchers who work with privacy-sensitive data practical instructions on how to handle it responsibly. According to the code, no more data may be collected than is necessary for the investigation, and the data must be anonymised as much as possible. The code of conduct provides important guidelines that researchers use personal data only for research, that is, for a scientific publication, and that individuals should never be recognizable in that publication. [13,14]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}This law describes the most important rules for handling personal data in the Netherlands. [15,16]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}De Nederlandse Gedragscode wetenschappelijke Integriteit
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The code of conduct defines five principles of academic integrity, 61 standards for good research practices and the institutions' duties of care. The five principles are: honesty; accuracy; transparency; independency; accountability. [17,18]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}This law described the following aspects of medical scientific research with humans: rules for scientific research with participants; liability and insurance; obligations of those who conduct or conduct scientific research; additional rules for scientific research with medicines; the committees. [19]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Embryowet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The embyo law descibes the following aspects: rules on the control of germ cells and embryos; rules concerning scientific research with embryos outside the human body that do not induce pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with embryos outside the human body with the aim of inducing pregnancy; rules regarding scientific research with fetuses; prohibited actions with germ cells and embryos. [20]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Geneesmiddelenwet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The Medicines Act describes the following aspects: the board for the evaluation of medicines; the manufacturer's license and the wholesale license; manufacturers and wholesalers of active substances; the marketing authorization for medicines; classification of drugs; handing over and prescribing medicines; labeling and package insert; pharmacovigilance; pharmaceutical advertising; enforcement: supervision and investigation. [21]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Opiumwet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The Opium Act prohibits the possession of certain substances listed on Lists l and ll of the Opium Act. Their manufacture, preparation, processing, processing, sale, delivery, provision and transportation are also prohibited. [22]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Wet op bijzondere medische verrichtingen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}Some medical procedures are so special that only licensed licensed hospitals are allowed to perform them. This applies, for example, to open heart operations and certain organ transplants. This is stated in the Special Medical Procedures Act. [23,24]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Wet op het bevolkingsonderzoek
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}In certain cases, a permit is required to carry out population screening. This law describes in which cases the permit is needed. [25,26]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Wet openbaarheid van bestuur
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The government fulfills public disclosure in the performance of its task. This is determined in Article 110 of the Constitution. In other words, the government observes transparency in the performance of its duties. Article 110 also determines that a law must describe how the government must do this.

For example, the Wet openbaarheid bestuur (Wob) determines which information is public and when it must be provided to an applicant for information. The core objective of the Wob is to regulate the public nature of the administration and the provision of information. This is for the benefit of good and democratic governance. [27,28]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}De Kernenergiewet
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The Nuclear Energy Act lays the foundation for protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The rules of the Nuclear Energy Act protect employees, patients and other citizens against this radiation as much as possible. The Nuclear Energy Act does this by, among other things, requiring a permit for most activities involving sources of ionizing radiation. [29,30]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Kwaliteitswet zorginstellingen
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}All healthcare institutions must provide care that meets certain quality requirements. This law describes these requirements, ho wit is enforced and what the sanctions are if the requirements are not met. [31,32]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Regeling basisveiligheidsnormen stralingsbescherming
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Regeling
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection Regulation is a General Administrative Order (AMvB). It elaborates on the Nuclear Energy Act and aims to protect the population, employees and patients against the adverse effects of ionizing radiation. [33,34]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Wet op de dierproeven
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}Law
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}The goals of this law are: strengthen the protection of animals used for scientific purposes; restore a level playing field for industry and scientific research in the EU; the treatment and use of animals for scientific purposes should be subject to the Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement). [35,36]
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="234" valign="top" {{!}}Good clinical practice
{{!}} width="87" valign="top" {{!}}code
{{!}} width="280" valign="top" {{!}}Good clinical practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and wellbeing of trial subjects are protected and that clinical-trial data are credible. In addition, this standard ensures that the data obtained from clinical research is reliable. [37,38]
{{!}}}
|Measure=Ethics assessment is regulated by statutory organisations which are authorised to formulate policies for all public research institutes. An overarching body of legislation consists of the four codes that have been established by the Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU), which are the codes on personal data, scientific integrity, animal experiments, and good governance <ref>http://satoriproject.eu/media/4.f-Country-report-the-Netherlands.pdf</ref>. In addition to the policies developed by the VSNU, the statutory research funding organisation Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) formulates policies for the regulation of it funding activities for public research and Dutch Corporate Governance unions governs several ethical aspects of research by private industry. Finally, research institutes formulate their own policies on the conduct of their individual Researchers and general instances of such policy are university codes of ethics.
}}

Report:3e5de8e7-135a-45a9-82f5-bd739fd62324

2021-10-22T09:50:06Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Denmark
|Has Location=Denmark
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 42,378 full-time researchers in Denmark in 2019 <ref>1. Eurostat. Total researchers by sectors of performance – full time equivalent. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tsc00004/default/table?lang=en</ref>. Denmark has 8 universities <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Universities. 2014 Nov 14. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/education/higher-education/danish-universities</ref>, 7 university colleges <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. University Colleges. 2014 Mar 18. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/education/higher-education/university-colleges</ref>, 7 Approved Technological Institutions (GTS Institutes) which aim to spread knowledge regarding technology to the business community <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. The Danish GTS institutes. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/cooperation-between-research-and-innovation/collaboration-between-research-and-industry/danish-gts-institutes/danish-gts-institutes</ref> and 17 Danish Innovation Networks which help companies find new partners among researchers, other companies and experts in Denmark as well as abroad <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Innovation Networks Denmark. 2019 Jan 11. [cited 2021 Feb 8]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/cooperation-between-research-and-innovation/collaboration-between-research-and-industry/innovation-networks-denmark</ref>. In 2007 many Danish public research organisations were incorporated in universities which led to the reducement in number of research institutes <ref>1. Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education. The Future of Europe Depends on Knowledge. 2012. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://sciencediplomacy.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/danish-science-innovation-education.pdf</ref>. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ku.dk/english University of Copenhagen]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cbs.dk/en Copenhagen Business School]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.itu.dk/ IT University of Copenhagen]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sdu.dk/en University of Southern Denmark]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Odense, Esbjerg, Kolding, Sønderborg, Slagelse, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.au.dk/ Aarhus University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Aarhus, Rønbjerg, Viborg, Rønde, Herning, Silkeborg, Moesgaard, Horsens, Askov, Jyndevad, Årslev, Flakkebjerg, Roskilde, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ruc.dk/en/ Roskilde University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Roskilde
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.en.aau.dk/ Aalborg University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Aalborg, Esbjerg, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dtu.dk/english Technical University of Denmark]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Kongens Lyngby, Copenhagen
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2017, the gross expenditures on research and development were DKK 66.344 million or €8.921 million <ref>Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD.Stat). Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type of expenditure. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: [https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GERD_TOE https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GERD_TOE#]</ref>, which comprises 3% of the country’s GDP <ref>Eurostat. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) % of GDP. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=t2020_20&lang=en</ref>. It is one of the highest R&D intensities in EU, reaching 3.06% <ref>1. Bioenergy International. R&D expenditure in the EU increased slightly to 2.07% of GDP in 2017. 2019 Jan 13. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://bioenergyinternational.com/research-development/rd-expenditure-in-the-eu-increased-slightly-to-2-07-of-gdp-in-2017</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (64.65%), higher education (32.8%), government (2.97%) and private non-profit organisations (0.3%) <ref>1. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/dk?theme=science-technology-and-innovation</ref>.

Denmark had 2668 grants receiving €1.63 billion funding from H2020 <ref name=":0">1. H2020 Projects. [cited 2021 Feb 19]. Available from:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref>. It also had 196 ERC signed grants receiving €321.3 million from H2020 <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2018, Danish government launched the research strategy Denmark – Ready for the Future (Danmark - Klar til Fremtiden). The Strategy has two ambitious objectives. First objective, focused on enhancing the quality of research, emphasizes that Danish research must be of the highest quality (Nobel-prize level), attract talented researchers, participate in international research and innovation must be enhanced <ref name=":0">The Danish Government, Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Denmark – Ready to seize future opportunities. 2018 March. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: <nowiki>https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2018/filer/denmark-ready-to-seize-future-opportunities-pdf.pdf</nowiki></ref>. Second objective concerns research and society. It highlights development and use of the new technologies, translation of research to practice in the public sector and promotion of research with aim of building bridges between research and public <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Governance=The Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science supports the responsible research which should be aligned with the norms, values and expectations of society and create value for society in an ethical and responsible way. For this purpose, the Ministry organised conferences regarding responsible research and innovation. Moreover, research institutions in Denmark participate in the H2020 projects regarding research ethics and research integrity as a leader or partner .

The Danish National Committee on Biomedical Research Ethics coordinates the work in 11 regional committees and provides guidelines and opinions among researchers <ref>1. Eurec. National Information: Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/information/denmark.html</ref>. All research projects conducted in Denmark, involving human beings, human tissue, cells etc. must have a permission from the regional committee. Applications relating to a clinical trial must be submitted to the [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/danish-health-and-medicines-authority Danish Health and Medicines Authority] and a Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics <ref name=":0">Danish Medicines Agency. Guidelines for applications for authorisation of clinical trials of medicinal products in humans. 2019 Oct 2. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/licensing/clinical-trials/trials-in-humans/guideline-for-applications-for-authorisation-of-clinical-trials-of-medicinal-products-in-humans/</ref>. Clinical trials concerning complex areas (e.g. for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products) must be submitted to the National Committee on Health Research Ethics <ref>National Committee on Health Research Ethics. Act on Research Ethics Review of Health Research Projects. 2018 Nov 13. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://en.nvk.dk/rules-and-guidelines/act-on-research-ethics-review-of-health-research-projects</ref>.

For the clinical trials of medicinal products, the sponsor must inform the [https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/ Danish Medicines Agency] in the period of 90 days after completion of a trial, that the trial has been completed, and if it is a multinational trial the Agency must be informed after the trial is completed in Denmark. No later than one year after the trial has ended, the trial results must be entered in [https://eudract.ema.europa.eu/ EudraCT] <ref name=":0" />. Subsequently, data will be published on [http://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu].

In 2017, the Danish Research Misconduct Act came into force, establishing The Danish Committee on Research Misconduct - DCRM (previously Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty). The law stipulates the responsibility of DCRM to handle the cases of research misconduct. There is no right to appeal on decisions of DCRM to any other administrative authority. Those decisions are legally binding and sent directly to the parties involved in the case <ref name=":1">Danish National Research Foundation. Research Integrity. 2019 Sept. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://dg.dk/en/research-integrity/</ref><ref name=":2">Ministry of Higher Education and Science. The Danish Committee on Research Misconduct. 2020 Jul 20. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/councils-and-commissions/The-Danish-Committee-on-Research-Misconduct?set_language=en&cl=en</ref>. DCRM decisions are published in [https://ufm.dk/forskning-og-innovation/rad-og-udvalg/Naevnet-for-Videnskabelig-Uredelighedelighed/afgorelser/afgorelser Danish] and [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/councils-and-commissions/The-Danish-Committee-on-Research-Misconduct/decisions/decisions English] in anonymised form, as well as annual report consisting investigated cases <ref name=":2" />. Work of the DCRM and compliance of institutions with the Act is supervised by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science <ref>European Network of Research Integrity Officers (Enrio). Country Report Denmark. 2019 May. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/denmark/</ref>.

While DCRM handles cases of research misconduct, each research institution is obliged to process cases of questionable research practices. If there is a possible case of research misconduct (falsification, fabrication and plagiarism), every institution has to make an initial assessment which will determine whether research misconduct is involved. If there has been misconduct in research, the case must be forwarded to DCRM which then opens an investigation. At the request of the Committee, the research institution at which the research was conducted assists the Committee regarding specific circumstances of the case <ref name=":2" />. Research Misconduct Act stipulates the obligation of each institution to prepare a report about cases of the questionable research practices <ref name=":2" />.

The Danish Research Misconduct Act states that in processing cases of questionable research practices, research institutions can collaborate with other research institutions or external experts <ref name=":2" />. The institutions send an annual report of handled cases of questionable research practices upon which the DCRM writes the annual report about research misconduct and status of questionable research practices <ref name=":2" />.

The Act states that anyone can raise a case concerning research misconduct by submitting a notification to the research institution at which the research was conducted. In the same time, it does not contain provisions regarding the protection of whistleblowers <ref>The Danish Parliament. Act on Research Misconduct etc. (unofficial translation). 2017 April 26. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/legislation/prevailing-laws-and-regulations/research-and-innovation/Videnskabeliguredelighedeng.pdf</ref>. The Danish Code of Conduct states that persons bringing forward suspicions in good faith should be protected from reprisals <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. 2014 Nov. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2014/files-2014-1/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.pdf</ref>.

Universities usually have special advisers, practice committees, ethics committees or research integrity officers, with the purpose of handling internal cases. Special advisers are appointed at the following universities: Aarhus University, Copenhagen Business School and University of Copenhagen <ref name=":1" />. At the Aarhus University, special advisers on research integrity provide staff and students with advice regarding responsible research conduct and principles of research ethics <ref>1. Aarhus University. Advisers on the responsible conduct of research and freedom of research. 2020 Nov 23. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://medarbejdere.au.dk/en/administration/researchandtalent/responsible-conduct-of-research/advisers/</ref>. Practice committees are established at the following universities: Aarhus University, Aalborg University, Copenhagen Business School, IT University of Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde University, University of Southern Denmark <ref name=":1" />.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/councils-and-commissions/The-Danish-Committee-on-Research-Misconduct The Danish Committee on Research Misconduct]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Copes with cases of research misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.nvk.dk/ The National Committee on Health Research Ethics]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that health research projects are conducted responsibly and that the rights, safety and wellbeing of participants are protected.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.etiskraad.dk/english The Danish Council on Ethics]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Advises Danish Parliament in the aspect of biotechnology and works with ethical issues related to the health care sector.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurofawc.com/home/42 The Animal Ethics Council]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice and opinions to the Ministry of Environment and Food, regarding research involving animals. It also provides information to and engages in public debates about animal welfare and ethics.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/english/Animal/AnimalWelfare/The-Animal-Experiments-Inspectorate/Pages/default.aspx The Animal Experimentation Council]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Evaluates applications for animal experiments. The council members participate in inspections of faculties and experiments that use laboratory animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lowinputbreeds.org/partners/ucph-cebra.html Danish Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice regarding ethics in biological research.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Denmark.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.nvk.dk/rules-and-guidelines/act-on-research-ethics-review-of-health-research-projects Act on Research Ethics Review of Health Research Projects]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the legal framework for the research ethics evaluation of health research projects by the committees and lays down the tasks of the committee system on this basis.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/about/targets-and-tasks/legislation/the-danish-act-on-clinical-trials-of-medicinal-products/ Act on Clinical Trials of Medical products]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the Danish Medicines Agency’s and the medicinal research ethics committees’ assessment of and control with clinical trials of medicinal products in humans and animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10734-014-9814-1 University Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Determines universities’ obligations regarding research and education. It also describes third mission activities, the role of university boards and the organisation of universities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://stip.oecd.org/stip/policy-initiatives/2019%2Fdata%2FpolicyInitiatives%2F15809 Research Misconduct Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes RI and credibility in research by establishing up-to-date rules on handling of research misconduct and questionable research practice.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/legislation/prevailing-laws-and-regulations/research-and-innovation/executive-order-on-the-danish-committees-on-scientific-dishonesty.pdf Executive Order on the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Defines the research dishonesty and aims at strengthening RI.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://europam.eu/data/mechanisms/FD/FD%20Laws/Denmark/Denmark%20Public%20Administration%20Act%202013%20webpage%20DK.html Public Administration Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures transparency among authorities, focusing on freedom of information and expression, citizens’ participation in democracy, public control of public administration, media dissemination of information to the public and trust in public administration.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training ''' '''

Danish Code of Conduct emphasizes the importance of teaching and training regarding research integrity as well as the responsibility of the research institution to ensure that adequate training and education is provided. Moreover, the Code of Conduct states that PhD and postdoctoral programmes should include specific research integrity teaching and training. Hence, universities and other research institutions provide training for the responsible conduct of research at all levels <ref name=":0">Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. 2014 Nov. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2014/files-2014-1/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.pdf</ref>.

There are also various resources for RE and RI training:

[https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ALLEA-European-Code-of-Conduct-for-Research-Integrity-2017.pdf European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

[https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2009/the-danish-committees-on-scientific-guidelines-for-good-scientific-practice The Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty - Guidelines for Good Scientific Practice]

[https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2014/files-2014-1/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.pdf The Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

RI dialogue and communication

Ethics committees organise an annual meeting for their members and the national committee meets at least twice a year for the purposes of the coordination <ref>1. Eurec. National Information: Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/information/denmark.html</ref>. The [https://ufm.dk/en/the-ministry/organisation/danish-agency-for-higher-education-and-science Danish Agency for Higher Education and Science] under the Ministry of Higher Education and Science organises annual meetings with the key stakeholders in Danish research to work on the policies for the research integrity. Moreover, there are annual conferences organised by different research institutions regarding RI<ref>1. European Network of Research Integrity Officers (Enrio). Denmark. Danish Committee on Research Misconduct (DCRM). [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/denmark/</ref>.

Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science actively works on the promotion of science among the general public. Thus, several events were organised to bring closer researchers, science and society. Moreover, the Ministry is active in the field of responsible research and innovations since it is important for the creation of a dialogue between researchers and citizens. Danish research institutions are participating in a number of Horizon 2020 projects aiming to build an effective approach for cooperation between science and society. In 2012 the Ministry of Higher Education and Science hosted the conference [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/responsible-research-and-innovation/science-in-dialogue Science in Dialogue]. The goal of the conference was to discuss how to develop the dialogue and interaction between science and society. In 2014, the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science hosted [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/euroscience-open-forum-2014 Euroscience Open Forum] themed “Science Building Bridges”, as a symbol of closing the distance between science and society with aim of forging European scientific integration.

The [https://taftie.eu/content/daieg-denmark Danish Agency for Institutions and Educational Grants] manages programs to promote collaboration and interaction between companies and knowledge institutions <ref>1. The European Network of Innovation Agencies. DAIEG – Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/international-cooperation/global-cooperation/bilateral-cooperation</ref>. The Ministry of Higher Education and Science has initiated the internationalisation of Danish science by bilateral cooperation agreements and Innovation Centres abroad. Centres ensure for Danish companies and research institution to access foreign knowledge, networks, technology, funds and markets <ref>1. Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Global cooperation. 2019 Jul 18. [cited 2021 Feb 8]. Available from:

https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/international-cooperation/global-cooperation</ref>.

Universities provide future plans for developing the dialogue between research and society <ref>Aarhus University. Internationalisation Strategy 2014-2020. [cited 2021 Feb 4]. Available from: https://www.e-pages.dk/aarhusuniversitet/893/html5/</ref><ref>1. University of Copenhagen. Talent and collaboration. Strategy 2023. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://about.ku.dk/strategy2023/download-pdf/strategy_2023_UK_print.pdf</ref>. Denmark has a high level of social trust and people usually have a high level of trust in public institutions <ref>1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Once more, Denmark is the world’s least corrupt country. 2020 Jan 27. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://investindk.com/insights/once-more-denmark-is-the-worlds-least-corrupt-country</ref>. Cases of research misconduct are occasionally discussed in the lay press.

RI incentives

Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity emphasizes importance of implementing RI training at universities <ref name=":0" />. There are also award for outstanding and innovative researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1360144X.2019.1595626 RI training at PhD programmes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://akkr.dk/en/about-us/about-the-danish-accreditation-institution/ Danish Accreditation Institution]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eurashe.eu/about/partners/eva/ Danish Evaluation Institute (EVA)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/elite-research Elite Research Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://innovationsfonden.dk/en/innovation-fund-denmarks-awards Innovation Fund Denmark]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:4ad293ad-5227-40db-a597-302d0b281bf3

2021-10-22T09:49:29Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Estonia
|Has Location=Estonia
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 4,968 full-time researchers in Estonia <ref>Estonian Research Council. The number, age and salary of Estonian researchers. 2020 Oct 16. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/activities/analysis/the-number-age-and-salary-of-estonian-researchers/</ref>. Estonia had 20 positively evaluated R&D institutions <ref>1. Research in Estonia. Positively evaluated Estonian R&D institutions. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from:

https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/evaluated/</ref>: 6 public universities and 1 private university <ref>Research in Estonia. Universities. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/universities/</ref>, 7 public research organisations and 6 private research institutions <ref>Raudvere K, Niinemets Ü, Karo E, Kattel R, Villems R. Estonian Research 2019. Estonian Research Council 2019. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Estonian_Research_2019_veeb.pdf</ref>.

In addition to the evaluated R&D institutions, there are other public and private R&D intensive institutions, as well as 4 science and technology parks <ref>Tartu Science Park. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://teaduspark.ee/en/about-us/</ref><ref>Tehnopol. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://www.tehnopol.ee/en/</ref><ref>Tartu Biotechnology Park. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://biopark.ee/?lang=en</ref><ref>Pakri. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://pakri.ee/en/pakri/</ref>, 6 competence centers <ref name=":0">Research in Estonia. Competence centers. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/competence-centers/9</ref> and 9 centers of excellence <ref name=":1">Research in Estonia. Centers of excellence. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/centers-of-excellence/</ref>.

Most research in Estonia is performed at universities and the leading centre for research and training is the University of Tartu <ref>Research in Estonia. Research institutions. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/</ref>. Centers of Excellence present collaboration of different research groups and have been established for the improvement of scientific research <ref name=":1" />. Competence Centers present cooperation of public authorities, research institutions and enterprises <ref name=":0" />. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut.ee/en University of Tartu]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tartu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.taltech.ee/en/ Tallinn University of Technology]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn,
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tlu.ee/en Tallinn University]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.emu.ee/en/ Estonian University of Life Sciences]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tartu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.artun.ee/en/home/ Estonian Academy of Arts]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eamt.ee/en/ Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private university'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ebs.ee/en Estonian Business School]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €452,97 million, which comprises 1.61% of the country’s GDP <ref>1. Statistics Estonia. TD052: Research and development expenditures and their financing from state and local budgets. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from:

http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TD052</ref>. Must funding was spent in the business sector (53,3%), higher education (35,3%), government (10,2%) and private non-profit organisations (1,2%) <ref>Statistics Estonia. TD052: Research and development expenditures and their financing from state and local budgets. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TD052</ref>.

In 2020, Estonia had 638 grants and 806 participations in H2020 projects, receiving €240,3 million funding from H2020 <ref>H2020 Country Profile. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Estonia</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=The Estonian Research and Development and Innovation Strategy 2014-2020 “Knowledge-based Estonia” was approved by the Estonian government in 2013 and Parliament in 2014 <ref name=":0">1. Republic of Estonia Ministry of Education and Research. Estonian Research and Development and Innovation Strategy 2014-2020. “Knowledge-based Estonia”. 2014. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/estonian_rdi_strategy_2014-2020.pdf</ref>. The Strategy set four main goals for Estonia. First, research in Estonia should reach high level and be diverse. This means internationally competitive and visible research, covering higher education and culture. Second, research and development reflects the needs of the Estonian society and economy. Third, research and development investments should encourage the development of target growth areas (information and communication technology, health technologies and services and more effective use of resources). Fourth, Estonia should be active and visible in international research and development cooperation <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Governance=The Estonian Research Council promotes research integrity in Estonia <ref>Estonian Research Council. Research Integrity. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/research-integrity/</ref>, but there is no institution at the national level tasked with the implementation of research integrity among different institutions.

[https://www.ut.ee/en/research-ethics-committee-university-tartu Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu] and [https://www.tai.ee/en/about-us/tallinn-medical-research-ethics-commitee Research Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Health Development] are two main ethics committees on research involving human subject. [https://www.sm.ee/et/eesti-bioeetika-ja-inimuuringute-noukogu The Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research], established at the Ministry of Social Affairs, is responsible for ethics approvals concerning the research of [https://genomics.ut.ee/en/about-us/estonian-genome-centre Estonian Genome Center]. Together with the [https://www.agri.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/loomade-tervis-heaolu-ja-aretus/loomade-heaolu#loomkatsed Project Authorisation Committee for Animal Experiments], these committees provide oversight on research with humans or animals, but also in research involving human genes <ref name=":0">Eetikaveeb. Ethics in Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia-0</ref>. Estonian Research Ethics Committees write annual reports to the State Agency of Medicines and to the governmental bodies of their institution <ref>Eurec. National Information: Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/estonia.html</ref>. There are also two clinical ethics committees, the Ethics Committee of the Tallinn’s Children Hospital and Ethics Committee of the Tartu University Hospital <ref name=":0" />.

Registration of clinical trials including medicinal products is mandatory and regulated by the Medicinal Products Act <ref>1. Republic of Estonia. Clinical trials of medicinal products in Estonia. 2021 Feb 1. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.ravimiamet.ee/en/clinical-trials-medicinal-products-estonia</ref>.

Ethics committees are also responsible for investigation of alleged research misconduct. For example, the Statute of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu states that in the case of the violation of research ethical principles, a member of the Committee has the right to delay the processing of the application or its approval until the circumstances are clarified <ref>University of Tartu. Statute of the Research Ethics of the University of Tartu. (Unofficial translation). 2010 July 7. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.ut.ee/sites/default/files/ut_files/Tartu%20%C3%9Clikooli%20inimuuringute%20eetika%20komitee%20statuut_eng_Dima_puhas.pdf</ref>.

The Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity states that the research institution ensures the confidentiality of dealing with possible breaches and protects the dignity and inviolability of private life of all the parties involved <ref>1. Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. 2007 Oct. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.etag.ee/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/HEA-TEADUSTAVA_eng.pdf</ref>. Nevertheless, Estonia’s whistle-blower protection framework is one of the weakest in Europe. Public officials are required to report corruption and 2013 Amendment to Anti-Corruption Act protects public officials from retaliation. The country does not provide protection for public employees who report misconduct other than corruption or for private sector whistle-blowers. There is no anti-corruption institution in Estonia not agency that copes with whistle-blower issues. Corruption reports can be submitted to the Central Criminal Police through a hotline <ref>1. Briefing Paper Whistleblower Protection in the EU. Whistleblower Protection in Estonia. 2018. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.changeofdirection.eu/assets/briefings/EU%20briefing%20paper%20-%20Estonia%20-%20english.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.etag.ee/en/estonian-research-council/ Estonian Research Council]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Concentrates the funding of R&D and guarantees the better functioning of financing systems.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.agri.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/loomade-tervis-heaolu-ja-aretus/loomade-heaolu#loomkatsed Project Authorisation Committee for Animal Experiments]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Provides oversight on research involving animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut.ee/en/research-ethics-committee-university-tartu Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Assesses the ethical aspects of human research in the field of medicine and natural sciences and other human research.
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://tai.ee/en/about-us/tallinn-medical-research-ethics-commitee Research Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Health Development]
{{!}}Provides its expert opinion for all surveys involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sm.ee/et/eesti-bioeetika-ja-inimuuringute-noukogu Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Coordinates the activities of the committees and advises policy makers and governmental institutions in bioethics-related questions. It also participates in the preparation of relevant laws and governmental acts and educates the public about the issues in bioethics. Gives ethics approvals concerning the research of Estonian Genome Center.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Estonia.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/529122020002/consolide/current Medicinal Products Act]
 
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the safety, quality and efficacy of medicinal products in Estonia. It also promotes the use of medicinal products for their intended purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013045/consolide/current Animal Protection Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the protection of animals from human acts or omissions that may endanger their health and welfare.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/513042015012/consolide/current Organisation of Research and Development Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the grounds for the organisation of research and development as a component of Estonian culture and the Estonian economy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/Riigikogu/act/525062020001/consolide Higher Education Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the bases of organisation of studies at the level of higher education; the rights and obligations upon studying at the level of higher education; and the bases of the operations of education institutions organising studies at the level of higher education.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/jobs/charter The European Charter & Code for Researchers]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}The Charter and Code ensure that researchers can enjoy the same rights and obligations in any European country.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013038/consolide/current Gender Equality Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures and promotes equal treatment of men and women ss a fundamental human right and for the public good in all areas of social life.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013066/consolide/current Equal Treatment Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the protection of persons against discrimination on grounds of nationality (ethnic origin), race, colour, religion or other beliefs, age, disability or sexual orientation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

Courses in ethics constitute an integral part of higher education in Estonia. All Estonian universities offer introductory courses in ethics <ref name=":0">Eetikaveeb. Ethics in Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia-0</ref>. Important resource for RE and RI training is [https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia/estonian-code-conduct-research-integrity Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity].

RI dialogue and communication

The statement of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU “Tallinn Call for Action 2017” emphasizes the importance of building trust between research and society on several levels including academia, media, research performing organisations and research funding organisations <ref>1. Tallinn Call for Action 2017. Seize the opportunity now: research and innovation matter for the future of Europe. Statement of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/tallinn_call_for_action_2017.pdf</ref>.

Collaborative science is promoted by the Estonian Research Council through various programs and organisations which offer project grants: [https://www.etag.ee/en/funding/partnership-funding/mobilitas-pluss-partnership-and-co-operation/ Mobilitas Pluss partnership and Co-operation], [https://www.lmt.lt/en/research-funding/international-collaborations/baltic-research-programme/3344 Baltic Research Cooperation Programme], [https://www.nordforsk.org/ NordForsk], [https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/docs/h2020-funding-guide/cross-cutting-issues/era-net_en.htm ERA-NET Cofund] and [https://www.era-learn.eu/network-information/networks/bonus-169 Bonus Programme]. In the personal research funding applications, one assessment criterion is international cooperation <ref>Estonian Research Council. Partnership and Co-operation Funding. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/funding/partnership-funding/</ref>. [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/245536 OpenGENE—Opening Estonian Genome Project for European Research Area] is conducted in order to raise public awareness of ethical issues related to gene banks and to increase people’s trust towards data banks <ref>1. Lõuk K. from Philosophical Ethics, Bioethics and Medical Ethics to the Ethics of Science and New Technologies. An overview of the research projects of the Centre for Ethics, 2006-2011. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.eetikakeskus.ut.ee/sites/default/files/eetikakeskus/files/From%20Philosophical%20Ethics%2C%20Bioethics%20and%20Medical%20Ethics%20to%20the%20Ethics%20of%20Science%20and%20New%20Technologies.pdf</ref>.

The [https://www.etis.ee/Portal/News/Index/?IsLandingPage=true&lang=ENG Estonian Research Information System (ETIS)] is a national register in which information on R&D institutions, researchers, projects and research results are presented and open for everyone <ref>Estonian Research Information System. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: [https://www.etis.ee/Portal/News/Index/?IsLandingPage=true&lang=ENG https://www.etis.ee/Portal/News/Index/?IsLandingPage=true&lang=ENG#]</ref>. Research Libraries responsible for the collection, preservation and processing of scientific information and making such information available by providing public services <ref>Republic of Estonia Ministry of Education and Research. Financing of the infrastructure. 2017 May 5. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.hm.ee/en/activities/research-and-development/financing-infrastructure</ref>.

The Ethics Centre of the University of Tartu is mostly scientifically oriented but it is also active in addressing ethical topics in society <ref>Estonian Research Council. Research Integrity. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/research-integrity/</ref>. It organises annual conferences and events for the promotion of ethics among different scientific disciplines <ref>University of Tartu Centre for Ethics. Research events. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.eetikakeskus.ut.ee/en/research/events</ref>. Research ethics committees share information with each other twice per year seminars for research ethics committees are organised for the purposes of networking <ref>Eurec. National Information: Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/estonia.html</ref>.

Lay press occasionally discusses research integrity.

RI incentives

University of Tallinn provides training in research integrity via some of its courses <ref name=":0" />. The Estonian Academy of Sciences offers support to its researchers through various awards.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eetikakeskus.ut.ee/en Centre for Ethics (University of Tartu)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia-0 Research ethics courses (University Tallinn)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eqar.eu/register/agencies/agency/?id=24 Estonian Quality Agency for Higher and Vocational Education]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hm.ee/en/activities/research-and-development/national-research-awards National Research Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Endel Lippmaa Memorial Lecture and Memorial Medal]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Memorial medals (disciplinary)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Medals of the Estonian Academy of Sciences]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Scholarships of the Academy]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Student research prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:2e3c5d2d-ea34-40f6-86ac-67fbc796919f

2021-10-22T09:48:50Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Finland
|Has Location=Finland
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 51,500 full-time researchers in Finland <ref>1. Statistics Finland. 1. Research and development 2019. 2020 Oct 29. [cited 2021 March 8]. Available from:

https://www.stat.fi/til/tkke/2019/tkke_2019_2020-10-29_kat_001_en.html</ref>. Finland has 14 universities, 22 universities of applied sciences, 12 state research institutes, 4 science agencies and research institutes under the steering of the Ministry of Education and Culture, 4 academic institutes abroad and non-profit limited company: CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd (owned by the State and higher education institutions) <ref name=":0">Ministry of Education and Culture. Higher education institutions, science agencies, research institutes and other public research organisations. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://minedu.fi/en/heis-and-science-agencies</ref>.

Finland has several research libraries: The National Library of Finland, the libraries of universities and universities of applied sciences, Library of Parliament, Library of Statistics and other specialised libraries at research institutes, government agencies and museums <ref name=":0" />.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aalto.fi/en Aalto University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Espoo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.helsinki.fi/en University of Helsinki]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uef.fi/en University of Eastern Finland]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Joensuu, Kuopio
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.jyu.fi/en University of Jyväskylä]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Jyväskylä
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ulapland.fi/EN University of Lapland]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Rovaniemi
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lut.fi/web/en/ LUT University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Lappeenranta, Lahti
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oulu.fi/university/ University of Oulu]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Oulu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hanken.fi/en Hanken School of Economics]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki, Vaasa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uniarts.fi/en/ University of the Arts Helsinki]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki, Kuopio, Seinäjoki
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tuni.fi/en Tampere University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Tampere
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utu.fi/en University of Turku]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Turku
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univaasa.fi/en University of Vaasa]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Vaasa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.abo.fi/en/?lang=en Åbo Akademi University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Turku
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu.fi/en/frontpage National Defence University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €6.7 billion, which comprises 2.79% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">1. Statistics Finland. 1. Research and development 2019. 2020 Oct 29. [cited 2021 March 8]. Available from:

https://www.stat.fi/til/tkke/2019/tkke_2019_2020-10-29_kat_001_en.html</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business enterprise sector (65.6%), higher education (25.4%) and government sector (9.0%) <ref name=":0" />. Finland had 2.067 signed grants receiving €1.42 billion and 149 ERC grants, receiving €225.5 million <ref>H2020 Country Profile. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Finland</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2013, Finnish government launched the Finland’s Strategy and Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2014-2020. The Strategy’s main scope was to be recognized for its “internationally competitive science and high-quality research infrastructures” by renewing teaching, society and the business sector using following measures: long-term development of research infrastructures, improvements to the access to and collaborative use of research infrastructures, supporting of the funding base of research infrastructures, provision of a basis for the methodological development of research infrastructures and evaluation of the significance and impact of research infrastructures <ref>Finland’s Strategy and Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2014-2020. The Finnish Infrastructure Committee. 2014. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.aka.fi/globalassets/2-suomen-akatemian-toiminta/4-julkaisut/webroadmap2014eng.pdf?_t_id=0_0szSg0ut6-HZKSE3qI6A%3D%3D&_t_uuid=KXU9ajPzQU6G-6JJwq_yJA&_t_q=roadmap&_t_tags=language%3Aen%2Csiteid%3A89e2ba17-5f81-4e18-a6e2-27ce1774d3e5%2Candquerymatch&_t_hit.id=AkaFi_Web_Models_Media_PdfFile/_26807aeb-59d9-45d6-991e-c28219d77720&_t_hit.pos=3</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=Finland has several national bodies for research ethics and research integrity. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK) is appointed by the Ministry of Education and Culture on the proposal of the scientific community. TENK monitors research integrity by following and compiling statistics on violations of responsible conduct of research and acting as an appeal body on RCR investigations. It has issued national guidelines on research integrity and on ethical review in the human sciences. All Finnish research organisations are committed to these guidelines <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. TENK. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://tenk.fi/en/tenk</ref>. Besides research integrity TENK also coordinates the ethical reviewing of the human sciences. Ethical review of non-medical research involving human participants is based on a set of guidelines drawn up by the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK - [https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2021-01/Ethical_review_in_human_sciences_2020.pdf The ethical principles of research with human participants and ethical review in the human sciences in Finland. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK guidelines 2019].

TENK has created a network of Research Integrity Advisers. It has trained more than 144 advisers in 74 research organisations that provide advices to researchers and other staff in their organisations <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. Research Integrity Advisers. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://tenk.fi/en/research-misconduct/research-integrity-advisers</ref>.

Finland has 9 regional research ethics committees established by the University hospital districts <ref name=":0">1. European Network of Research Ethics Committees Eurec. National information: Finland. [cited 2021 March 4].
Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/finland.html</ref>. There are independent and voluntary based research ethics committees for other fields, such as humanities or studies on national registers at universities and research centres <ref name=":0" />. There are also many local ethics committees in hospitals, research institutes and universities <ref>Ethics Committees in Finland. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

https://www.tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/Ethics_committees_in_Finland.pdf</ref>.

Finnish institutions have a high degree of cooperation when it comes to handling violations of research integrity and research ethics. Procedures for dealing with misconduct can be found in TENK guidelines which were signed by all universities, majority of universities of applied sciences and publicly funded research institutions. Guidelines suggest that each institution should deal with possible cases of misconduct <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. Organisations committed to the RCR guidelines. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

https://tenk.fi/en/research-misconduct/organisations-committed-rcr-guidelines</ref>. Research organisations who signed the agreement for adhering to TENK guidelines have taken the responsibility to follow the procedures named in guidelines when it comes to dealing with cases of alleged violations of the responsible conduct of research. The decision whether a violation of research integrity occurred is brought by the rector of the university, or if the university so decides, the chancellor, the rector of a university of applied sciences, or the director of the research organisation. The allegations of research misconduct and decision related to the allegations are reported to TENK for the purpose of monitoring the compliance with guidelines. If a party in the process is unsatisfied with the decision, the TENK statement regarding the case can be requested in the period of 6 months.

TENK does not publish its concrete decisions, but according to the Finnish law of general publicity, all official documents are available for stakeholders. Usually, rector investigates the alleged violations of research integrity upon the notification but in some cases, it can conduct the investigation of allegations that have come to his/her attention from other channels. Furthermore, TENK can also initiate the investigation if it has reasons to suspect misconduct occurred at the research organisation.

If the allegations of research misconduct are unfounded, the rector’s decision to stop the investigation process can be publicly announced. Moreover, if the investigation confirms the research misconduct the findings contained in the final report must be published at least in the publication channel where the fraudulent research findings or results based on fraudulent means have already been published. If the investigation finds that the person alleged of misconduct has not violated the responsible conduct of research, an effort must be made to publish the findings of the investigation in an appropriate publication channel if the person alleged of misconduct wants, or if there are other compelling reasons. TENK statements are publicly available and in its annual report cases of research misconduct are presented in the anonymous form <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. Investigation of allegations. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.tenk.fi/en/investigation-of-allegations</ref>.

According to TENK guidelines, the written allegation of research misconduct cannot be submitted anonymously. Moreover, in accordance with The Act on Openness of Government, the research organisation is when sending the documents to TENK, obliged to take into account the secrecy obligations that apply to the information included in the documents <ref>Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity. Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland. Guidelines of the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity 2012. 2021 Nov 14. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/HTK_ohje_2012.pdf</ref>.

Interventional clinical trials on medicinal products must be reported to the Finnish Medicine Agency (FIMEA). FIMEA does not need to be notified of investigations other than interventional trials <ref name=":1">Fimea. Clinical Drug Trials. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.fimea.fi/web/en/supervision/clinical_drug_trials</ref>. The sponsor or the person responsible for the trial must provide a report on the results of the trial to FIMEA, not later than one year after the trial ends. The report on the results must also be submitted to the EU Clinical Trials Register <ref name=":1" />.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tenk.fi/en Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes the responsible conduct of research, prevents research misconduct, promotes discussion and spreads information on research integrity in Finland. It has issued national guidelines on research integrity and on ethical review in the human sciences. It acts as an appeal body on RCR investigations, monitors RI by following and complying statistics on violations of RCR, coordinates the ethical reviewing of the human sciences and provides advice in problematic situations.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://etene.fi/en/frontpage National Advisory Board on Social Welfare and Health Care Ethics (ETENE)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Discusses general principles in ethical issues in the field of social welfare and health care.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tukija.fi/en/frontpage National Committee on Medical Research Ethics (TUKIJA)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Serves as an expert on research ethics, advises regional ethics committees in the matters of ethical principle related to medical research and provides training. It is responsible for issuing opinions on the ethics of clinical drug trials that are to be run in Finland unless this task is delegated to a regional ethics committee. The Committee also evaluates the conditions for establishing a biobank.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mmm.fi/en/laboratory-animals Council on the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Monitors and promotes the implementation of the principle of replacement, reduction and refinement (“3R principle”). It issues proposals and statements to promote the principle and gives statements on other important measures and proposals concerning the use and welfare of animals used for scientific or educational purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.btnk.fi/en/ National Advisory Board on Biotechnology]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes cooperation between authorities, researchers and operators in biotechnology, monitors developments and research in gene technology as well as its health and environmental impacts. In addition, the Board monitors and promotes international cooperation in biotechnology and takes into account the ethical considerations of gene technology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://geenitekniikanlautakunta.fi/en/frontpage Board for Gene Technology]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Acts as the authorising body regarding the use of genetically modified organisms in accordance with the Gene Technology Act (377/1995).
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Finland.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2010/en20100820_20100820.pdf Decree on the National Committee on Medical Research Ethics]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Supports and coordinates the activities of the regional ethics committees in connection with the procedures regarding requesting opinions, participates in international cooperation regarding research ethics issues and collects and conveys information on research ethics issues. It also conveys information on the international discussion on ethics in the field of medical research and promotes the public discussion on medical and biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990488_20100794.pdf Medical Research Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Provides basic rules for medical research with humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1995/en19950377_20100955.pdf Gene Technology Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes safe and ethical use and development of gene technology. It protects human and animal health and the environment when carrying out the contained use or deliberate release of genetically modified organisms into the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1992/en19920785 Act on the Status and Rights of Patients]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the patients’ status and rights in health care and medical care.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/2006/en20060062.pdf Act on the Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures keeping and using animals in experimental animal activities only for necessary and important reasons.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2001/en20010101_20130277.pdf Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Lays down provisions on the use of:

- human organs, tissues and cells for the treatment of human disease or injury

- organs intended for transplantation

- human embryos for a purpose other than fertility treatment or medical research-

- human organs, tissues, cells and tissue samples for a purpose other than that for which they were removed or retained

- cadaver for medical teaching and research etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990523_20000986.pdf Personal Data Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Implements the protection of private life and other basic rights which safeguard the right to privacy and in the processing of personal data. It also promotes the development of and compliance with good processing practice.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990621_20150907.pdf Act on the Openness of Government Activities]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Defines objectives of the right of access and the duties of the authorities regarding openness and good practice on information management in government.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

There are various resources for RE and RI training. TENK has issued several guidelines regarding

research misconduct:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/HTK_ohje_2012.pdf Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland. Guidelines of the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity 2012]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/RCR_notification_form.docx Template for reporting allegations of violation of the responsible conduct of research (DOCX)]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_Research_Integrity_Advisers_2018.pdf Recommendations of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK for Research Integrity Advisers]

ethical review in human sciences:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2021-01/Ethical_review_in_human_sciences_2020.pdf The ethical principles of research with human participants and ethical review in the human sciences in Finland. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK guidelines 2019]

curriculum Vitae:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_CV_template.pdf Researcher’s Curriculum Vitae Template. Recommendation of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK 2020]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_CV_template.docx Researcher's Curriculum Vitae Template. Recommendation of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK (DOCX)]

authorship:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_suositus_tekijyys.pdf Agreeing on authorship. Recommendation for research publications]

doctoral dissertations:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_UNIFI_recommendations_supervision_of_doctoral_dissertations.pdf Supervision of doctoral dissertations and their review process in Finland with a special emphasis on research integrity. Recommendations to universities by the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity and Universities Finland UNIFI.]

National Committee on Medical Research Ethics (TUKIJA) provides [https://tukija.fi/en/seminar-materials TUKIJA’s seminar materials] for RE and RI training.

RI dialogue and communication

A “Science Barometer” is published every third year. It reflects opinions of the public to on the impact of research to the society and credibility of universities and other research institutions in comparison to other societal institutions (church, parliament, court, police etc.). According to the Barometer, public perception of research integrity and trust in science in Finland is on a high level <ref>Summary of the Finnish Science Barometer 2019. A study of the Finns’ Attitudes towards Science and Their Opinions on Scientific and Technological Progress. 2019. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

http://www.tieteentiedotus.fi/files/Sciencebarometer_2019_23122019.pdf</ref>.

Research integrity is discussed in the lay press occasionally. The Finnish media wrote about scientific misconduct and TENK’s role and authority in the control of scientific misconduct <ref>Salminen A, Pitkänen L. Finnish Research Integrity Barometer 2018. The Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK 2/2020. [cited 2021 May 25]. Available from: https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2020-12/Finnish_Research_Integrity_Barometer_2018.pdf</ref>.

RI incentives

Research integrity is a party of institutional quality assessment in Finland <ref>Aalto University. Research Ethics and Research Integrity. 2020 Dec 9. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: [https://www.aalto.fi/services/research-ethics-and-research-integrity) https://www.aalto.fi/services/research-ethics-and-research-integrity]</ref>. The universities have a duty to organise an international research assessment every sixth year to measure the quality of research. The Academy of Finland conducts, coordinates and commissions evaluations of research with a view to improving both its performance and the quality and impact of Finnish science and research <ref>Academy of Finland. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.aka.fi/en/</ref>.

TENK provides annual training for advisers who are later appointed to research institutions to give advice concerning research integrity <ref>1. Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity. Action Plan: 1 February 2016-31 January 2019. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

https://www.tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/media/TENK_action_plan_2016_2018.pdf</ref>.

PhD programs at universities use online courses for the education on research integrity. There is also some training in research integrity for teachers at universities and universities of applied sciences regarding RI but it should be further developed and adapted in institutions <ref>Löfström, E. Teaching and learning Research Integrity. Responsible Research. 2018 May 19. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://vastuullinentiede.fi/en/doing-research/teaching-and-learning-research-integrity</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tenk.fi/en/research-misconduct/research-integrity-advisers TENK’s annual training for research integrity advisers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aka.fi/en/ The Academy of Finland]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.aka.fi/en/about-us/scientists-behind-the-research/academy-of-finland-awards/ Academy of Finland Awards - awards for outstanding researchers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nfid.org/awards/finland The Maxwell Finland Award for Scientific Achievement]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://taf.fi/millennium-technology-prize/ The Millennium Technology Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:E25203e2-0465-4272-9f37-1f299810864b

2021-10-22T09:48:07Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=France
|Has Location=France
|Research Infrastructure=In 2016, there were 431,000 full-time researchers in France <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref>. France has three types of higher education institutions: Universities, Grandes écoles, and specialized schools <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref>. There are 27 COMUEs – public institutions that bring together and coordinate higher education and research institutions in the same academic or inter-academic area <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref>.

Apart from that, France has 34 public institutions of scientific and technological character, public industrial and commercial establishments, foundations and special institutes in France <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref> as well as 4 National Research Alliances, thematic groupings of research organizations and higher education institutions <ref>Alliance nationale de recherche pour l’environnement. Other national research alliances. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from: https://www.allenvi.fr/allenvi/autres-alliances-de-recherche</ref>.

Higher education institutions that provide university degrees, including a doctorate <ref>Ministère de L’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de L’Innovation. Higher education institutions accredited to award the doctorate. Last updated 2020 May 24. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from:

https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid148415/etablissements-enseignement-superieur-francais-accredites-delivrer-doctorat.html</ref>, are listed below in the table.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation '''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}'''City '''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public higher education institutions'''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://agrosupdijon.fr/ AgroSup Dijon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Dijon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-amu.fr/en/public/presentation-university Aix-Marseille University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marseille
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://artsetmetiers.fr/ Arts and Métiers Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://univ-avignon.fr/site-institutionnel-de-l-universite-d-avignon-859.kjsp Avignon University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Avignon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bordeaux-inp.fr/en Bordeaux INP]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://centralelille.fr/centrale-lille/ Centrale Lille Institute]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villeneuve-d'Ascq
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ec-lyon.fr/ Central Lyon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.centrale-marseille.fr/en Marseille Central]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marseille,
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ec-nantes.fr/english-version Central Nantes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cnam.eu/site-en/ National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cyu.fr/ CY Cergy Paris University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehesp.fr/en/the-school/organisation/ School of Advanced Studies in Public Health]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes, Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehess.fr/en/en/ehess-glance School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences (Ehess)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ecoledesponts.fr/en/welcome-school ParisTech Bridge School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enib.fr/en/ National Engineering School of Brest (ENIB)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Plouzané
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enise.fr/ National Engineering School of Saint-Etienne (ENISE)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Etienne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enac.fr/en National School of Civil Aviation]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Biscarrosse, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Grenoble, Melun, Montpellier, Muret, Saint-Yan, Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rennes.archi.fr/ Brittany National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Ecole, Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enscm.fr/en/ Montpellier National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Grande ecole
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nantes.archi.fr/ Nantes National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.toulouse.archi.fr/fr Toulouse National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bordeaux.archi.fr/ Bordeaux National School of Architecture and Landscape]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Talence
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enscm.fr/fr/ Montpellier National School of Chemistry (ENSCM)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensc-rennes.fr/ Rennes National School of Chemistry]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ens-lyon.fr/en/ Lyon Higher Normal School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ens-rennes.fr/ Rennes Higher Normal School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensicaen.fr/ ENSICaen (National School of Engineers of Caen)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Caen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ens2m.fr/ ENSMM (National School of Mechanics and Microengineering of Besançon)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Besançon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://ensai.fr/en/ GENES - ENSAI (Group of National Schools of Economics and Statistics - National School of Statistics and Information Analysis)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Palaiseau
 
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ifp-school.com/ IFPEN - IFP School (French Institute of New Energy Petroleum)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rueil-Malmaison
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.inalco.fr/ INALCO (National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.inp-toulouse.fr/en/index.html INP Toulouse]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-centrevaldeloire.fr/en/ INSA Center Val-de-Loire]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Blois, Bourges
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-lyon.fr/en/discover-insa-lyon INSA Lyon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villeurbanne, Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-rennes.fr/en.html INSA Rennes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-rouen.fr/ INSA Rouen]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rouen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-toulouse.fr/fr/index.html INSA Toulouse]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.institut-agro.fr/fr Agro Institute]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.imt.fr/en/ Institut Mines Telecom (for its 4 internal schools: Mines Albi-Carmaux, Mines d'Alès, Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, IMT Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Albi, Alès, Brest, Douai, Evry, Lille, Nancy, Nantes, Paris, Saint-Étienne,Sophia-Antipolis

{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ip-paris.fr/ Polytechnic Institute of Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensma.fr/ ISAE - ENSMA (National School of Mechanics and Aerotechnics)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Chasseneuil-du-Poitou
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.isae-supaero.fr/fr/ ISAE - SUPAERO]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-larochelle.fr/ La Rochelle University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}La Rochelle
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-lemans.fr/en/index.html Le Mans University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Le Mans
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mnhn.fr/fr National Museum of Natural History (MNHN)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oniris-nantes.fr/ ONIRIS Nantes (National Veterinary, Food and Food School)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/en Sorbonne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/fr/index.html Bordeaux Montaigne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon1.fr/ Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uca.fr/en Clermont Auvergne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Clermont-Ferrand
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://univ-cotedazur.fr/ Côte d'Azur University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nice
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-angers.fr/fr/index.html University of Angers]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Angers
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-artois.fr/artois-university University of Artois]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Arras
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-evry.fr/accueil.html University of Evry Val d'Essonne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Evry
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-orleans.fr/en University of Orleans]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Orléans
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bordeaux.com/ University of Bordeaux]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bourgogne.fr/ University of Burgundy]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Dijon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-brest.fr/GB University of Western Brittany]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Brest
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-ubs.fr/fr/index.html University of South Brittany]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lorient , Vannes,Pontivy
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unicaen.fr/ University of Caen Normandie]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Caen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universita.corsica/fr/ University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Corte
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-fcomte.fr/ University of Franche-Comté]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Besançon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-guyane.fr/ University of Guyana]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Cayenne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uha.fr/en/index.html University of Haute-Alsace]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Mulhouse, Colmar
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://unc.nc/en/ University of New Caledonia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nouméa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-reunion.fr/ University of Reunion]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Denis
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lille.fr/home/ University of Lille]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lille
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unilim.fr/ University of Limoges]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Limoges
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lorraine.fr/ University of Lorraine]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nancy, Metz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umontpellier.fr/en/ University of Montpellier]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.univ-nantes.fr/ University of Nantes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unimes.fr/en/come-and-study-at-unimes-nimes.html University of Nîmes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nîmes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://u-paris.fr/en/#pll_switcher University of Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-pau.fr/en/home.html University of Pau and the Pays de l'Adour]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Pau, Bayonne, Tarbes, Mont de Marsan
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-perp.fr/ University of Perpignan - Via Domitia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Perpignan
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-picardie.fr/university-of-picardy-jules-verne-110990.kjsp University of Picardy Jules Verne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Amiens
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-poitiers.fr/en/ University of Poitiers]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Poitiers
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upf.pf/fr University of French Polynesia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Puna'auia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-reims.fr/ University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Reims
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.univ-rennes1.fr/en University of Rennes 1]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-rouen.fr/ University of Rouen Normandy]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rouen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.unistra.fr/ University of Strasbourg]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Strasbourg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utbm.fr/ Belfort Montbéliard University of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Belfort, Sevenans, Montbéliard
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utc.fr/ University of Technology of Compiègne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Compiègne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utt.fr/ Troyes University of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Troyes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tln.fr/-University-of-Toulon-.html University of Toulon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.univ-tours.fr/ University of Tours]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Tours
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvsq.fr/ University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Versailles
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-ag.fr/ University of the West Indies]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Pointe-à-Pitre, Saint-Claude, Schœlcher
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-littoral.fr/en/ Coastal Opal Coast University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Boulogne sur Mer, Calais, Dunkerque, Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/english/ Grenoble Alpes University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Grenoble, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Gières
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-gustave-eiffel.fr/ Gustave Eiffel University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marne la Vallée
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-st-etienne.fr/fr/index.html Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Étienne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon3.fr/ Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lehavre.fr/?lang=en Le Havre Normandy University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Le Havre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon2.fr/ Lumière University - Lyon 2]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-paris2.fr/fr Panthéon-Assas University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/ Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-paris8.fr/ Paris 8 University - Vincennes - Saint-Denis]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Denis
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.parisnanterre.fr/ Paris Nanterre University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nanterre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://university.parisnanterre.fr/ Paris Sciences and Letters University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-pec.fr/ Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Créteil
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universite-paris-saclay.fr/ Paris-Saclay University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-montp3.fr/ Paul-Valéry University - Montpellier 3]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uphf.fr/ Hauts-de-France Polytechnic University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Valenciennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-rennes2.fr/ Rennes 2 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-smb.fr/ Savoie Mont Blanc University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Annecy, Chambéry
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-paris3.fr/ Sorbonne Nouvelle University - Paris 3]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-paris13.fr/ Sorbonne Paris North University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villetaneuse, Saint-Denis, Bobigny
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut-capitole.fr/ Toulouse-I Capitole University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tlse2.fr/home Toulouse-II Jean Jaurès University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tlse3.fr/ Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.vetagro-sup.fr/about-vetagro-sup/ VetAgro Sup (Institute of higher education and research in food, animal health, agronomic and environmental sciences)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private higher education institutions'''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://escp.eu/fr ESCP Europe Business School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hec.edu/en HEC Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Jouy-en-Josas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sciencespo.fr/en/home Sciences Po Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris, Nancy, Dijon, Poitiers, Menton, Le Havre, Reims
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €51.8 billion, which comprises 2.2% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">Unesco Institute for Statistics. Science, technology and innovation. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&lang=en</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (65.41%), higher education (20.5%), government (12.5%) and private non-profit organisations (1.59%) <ref name=":0" />.

France had 7 488 grants receiving €6.9 billion funding from H2020 <ref name=":1">H2020 Country Profile. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/France</ref>. It also had 878 ERC signed grants receiving €1.46 billion from H2020 <ref name=":1" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2013, France launched the research strategy France Europe 2020 A Strategic Agenda for Research, Technology Transfer and Innovation. The scope of the Strategy is to enable all areas of research in France better tackling on the scientific, technological, economic and societal challenges. It proposed nine lines of actions to achieve this scope: mobilise the research community around major societal challenges, reforge the research coordination and guidance system in France, promote technological research, develop digital training and infrastructures, foster innovation and technology transfer, ensure uptake on the scientific culture, develop programming suited to the major priorities in research and innovation, build consistency between sites and heighten the presence of French research in Europe and abroad <ref>Ministère de L’éducation Nationale, de L’enseignement Supérieur et de La Recherche. France Europe 2020. A Strategic Agenda for Research, Technology Transfer and Innovation. May 2013. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/France-Europe_2020/18/3/AgendaStategique02-07-2013-EnglishLight_262183.pdf</ref><ref>Ministère de L’éducation Nationale, de L’enseignement Supérieur et de La Recherche. Stratégie nationale de recherché. France Europe 2020. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from:

https://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Strategie_Recherche/26/9/strategie_nationale_recherche_397269.pdf</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=[https://www.inserm.fr/sites/default/files/2020-10/FrenchNationalCharterForResearchIntegrity2018.pdf National charter for research integrity] was introduces in 2015. It is aligned with [https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/jobs/charter/european-charter European Charter for Researchers], [https://wcrif.org/guidance/singapore-statement Singapore Statement on Research Integrity] and [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]. The Charter addresses compliance with legislative and regulatory requirements, reliability of research work, communication, responsibility in collective work, impartiality and independence in assessment and expertise, collaborative work and plurality of activities, and training. By the end of April 2019, more than 45 research institutions signed the Charter agreeing to abide by seven principles in the field of professional ethics <ref name=":0">Enrio. Country Report France. Last Update 2019 May. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/france/</ref>.

In 2017, the French [https://www.hceres.fr/en/french-office-research-integrity Office for Research Integrity (OFIS)] was established as a department of [https://www.hceres.fr/en/missions High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education]. Its purpose is threefold:

- Monitoring, particularly in the context of the new forms that research is taking (participatory science, big data, data reuse, open science);

- Observation of compliance with the code of ethics for research professions by the institutions that have adopted it since 2015;

- Coordination of national scientific communities on issues of scientific integrity, particularly through the network of advisers in the establishments that have signed the charter.

The OFIS benefits from the conditions to guarantee its independence to support, coordinate and facilitate the action of higher education and research establishments which have signed the charter <ref>Hcéres. Installation of the French Office for Scientific Integrity. 2017 Oct 26. [cited 2021 July 12]. Available from: https://www.hceres.fr/fr/actualites/installation-de-loffice-francais-de-lintegrite-scientifique</ref>.

It is the national advisory body on research integrity in France <ref name=":0" />. The French Advisory Board for Research Integrity guides and oversees the work of the OFIS <ref>Hcéres. Installation of the French Office for Scientific Integrity. 2017 Oct 26. [cited 2021 July 12]. Available from: https://www.hceres.fr/fr/actualites/installation-de-loffice-francais-de-lintegrite-scientifique</ref>. The [https://www.ccne-ethique.fr/en/pages/presenting-national-consultative-ethics-committee-health-and-life-sciences National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences] (CCNE) has an advisory role in dealing with ethical concerns in the community <ref name=":1">Eurec. National information: France. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/france.html</ref>. Further, the National Committee for Ethics in Animal Research brought up a [https://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Encadrement_des_pratiques_de_recherche/58/1/Charte_nationale_portant_sur_l_ethique_de_l_experimentation_animale-version_anglaise_243581.pdf National charter on the ethics of animal experimentation]. There are 39 Ethics Committees in France. These Committees of Protection of Persons (CPP) are divided up into 7 regions all over the country <ref name=":1" />.

Research institutions, such as universities, the [http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/le-cnrs National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)], [https://www.inserm.fr/en National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM)] and the [https://www.cirad.fr/en French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD)], are obliged to prevent and handle misconduct cases. Generally, these institutions have investigatory and decision-making authority <ref name=":0" />.

The French legal system provides protection for whistle-blowers. “Sapin II” law from 2016 requires that companies establish internal whistleblowing hotlines which would allow employees to report violations of the corporate code of conduct. Disclosure of confidential information about whistle-blowers or alleged violators may be punishable by two years of incarceration or a fine of €300,000 <ref>Neboga K, Gordienko N. France’s new Sapin-II anti-corruption law: recommendations for French companies operating in the CIS. Deloitte CIS Forensic 2017. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from:

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ru/Documents/finance/sapin_II_en.pdf</ref>. This can be applied in private companies with at least 50 employees <ref>Neboga K, Gordienko N. France’s new Sapin-II anti-corruption law: recommendations for French companies operating in the CIS. Deloitte CIS Forensic 2017. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from:

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ru/Documents/finance/sapin_II_en.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hceres.fr/fr/ofis The French Office for Scientific Integrity (OFIS)]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Provides support to higher education and research institutions, observes implementation of the National charter, contributes to the promotion of research integrity at the national and international level.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurecnet.org/information/france.html Ethics Committees (Committees for the Protection of Persons)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Have responsibility for decisions concerning interventional studies, standard of care studies, medical and other health products and further research areas.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ccne-ethique.fr/en/pages/presenting-national-consultative-ethics-committee-health-and-life-sciences The National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences (CCNE)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Has an advisory role in dealing with ethical concerns in the community. All issues of medically assisted procreation and experiments on humans have to be addressed by the CCNE.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.cnrs.fr/en/cnrs The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Conducts research, transfers research results, trains through research and contributes to scientific policy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.recherche-animale.org/sites/default/files/scientific_research_and_animal_experimentation_-_state_of_affairs.pdf The National Commission on Animal Experimentation (CNEA)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good practices in breeding, care and handling of laboratory animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/documents/index-oecst-gb.asp Parliamentary Office for evaluation]

[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/documents/index-oecst-gb.asp of scientific and technological options (OPECST)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Informs Parliament of scientific and technological options in order to make its decisions clear. It collects information, launches study programmes and carries out assessments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.hautconseildesbiotechnologies.fr/en/article/what-hcb-does The High Council on Biotechnology - Scientific Committee and Economic, Ethical and Social Committee]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Advises the French government on issues relating to GMOs and other types of biotechnology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/commissions/plaquette_opecst_anglais.pdf The Parliamentary Office for Scientific and Technological Assessment]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Collects information, launches study programmes and carries out assessments in order to inform Parliament of the consequences of the choice of scientific and technological options.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid138740/le-college-de-deontologie-de-l-enseignement-superieur-de-la-recherche-et-de-l-innovation.html Council of Deontology - French Ministry of Education, Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Takes part in a network of national bodies competent in matters of deontology, ethics and integrity.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in France.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.iforct.com/New-Jarde-decree-in-France-News/p/3/665/0/ New Jardé Decree Applying from 17 November 2016]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the methods of conducting research involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000027038013/ Order on the ethical evaluation and authorization of projects involving the use of animals in procedures]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the methods of conducting research involving animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGITEXT000006071367/ Rural and Maritime Fishing Code, Articles R214-117 to R214-127]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Supports research, innovation and development, especially the bio-based products and plant chemistry sectors. It aims to develop added value in agricultural and food sectors, strengthen France's export capacity, contribute to the protection of the public health and health of farmers and employees in the agricultural sector, etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000043136646/ Code of the Environment]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Provides rules concerning the preservation of natural resources, monitoring of hazardous activities, environmental assessment and public information on project.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000036684330?r=cHTkWm5iJL Order of March 1, 2018 relating to the College of Ethics within the Ministry of Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Gives opinion on the general issues relating to the application of the obligations and ethical principles in the services and establishments within the Ministry of Higher Education and Research. It recommends measures for enforcing ethical obligations and preventing or stopping a conflict of interest situation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

French Office for Research Integrity (OFIS) offers training to integrity officers (17)<ref name=":0">Enrio. France. French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD). [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/france/</ref>. Documents for RI training used in France are:

-[https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/FR_ALLEA_Code_de_conduite_europeen_pour_lintegrite_en_recherche.pdf European Code of Conduct]

-[https://www.inserm.fr/sites/default/files/2020-10/FrenchNationalCharterForResearchIntegrity2018.pdf National Charter for Research Integrity]

-[https://www.inserm.fr/professionnels-recherche/integrite-scientifique/signature-publications-scientifiques-bonnes-pratiques Signature of Scientific Publications: Good Practices (Inserm)]

-[https://anr.fr/fileadmin/documents/2019/ANR-Ethics-and-Scientific-Integrity-Charter-2019-v2.pdf Ethics and Scientific Integrity Charter] of the ANR

-[http://www.cpu.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/integrity-and-responsibility-in-research-practices-a-guide-19.11.16.pdf Integrity and responsibility in research practices (CNRS-CPU)]

-[http://www.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/download-file/rapport-integrite-scientifique.pdf Scientific integrity guideline (CNRS, 2018)]

-[https://www.hceres.fr/sites/default/files/media/downloads/2018_Guide-traitement-signalements-IS_RESINT.pdf Guide for collecting and processing reports relating to scientific integrity]

There are also training courses in research ethics and integrity – the MOOC “Research Integrity in Research Professions” (18)<ref>FUN MOOC. Research integrity in scientific professions. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from: https://www.fun-mooc.fr/en/courses/research-integrity-scientific-professions/</ref> and the MOOC centered on research ethics, mainly intended for doctoral students. It was designed within the Research Ethics Platform of the University of Lyon (19)<ref>FUN MOOC. Research integrity in scientific professions. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from: https://www.fun-mooc.fr/en/courses/research-integrity-scientific-professions/</ref>.

RI dialogue and communication

The OFIS organizes the annual meeting of signatories of the French Charter of research deontology in which the universities and the other research institutions exchange policies, procedures and share their needs with OFIS (17)<ref name=":0" />.

Lay press occasionally discusses research integrity. News is usually related to cases of research fraud and academic corruption (''Le Monde'' and ''Les Echos''). Public perception of science was shaken and diminished when several cases of research fraud were published in the media (20)<ref>Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. Renforcer l’intégrité de la recherche en France. 2010 Sept 15. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://archeologie-copier-coller.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/J-P-ALIX.-RAPPORT-INTEGRITE.pdf</ref>. This brought up an initiative by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science to create the propositions for the implementation of the National Charter for the Research Integrity (21)<ref>Leduc M. Creation of the French Office for Integrity in Science (OFIS). Enrio. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/creation-french-office-integrity-science-ofis/</ref>. The document “Overview and propositions of implementation of the charter” by Pierre Corvol was also presented in the press by the Minister of Higher Education and Research in 2016 (enrio creation of the French office for integrity in science).

RI incentives

The High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres) is administrative authority responsible for the evaluation of higher education institutions and research institutes. There are numerous awards and prizes for researchers. France also has the research tax credit (CIR) which supports business research and development activities by providing tax assistance (22)<ref>Leduc M. Creation of the French Office for Integrity in Science (OFIS). Enrio. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/creation-french-office-integrity-science-ofis/</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/france/ Research integrity training for PhD students]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/france/ OFIS training for research integrity officers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hceres.fr/en The High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.inserm.fr/en/about-inserm/inserm-prizes Inserm Prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.cnrs.fr/en/node/1968 CNRS awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.frm.org/nous-soutenir/batir-un-projet-philanthropique/prix FRM Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pasteur.fr/en The Sanofi-Pasteur Prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://portail.polytechnique.edu/informatique/en/la-recherche-magazine-prize-2019 The magazine La Recherche]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.institutdefrance.fr/les-fondations-et-prix/ Institute of France prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:005904b0-5cb1-4bfa-865c-308af21258ad

2021-10-22T09:47:32Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Greece
|Has Location=Greece
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 40,084 full-time researchers in Greece in 2019 <ref>EKT National Documentation Centre.Research & Development Expenditures in 2019 in Greece rises to 1.27% of GDP. 2020 Dec 14. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://www.ekt.gr/en/news/25197</ref>. There are 24 universities. All the Higher Tertiary state-accredited universities and technological educational institutes in Greece are public <ref>D.O.A.T.A.P. – Hellenic NARIC. Accredited Higher Education Institutes. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:http://www.doatap.gr/en/rechei.php</ref>. There are also 40 public research centres including institutes and units that they are comprised of <ref>OpenAIRE. Greece. Last updated 2020 April 27. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:https://www.openaire.eu/os-greece</ref>. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!'''Organisation'''
!'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.asfa.gr/ Athens School of Fine Arts]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.auth.gr/ Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.ihu.gr/en/enhome International Hellenic University]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.ntua.gr/ National Technical University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.hmu.gr/en Hellenic Mediterranean University]
{{!}}Agios Nikolaos, Heraklion, Ierapetra, Rethymno, Sitia, Chania
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www2.aua.gr/en Agricultural University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoa.gr/ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uniwa.gr/en/ University of West Attica]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.upatras.gr/el University of Patras]
{{!}}Patras
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoc.gr/ University of Crete]
{{!}}Rethymnon
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.tuc.gr/index.php?id=5397 Technical University of Crete]
{{!}}Chania
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoi.gr/ University of Ioannina]
{{!}}Ioannina
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://duth.gr/ Democritus University of Thrace]
{{!}}Komotini
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.uth.gr/ University of Thessaly]
{{!}}Volos
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.aueb.gr/en Athens University of Economics and Business]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.panteion.gr/ Panteion University]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.unipi.gr/unipi/en/ University of Piraeus]
{{!}}Piraeus (Attica)
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uom.gr/en University of Macedonia]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uowm.gr/en/ University of Western Macedonia]
{{!}}Kozani
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uop.gr/en/ University of the Peloponnese]
{{!}}Tripoli
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.aegean.gr/ University of the Aegean]
{{!}}Mytilene
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://ionio.gr/en/ Ionian University]
{{!}}Corfu
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.hua.gr/ Harokopio University]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.eap.gr/ The Greek Open University]
{{!}}Patras
{{!}}}
 
<references />
|Research Funding=According to preliminary data, the gross expenditures on research and development were €2.336.58 million in 2019 <ref>Eurostat. GERD by sector of performance. Last updated 2021 March 10. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:

https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=rd_e_gerdtot&lang=en</ref><ref name=":0">H2020 Projects. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref>, which comprises 1.27% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":1">EKT National Documentation Centre.Research & Development Expenditures in 2019 in Greece rises to 1.27% of GDP. 2020 Dec 14. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://www.ekt.gr/en/news/25197</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (45.9%), higher education (30.7%), public sector (22.56%) and private non-profit organisations (0.84%) <ref name=":1" />.

Greece had 2706 grants receiving €1.55 billion funding from H2020 <ref name=":0" />. It also had 40 ERC signed grants receiving €44.21 million from H2020 <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2013, General Secretariat for Research and Technology launched [http://www.gsrt.gr/Financing/Files/ProPeFiles19/Executive%20Summary-2015-09-17-v04.pdf National Research and Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialization 2014-2020]. The Strategy presented a SWOT analysis of the Greek RD&I system. Based on main challenges identified in the analysis, the main objective of the National Research & Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialization (RIS3) was a transformation of the productive sector through research, technological development and innovation while mitigating regional disparities and creating sustainable employment. Specific priorities were identified within these eight fields: Agrofood, Life Sciences & Health – Pharma, Information and Communication Technologies, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Transport and Logistics, Material – Construction, Culture – Tourism – Cultural & Creative Industries.
|Research Governance=There are two national bodies for research ethics and research integrity in Greece – the National Bioethics & Technoethics Committee (which replaced National Bioethics Commission), having consultative role, and the National Ethics Committee for Clinical Trials of the Ministry of Health at the National Organization for Medicines, the only relevant organisation with legal mandate in Greece <ref>Eurec European Network of Research Ethics Committees. National Information: Greece. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/greece.html</ref>. Apart from those, the National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes (NCPASC) was established in 2013 as an entity of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food and advisory body regarding matters related to research with animals <ref>NCPASC National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes. [cited 2021 April 23]. Available from: http://anilab.decentral.minagric.gr/index.php/en/</ref>.

Besides the national organisations, there are local institutional research ethics committees in all Universities and Research Centres with the task of dealing with issues of research integrity as well <ref name=":0">Enrio. Country Report Greece. Last updated 2019 May. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/greece/</ref>.

All Greek Universities must have a Deontology Committee (DC). DCs are manned by the Deans and the vice-Rector responsible for Academic Affairs, Student Care and Lifelong Education. Their responsibilities include drafting a Code of Conduct (CoC) for academic, administrative and research issues, safeguarding the application of the CoC and pinpoint research misconduct, preparing an annual report concerning the application of the CoC and suggest any needed additions and examining allegation of research misconduct coming from the institute's community. If such an allegation has a basis a report is sent to the Rector to proceed with a formal investigation <ref name=":0" />. From March 2018, a Research Ethics and Deontology Committee (REDC) is active in each RPO. Their main task is to apply ethical assessment in research proposals <ref name=":0" />. All Greek Research Performing Organisations must also have Research Ethics and Deontology Committee (REDC) <ref name=":0" />.

[http://139.91.151.169/index_main.php?c=46&l=e FORTH Ethics Committee (FEC)], created in 2005, is an advisory body for the research personnel of FORTH. FEC provides ethical review of research proposals submitted by the researchers.

There are also two networks regarding research integrity, which work on the promotion and training to help scientists comply with the highest standards of research ethics and research integrity <ref name=":0" />.

[http://earthnet.ntua.gr/description/?lang=en Ethical Aspects in Research and Technology for Human (EARTHnet)] is a leading network regarding RE+RI. The network works on raising awareness among Greek academic community on research ethics and research integrity issues, promotes the institutionalisation of a national code of conduct for research and the establishment of a national research ethics and research integrity committee.

[http://www.rcr.gr/index.php/en/ The Network of Responsible Conduct of Research in Greece (RCR-Greece)] was founded by researchers, professors, scientists and professionals to promote research integrity and for the purpose of education and training for scientists in the field of research integrity.

Greece does not have a national code of conduct for research integrity but most universities have developed their codes, together with the code of research ethics. One of the priorities of the EARTHnet is to promote the establishment of the national research ethics and research integrity committee and drafting the National Code of Conduct for Research <ref>Kavouras P, Koumoulos E, Foeger N, Lanzerath D, Kritikos M, Charitidis CA. EARTHnet: An initiative to promote a Research Integrity framework in Greece. 5th World Conference on Research Integrity. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://wcrif.org/images/2017/documents/1.%20Monday%20May%2029,%202017/5.%205A-00/P.%20Kavouras%20-%20EARTHnet;%20an%20initiative%20to%20promote%20a%20Research%20Integrity%20Framework%20in%20Greece.pdf</ref>. Ad-hoc committees or Research Performing Organisations, for example universities and research institutions, cope with cases of research misconduct. The procedures are described by the internal Code of Conduct of each institution <ref name=":0" />. The publication of cases of misconduct depends on each institution. For example, the Technological Educational Institute of Crete in its Code of Ethics states that sharing information with the community will be discussed in each case and then decided whether to publish information or not <ref>Tei of Crete Technological Educational Institute of Crete. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://www.teicrete.gr/el/tei/12624</ref>.

Greece does not have a law or a provision on whistleblower protection, so it is obliged to comply with the 2019 EU Directive to implement an ad-hoc legislation by the end of 2021 <ref>Ethicontrol. When does whistleblowing start in Greece? [cited 2021 April 14]. Available from: https://ethicontrol.com/en/blog/greece-whistleblower-law</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/en National Bioethics Commission]

[https://www.thenationalherald.com/greece_sciences/arthro/greece_establishes_a_national_bioethics_and_technoethics_committee-2214392/ (National Bioethics and Technoethics Committee)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates the ethical, social and legal aspects arising from research advances in biology, biotechnology, medicine genetics as well as those related to the development and social integration of new and emerging technologies. It also provides recommendations to the Prime Minister and the Parliament, collaborates with international organizations and related bodies, represents Greece to international fora, and informs the public on issues regarding biotechnological advances and the impact of their applications. It publishes the e-journal “[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/journal-bio-ethica BIOETHICA]” and it organises educational activities for [http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/enimerosi schools].
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eof.gr/web/guest National Organization for Medicines]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to promote and regulate good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials. Moreover, it issues approval for clinical trials.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://anilab.decentral.minagric.gr/index.php/en/ National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes (NCPASC)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advices to the competent authorities, to the animal welfare bodies as well as to the Protocol Evaluation Committees on matters relating to the acquisition, breeding, accommodation, care and use of animals in procedures, for issues of the continuing education and training of persons who are involved in the implementation of the P.D. 56/2013 and also ensures the exchange and communication of best practices. It exchanges information on the functioning of the animal welfare bodies and the evaluation of projects by the competent central authority, as well as on best practices within the European Union.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Greece.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mindbank.info/item/2070 Act on the establishment of National Council of Medical Ethics and Deontology]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Addresses the rights of hospital patients and provides greater protection for people admitted compulsorily.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679&from=EN Regulation (EU) 2016/679]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to protect natural persons with regard to processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ey.com/en_gr/tax/tax-alerts/ey-law-alert-law-4624-2019-protection-of-personal-data-and-measures-for-the-implementation-of-the-gdpr Law 4624/2019: Protection of Personal Data and Measures for the Implementation of the GDPR]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Enacts supplemental measures for the application of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and incorporates Directive (EU) 2016/680.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3295632 Act 2619/1998: ratification of the Oviedo Convention]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}This act implemented the Oviedo Convention in Greece.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=&p_isn=89616&p_classification=09 Law No. 4009 of 2011 concerning the Structure, Function, and Quality of Studies, and the Internationalization of Higher Educational Institutions]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides organizational structure for the universities.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training

RCR-Greece has started to educate the Master’s students of two Greek Universities in Research Integrity by offering relevant lectures <ref>RCR-Greece Responsible Conduct of Research. About RCR – Greece. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:http://www.rcr.gr/index.php/en/</ref>. The Hellenic National Bioethics & Technoethics Commission and the Laboratory for the Research of Medical Law and Ethics organise seminars for postgraduate students of all the Schools of Positive and Theoretical Sciences, as well as professional lawyers, judges, doctors, educators and others. The seminars cover a wide range of critical issues including human reproduction, applications of genetics, clinical studies, euthanasia, cloning and nanotechnology. Moreover, the Commission is organising open, monthly seminars with various subjects including in vitro fertilization, gene therapy, medical errors, mental health etc. <ref>Hellenic Republic National Bioethics Commission. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/el/seminaria/139-eleythera-seminaria</ref>.

EARTHnet/NTUA has prepared and is organizing training courses on Research Ethics and Research Integrity for Postgraduate students and PhD candidates <ref>ESA Earth Oline. LTC 2013 Web Streaming Programme. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/landtrainingcourse2013/webstreaming</ref>.

The courses have been customized for Engineers and graduates from Natural Sciences. The materials mainly used for RI trainings are:

[http://www.bioethics.gr/images/pdf/Booklet_for_schools_final.pdf What I Know about Bioethics -National Bioethics Committee] (T. Vidalis, V. Mollaki)

[http://earthnet.ntua.gr/research-ethicsresearch-integrity-committees-in-greece/?lang=en The University of the Aegean – Code of Conduct]

[http://rc.uowm.gr/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/AUTH_research_deontology_principles.pdf The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Code of Conduct in Research]

[https://www.ehde.uoc.gr/index.php/en/agglika-arthra/351-kwdikas-en The University of Crete - Code of Ethics]

[http://old.uth.gr/en/research/ethics-committee The University of Thessaly - Ethics Code]

[http://www.teiath.gr/userfiles/khitas/documents/2013/anakoinoseis/kvdikas_ithikis__deontologias_EEE.pdf The Athens University of Applied Sciences – Code of Ethics]

[https://www.teicrete.gr/el/tei/12624 The Technological Educational Institute of Crete – Code of Ethics]

RI dialogue and communication

The members of EARTHnet work on the promotion of research ethics and research integrity and on raising awareness on issues regarding RE and RI. The network has 15 members, from universities and research institutions <ref>Erhanet. Participants. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:http://earthnet.ntua.gr/participants/?lang=en</ref>. The [https://www.athens-science-festival.gr/en/festival/ Athens Science Festival] is organised since 2014 to bring closer science to the society. [https://www.thessaly-science-festival.gr/en/festival-2018/ Thessaly Science Festival] aims to present high-quality research in Greece to the general public and explain complicated scientific subjects in fun and creative ways.

Public awareness of research integrity needs to be boosted. The EARTHnet initiative works on the dissemination of its activities and promotion of research integrity through various newspapers <ref>Kavouras P, Koumoulos E, Foeger N, Lanzerath D, Kritikos M, Charitidis CA. EARTHnet: An initiative to promote a Research Integrity framework in Greece. 5th World Conference on Research Integrity. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://wcrif.org/images/2017/documents/1.%20Monday%20May%2029,%202017/5.%205A-00/P.%20Kavouras%20-%20EARTHnet;%20an%20initiative%20to%20promote%20a%20Research%20Integrity%20Framework%20in%20Greece.pdf</ref>. Research integrity is occasionally discussed in press and is usually related to corruption or fraud.

RI incentives

There are several awards for outstanding and innovative researchers.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.rcr.gr/index.php/en/ RCR-Greece trainings]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/el/seminaria/139-eleythera-seminaria Hellenic Republic National Bioethics Commission seminars]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ethaae.gr/en/ Hellenic Authority for Higher Education]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bodossaki.gr/en/the-foundation/vision-mission/ Bodossaki Foundation – Awards for Scientific Excellence]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.galienfoundation.org/index.php/prix-galien/ Prix Galien Award]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.athens-science-festival.gr/en/vravia-epi-2/ Science Communication Awards –ΕΠΙ2]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:8ebf742d-a3d3-4453-86b4-b5d90ab9eeb8

2021-10-22T09:46:30Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Lithuania
|Has Location=Lithuania
|Research Infrastructure=According to the preliminary data, there were 9,538 full-time researchers in Lithuania in 2019 <ref>OECD.Stat. R&D personnel by sector and function. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=PERS_FUNC</ref>. In 2021 Lithuania has 18 universities – 11 public and 7 private; 22 colleges – 12 public and 10 private; 17 research institutes – 11 public and 6 private; and 5 Integrated Science, Studies and Business Centres (Valleys) <ref>Register of Educational Institutions AIKOS. [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from: https://www.aikos.smm.lt/Registrai/Svietimo-ir-mokslo-institucijos/SitePages/Pagrindinis.aspx?ss=c64f41ac-3196-44ff-95f5-a9204dd727de</ref>.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lka.lt/index.php/en/ General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.ktu.edu/ Kaunas University of Technology]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ku.lt/en/ Klaipėda University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Klaipėda
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lmta.lt/lt/english-3rd-international-conference-music-and-sound-design-in-film-new-media/ Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[[wikipedia:Lithuanian_Sports_University|Lithuanian Sports University]]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lsmuni.lt/ Lithuanian University of Health Sciences]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mruni.eu/ Mykolas Romeris University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vda.lt/ Vilnius Academy of Arts]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vilniustech.lt/index.php?lang=2 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vu.lt/en/ Vilnius University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vdu.lt/en/ Vytautas Magnus University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.ehu.lt/ European Humanities University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ism.lt/ ISM University of Management and Economics]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ksu.lt/ Kazimieras Simonavičius University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lcc.lt/ LCC International University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Klaipėda
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tks.lt/ Telšiai Bishop Vincentas Borisevičius Priest Seminary]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Telšiai
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uwb.edu.pl/ University of Białystok]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.seminarija.lt/index.php?id=35 Vilnius St. Joseph Seminary]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €483.868 million, which comprises 1% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">Official Statistics Portal. R&D expenditure. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://osp.stat.gov.lt/web/guest/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?hash=dddf03e8-3dce-49f2-bfb7-1a0eca718e4c#/</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (43%), higher education (36.53%) and government sector (20,47%) <ref name=":0" />.

In 2020, Lithuania had 476 grants in H2020 projects, receiving €89.1 million funding from H2020 <ref name=":1">H2020 Country Profile. Key Figures – Lithuania. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Lithuania</ref>. It also had 1 ERC signed grant receiving €2.5 million from H2020 <ref name=":1" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=The Lithuania’s Progress Strategy “Lithuania 2030” reflects a national vision and priorities for development and guidelines for their implementation by 2030. It emphasizes that the Strategy was built on the principles of sustainable development, tangible and intangible national resources and social development, but it also points out the significant problems Lithuania has been facing, such as “identity crisis, the power of stereotypes, emigration, closed society, lack of tolerance and trust, lack of concern for one another and the environment, as well as fragile faith in country’s success”. Therefore, the Strategy aims to address these issues. Some of the key issues concern public approval and participation, so the engagement of the public is necessary for the Strategy to reach its objectives <ref>One Planet Network. Lithuania – Progress Strategy “Lithuania 2030” (incl. SCP). 2012. . [cited 2021 May 10]. Available from:

https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/resource/lithuania-progress-strategy-lithuania-2030-incl-scp</ref>. At the end of 2020 the Lithuanian government approved the National Progress Program for 2021-2030, which aims to identify the main changes to be achieved in the country in the next decade, ensuring progress in the science, social, economic and security fields, and to mobilize the sources of financing for the implementation of these changes. The program sets out 10 long-term strategic goals, progress targets and quantified indicators to measure progress with targets for 2030. The strategic goals are implemented in accordance with three horizontal principles: innovation, sustainable development and equal opportunities for all, which aim to consistently form the values important for the progress of society and to promote the desired changes in attitudes and behaviour <ref>Savickad L. 2021-2030 National Progress Program: strategic goals and tasks. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė. [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from:

https://www.esinvesticijos.lt/uploads/main/documents/files/Post%202020/2_%20LRVK_NPP.pdf</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=Lithuania has several national bodies for research integrity: The Lithuanian Committee for Medical Ethics, established under the Ministry of Health in 1995 and later renamed to the Lithuanian Bioethics Committee <ref name=":0">Lithuanian Bioethics Committee. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: http://bioetika.sam.lt/index.php?1608991497</ref>, the Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures <ref>Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures of the Republic of Lithuania. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://etikostarnyba.lt/en/main/</ref>, the Pharmaceutical Marketing Ethics Commission and Research Council of Lithuania <ref>Research Council of Lithuania. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://www.lmt.lt/en</ref>.

Regional research ethics committees are based at the universities with the tertiary medical education level. For the ethical supervision of biomedical research in the Kaunas region, the Kaunas Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee was established at the Kaunas Medical University in 2001. The Vilnius Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee was established at Vilnius University in 2008. Since 1997, hospital ethics committees have been established in most healthcare institutions <ref>EUREC. National Information: Lithuania. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/lithuania.html</ref>.

The State Medicines Control Agency (SMCA) is Lithuanian governmental body responsible for approval of clinical trials regarding medicinal products <ref>The State Medicines Control Agency. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://www.vvkt.lt/index.php?2380224066</ref>.

Lithuania does not have a national code of research conduct, but it has several codes of ethics related to professional ethics in the medical field <ref name=":0" />. Higher education institutions have their codes of academic ethics that encompass research ethics too. This approach allowed to ensure the autonomy of higher education institutions in developing and specifying their code of academic ethics. Furthermore, higher education institutions are encouraged to implement Guidelines for Ethical Review <ref>Guidelines for Ethical Review, approved by Order No V-60 of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures of the Republic of Lithuania of 10 December 2020 (amendment by Order No V-24 of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures of the Republic of Lithuania of 10 May 2021). [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from: https://etikostarnyba.lt/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Guidelines-for-Ethical-Review-incl-amendment.pdf</ref>, developed and approved by the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures. Codes of ethics of all higher education institutions are publicly available on their websites. Also, the Lithuanian University Rectors’ Conference took the lead to develop Guidelines for Publication Ethics which were publicized in 2019 <ref>LURK (2019). Publikavimo etikos gairės. [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from: https://lurk.lt/index.php/dokumentai/publikavimo-etika/publikavimo-etikos-gaires/</ref>.

Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures is responsible for handling allegations related to academic ethics and procedures in academia. The Office encourages higher education institutions to adhere to academic ethics and procedures, monitors their compliance with recommendations for approval, implementation, and monitoring codes of academic ethics, and cooperates in solving problems related to violations of academic ethics and procedures. The investigation is conducted upon received complaints or at the own motion. All [https://etikostarnyba.lt/en/decisions/ decisions] of the Ombudsperson are anonymised and publicly available online for a year within one month if they are not appealed to court <ref>ENRIO. Country Report Lithuania. Last updated 2016 Dec 16. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/lithuania/</ref>.

The new Law on Protection of Whistle-blowers entered into force in 2019. The Law applies to both public and private sectors. Its aim is to create conditions for individuals, including employees, to confidentially provide information about a suspected infringement and to avoid negative consequences related to whistleblowing. Individuals can disclose information about a criminal or administrative violation, inappropriate conduct by a colleague and other infringements that might affect the public interest. According to this Law, a whistle-blower does not have to be sure that the information is correct or to have evidence. The whistle-blower will still be legally protected <ref>New Law on Protection of Whistle-blowers: what should employers know? [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from:

https://www.sorainen.com/UserFiles/File/Publications/en%5B1%5D36.html</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[http://bioetika.sam.lt/index.php?1608991497 The Lithuanian Bioethics Committee (LBC)]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice to the governmental bodies, informs the general public about bioethical issues, and coordinates activities of the regional ethics committees. It issues approvals to conduct biomedical research and opinions for clinical trials on medicinal products, prepares legal documents related to the ethical review of research, submits amendments to them and consults on ethical and legal aspects of biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://etikostarnyba.lt/en/main Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}}Responsible for the handling of complaints and initiation of investigations on higher education institutions’ violations related to academic ethics and procedures. The Office is also responsible for undertaking preventive actions (e.g., training, consultancy).
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vaistukodeksas.lt/en/pharmaceutical-marketing-ethics-commission/ The Pharmaceutical Marketing Ethics Commission]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Supervises companies’ compliance with the Code of Ethics for governing pharmaceutical marketing and relations with health care professionals as well as relations between the pharmaceutical industry and patient organisations.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lmt.lt/en The Ethics Commission of the Scientific Council (Research Council of Lithuania)]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Oversees research and knowledge exchange functions in relation to universities and institutes which includes providing block grant funding to the national research and education institutions, for research and development, developing and implementing national funding streams, supporting, and encouraging academic participation in EU Framework Programmes, overseeing the sustainability of the Higher Education research base in Lithuania, and promoting international collaborations.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Lithuania.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/LAW%20ON%20HEALTH%20SYSTEM.pdf The Republic of Lithuania Law on Health System]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the national health system in Lithuania, its structure, limits of legal regulation of health care, health strengthening and health recovery, fundamentals of establishment of the scope of health activities, organization and management of individual and public health care, health promotion, conclusion of contracts regarding health activities, fundamentals of the liability for violations of legal norms of health activities, rights and duties of the residents and subjects of health activities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalActPrint/lt?jfwid=5w7avz05m&documentId=TAIS.377604&category=TAD Law on Health Care Institutions]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the classification of healthcare institutions, principles of their founding, reorganisation, liquidation, operation, state regulation thereof, control measures, special features of administration and financing thereof, the nomenclature of institutions of the National Healthcare System of Lithuania, relations between healthcare institutions and patients and the principles of liability for violations of this Law.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/LAW%20ON%20MEDICAL%20PRACTICE.pdf Law on Medical Practice of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates conditions related to the medical practice of doctor of medicine, doctor resident, family physician and a doctor specialist in the Republic of Lithuania.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/76582f93e9c811e59b76f36d7fa634f8?jfwid=-ji9gt0req Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes requirements for biomedical research, terms and conditions of processing of human biological samples and managing personal health information for the purposes of biomedical research and activities of biobanks, terms and conditions of issuance of approvals to conduct biomedical research, supervision of conducting of biomedical research and liability of sponsors of biomedical research and investigators for damage resulting from the subject’s health impairment or death.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/rs/legalact/TAD/TAIS.296798/format/ISO_PDF/ Pharmaceutical Law (2006, last amended in 2017)]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates pharmaceutical and other activity related to medicinal investigational products, veterinary pharmaceuticals, active and other medicinal substances as well as medicinal purpose products, veterinary pharmaceutical activity and also state management and control of the activity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/rs/legalact/TAD/TAIS.39603/ Republic of Lithuania Law on Dental Care (Assistance)]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the right to engage in practice of doctor of dentistry, dental technician, oral hygienist and dental assistant professions, the procedure and control of performance of dental care (rendering of assistance), obligations and rights of dentists and dentist specialists, state regulation measures and grounds of liability.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/THE%20LAW%20ON%20NURSING%20PRACTICE%20AND%20MIDWIFERY%20PRACTICE.pdf The Law on Nursing Practice and Midwifery Practice of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the acquisition of professional qualification of the nurses responsible for general care and midwives, their practice conditions, rights, duties, and responsibilities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/81a7b822444a11e68f45bcf65e0a17ee Republic of Lithuania Law on Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes state regulation of higher education and research, principles of quality assurance in higher education and research, legal basis of establishment, termination and restructuring of higher education and research institutions, awarding and recognition of higher education qualifications and scientific degrees, management of higher education and research institutions, organization and supervision of their activities, rights and duties of the academic staff, research staff and students of higher education and research institutions, funding of higher education and research, principles of management, use and disposal of the assets of state higher education institutions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/5f13b560b2b511e59010bea026bdb259?jfwid=9tq147ogj Republic of Lithuania Law on Copyright and Related Rights]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates copyright in literary, scientific, and artistic works (copyright), the rights of performers, producers of phonograms, broadcasting organisations and producers of the first fixation of an audio-visual work (film) (related rights), the rights of makers of databases (sui generis rights), exercise, collective administration, and enforcement of copyright and related rights, as well as the exercise and enforcement of sui generis rights.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://europam.eu/data/mechanisms/PF/PF%20Laws/Lithuania/Lithuania_Code%20of%20administrative%20offences_1985_amended2016_eng.pdf The Republic of Lithuania Code of Administrative Offences]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Protects the Republic of Lithuania social order, property, social, economic, political, and individual citizens' rights, and freedoms, as well as companies, institutions and organizations rights and legitimate interests of the established order of administration, the state and public order. It also focuses on contract cheating.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

No consistent training for all academia in this regard is provided; however, research ethics/integrity is encouraged to be taught for all doctoral students due to amended national regulation on doctoral studies <ref>Minister of Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of Lithuania. Order. Approval of the Provisions for Doctoral Studies. 2020 May 18 No. V-739 Vilnius. [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from:

https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/08504a3098df11ea9515f752ff221ec9</ref>. In addition to this, only a few initiatives are known. For example, Vilnius University offers General Competence Skills Training. The part of the training considers publication of scientific results and publication ethics as part of it <ref>Vilniaus universitetas. General competence skills training. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://www.vu.lt/mokslas/mokymai</ref>. There was also an annual international conference ‘Shaping Ethics in Academia and Society’, organised during the period of 2016-2018, that served as an open arena for informal education of academia <ref>Shaping Ethics in Academia and Society, 2nd International Conference. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: http://etika2018.mruni.eu/</ref>. Furthermore, the Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures annually delivers customized training.

RI dialogue and communication

The National Bioethics committee is responsible for coordination and methodological assistance to Hospital Ethics Committees and to Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committees <ref name=":0">Lithuanian Bioethics Committee. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: http://bioetika.sam.lt/index.php?1608991497</ref>. The Committee organises annual meetings with regional ethics committees to discuss current issues regarding academic ethics and ethics in science in Lithuania <ref name=":0" />.

The Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures organises twice per year a meeting with Committees of Academic Ethics to discuss their concerns and issues, e.g., while handling allegations within their higher education institutions, implementing the Office’s/Ombudsperson’s recommendations and guidelines <ref>Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures: Activity Report for 2020. 2021 February 26 No TS-11 Vilnius. [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from: https://etikostarnyba.lt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Activity-Report-for-2020_final.pdf</ref>.

Trust in Lithuanian public institutions is low due to corruptive practices. However, there is no evidence how the public perceives research integrity and whether they (mis)trust in science <ref>Universiteit Van Amsterdam European Policy Studies. Country Report on Lithuania. A country report on Lithuania’s position in the EU. 2013 June. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from:

http://www.uva.nl/binaries/content/assets/faculteiten/faculteit-der-geesteswetenschappen/disciplines/europese-studies/rapporten-landenpracticum-europees-beleid/corereport-vi_lithuania2013.pdf</ref>. Nevertheless, academia’s knowledge on research ethics is yet to be developed <ref>Ozolinčiūtė E, Židonė G, Tauginienė L. 2020. Responsible Research Barometer 2020, Vilnius: Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures. https://etikostarnyba.lt/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Atsakingo-mokslo-barometras-2020-tyrimo-ataskaita_LT_EN.pdf</ref>.

Within the period of 2013-2017, the news portal [http://www.delfi.lt/ www.delfi.lt] published around 40 press articles about ethical infringements. Regarding (self-)plagiarism, authorship, contract cheating, fraud and conflict of interest.

RI incentives

The Ministry of Education and Science has signed 15 agreements with Lithuanian associations, companies, various institutions and higher education institutions to support student internship model in companies and institutions. In order to encourage companies to employ (more) scientists, the Ministry of Higher Education and Science in 2010 allocated EUR 17.4 million to support employment in enterprises <ref>Deloitte. Researchers’ Report 2014 Country Profile: Lithuania. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from:

https://cdn5.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/policy_library/lithuania_country_profile_rr2014_final.pdf</ref>.

Lithuania also offers Income Tax Relief for Investing in research and development <ref>Ministry of Education, Science and Sports. Tax incentives for R&D. Last updated 2017 July 12. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://www.smm.lt/web/lt/mokslas/mokestines-mtep-lengvatos</ref>. There is also Baltic Bonus - a scheme created to promote cooperation between the three Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) to participate in joint projects of Horizon 2020 <ref>Ministry of Education, Science and Sports. International cooperation. Last updated: 2019 April 12. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from:

https://www.smm.lt/web/en/science1/international-cooperation</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vu.lt/mokslas/tyrejo-karjera-vu/mokymai-tyrejams General competence skills training]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://norric.org/nordbalt/lithuania/ Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education (SKVC)]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.lma.lt/prizes-and-scholarships The Lithuanian Academy of Science awards]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lb.lt/en/bank-of-lithuania-awards-for-scientific-activities Bank of Lithuania awards for scientific activities]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lrp.lt/en/media-center/photos/21462/presentation-of-awards-to-winners-of-the-best-dissertation-2011-competition-organized-by-the-lithuanian-society-of-young-researchers/a843 Best PhD thesis awards by Lithuanian Society of Young Researchers]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:A46cd7d4-4270-4d14-8501-26f9acbb39a8

2021-10-22T09:45:52Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Luxembourg
|Has Location=Luxembourg
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019 there were 3,158 full-time researchers in Luxembourg <ref>Statistics portal of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. R%D staff in full-time equivalent (FTE) 2005-2019. Updated 2020 Nov 23. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=13555&IF_Language=eng&MainTheme=4&FldrName=9&RFPath=2222</ref>. The Luxembourg research ecosystem comprises the University of Luxembourg, including 3 faculties and 3 interdisciplinary research centres, 4 public research institutes <ref>Luxembourg National Research Fund. Research in Luxembourg. [cited 2021 May 24].
Available from:

https://www.fnr.lu/research-in-luxembourg/#1461325518535-9b38d7d2-f67e</ref> and other public and private research organisations <ref>Innovation public.lu. Other public research organisations. Updated 2016 Sep 16. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

http://www.innovation.public.lu/en/decouvrir/acteurs/recherche-publique/autres-acteurs/index.html</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''University'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wwwen.uni.lu/ University of Luxembourg]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.list.lu/fr/ LIST][:File:///C:/Users/Elsa Amin/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1 Country report cards for The Embassy.zip/Report page draft Luxembourg.docx#%20msocom%201 <nowiki>[AP1]</nowiki>]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.liser.lu/ LISER]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lih.lu/ LIH]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Luxembourg, Strassen, Esch-sur-Alzette, Dudelange
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €704.5 million <ref name=":0">Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD.Stat). Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type of R&D. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=GERD_TORD&lang=en</ref> which comprises 1.2% of the country’s GDP <ref>FocusEconomics. GDP in Luxembourg. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/luxembourg/gdp-eur-bn</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (53.24%), government (26.04%) and higher education sector (20.7%) <ref name=":0" />.

In 2020, Luxembourg had 509 signed grants in H2020 projects, receiving €189,1 million funding from H2020 <ref name=":1">H2020 Country Profile. Key Figures – Luxembourg. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/luxembourg</ref>. It also had 16 signed grants receiving €24,05 million from H2020 <ref name=":1" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=The Luxembourg Government has launched the “National Research and Innovation Strategy”. The Strategy aims to provide the general framework that will allow for a targeted development of Luxembourg’s research ecosystem in the future. In addition, the government intends to maximise the impact of research on the country’s progress, and to position Luxembourg as a major international player visible through its research activities <ref>National Research and Innovation Strategy for Luxembourg. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

http://www.mesr.public.lu/presse/communiques/2020/FEVRIER-2020/Presentation-de-la-strategie-nationale-de-la-recherche-et-de-l_innovation1/09711_MESR_SnRI_Broch_en_WEB-_002_.pdf</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=Luxembourg has four national bodies for research ethics and research integrity: The National Research Ethics Committee (CNER) <ref>National Research Ethics Committee (CNER). [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: http://www.cner.lu/</ref>, National Data Protection Commission (CNPD) <ref>National Commission for Data Protection Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg (CNPD). Duties. Updated 2019 June 17. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://cnpd.public.lu/en/commission-nationale/missions.html</ref>, National Consultative Ethics Committee for Life Sciences and Health (CNE) <ref>National Ethics Commission Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. The Commission. Updated 2017 June 26. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://cne.public.lu/fr/commission.html</ref> and National Commission for Research Integrity - The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI) <ref>The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI). LARI FAQ. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://lari.lu/about/about-lari/</ref>.

Luxembourg does not have a national code of research conduct, but all research institutions have developed guidelines and policies for good research practice, research integrity, and ethics in research. In most cases, Luxembourg follows the guidelines of the [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity] and of the League of European Research Universities “Towards a Research Integrity Culture at Universities: from recommendation to implementation” <ref name=":0">Lerouge I, Hol T. Towards a Research Integrity Culture at Universities: From Recommendations to Implementation. LERU. 2020 Jan. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from:

https://www.leru.org/publications/towards-a-research-integrity-culture-at-universities-from-recommendations-to-implementation</ref>.

The University of Luxembourg has established several committees for handling questions in the field of research ethics.

- The Ethics Advisory Committee provides advice on ethical issues involved in the activities of the university’ community, addresses complaints, and conducts investigations regarding alleged discrimination at the university. The investigation and advice are provided upon request of the University Council or the Rectorate <ref name=":0" />.

- The ombudsman's office offers conflict management coaching, shuttle diplomacy, mediation, restorative circles and conferences to mitigate workplace conflicts <ref>Ombudsman. University of Luxembourg. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: https://wwwen.uni.lu/universite/presentation/organigrammes/organigramme_rectorat_administration_centrale/ombudsman</ref>.

- The Ethics Review Panel is responsible for providing ethics reviews of research proposals and publications regarding human participants, human biological material, animals, or potentially harmful changes to the environment <ref name=":1">University of Luxembourg. Ethics Policies and Committees. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://wwwen.uni.lu/research/researchers_research/ethics_policies_and_committees</ref>.

- The Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee (AEEC) is responsible for ensuring, on behalf of the University of Luxembourg, that care and use of animals for research and teaching are conducted in compliance with the law regulating the protection of animals used for scientific purposes <ref name=":1" />.

- The Biosafety Committee is responsible for ensuring compliance with the biosafety policies and measures at the University of Luxembourg <ref>Naegelen I, ed. Research Ethics Guidelines University of Luxembourg. 2018 Sep 5. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

https://laridotlu.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/univofluxresearch-guidelineserp2018.pdf</ref>.

- The doctoral education agreement (DEA) defines the role and duties of the supervisee and the supervisor and describes the tasks foreseen in the doctoral thesis work plan. It also provides information and contacts related to data protection, intellectual property, ethics and research integrity. Should a conflict persist, an escalation path is proposed <ref>Doctoral Education Agreement. University of Luxembourg. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: https://wwwen.uni.lu/studies/doctoral_education/doctoral_education_agreement</ref>.

- The University hosts a Dispute Committee is an independent administrative body, yet internal to the institution, whose mission is to decide, in law, according to an adversarial (quasi-judicial) procedure, certain categories of disputes between, on the one hand, the “users” of the University (ie current students, former students and / or potential students of the University of Luxembourg) and, on the other hand, the decision-making bodies of the University of Luxembourg <ref>Governance. University of Luxembourg. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: https://wwwen.uni.lu/university/about_the_university/governance</ref>.

The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI) is responsible for handling alleged cases of research misconduct. The cases are investigated by the Commission for the Research Integrity (CRI) which is a part of LARI <ref name=":2">The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI). Investigations. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://lari.lu/lari-services/investigations-cri-rules-of-procedure/</ref>. The Commission may be called upon by any person or organisation with a legal capacity which has knowledge of suspected scientific misconduct occurring in LARI member organisations. Moreover, the Commission may also investigate cases of suspected scientific misconduct on their own initiative. If the case of alleged misconduct has happened more than 10 years ago, the Commission can refuse to handle the cases. After reviewing the case, the commission will take the decision to conduct an investigation, not to initiate an investigation, or suspend the case <ref name=":2" />.

If the Commission decides to initiate the investigation, its decision will be sent to the person or organisation that has reported the case, the person(s) to whom the allegations refer to, the head of the affected research institution, and the National Research Fund (FNR) if the case occurs in relation with the FNR funded project or researcher. In exceptional cases, the Commission can decide not to communicate the decision to abovementioned parties due to the higher priority of protecting the accused person. Upon completion of the investigation, the Commission member leading the investigation shall compose a summary opinion which contains an assessment of the results of the investigation. This will be presented to other members for approval. The opinion is further sent to the person or institution which called upon Commission if it is directly affected by allegations, and to the person to whom the allegation referred. The opinion is also sent to the LARI Board for information purposes <ref name=":2" />.

Luxembourg law does not have a formal definition of the term “whistleblowing”. There are specific provisions in the Labour Code designed to protect public and private sector employees who report alleged corruption or abuse of influence in their workplace. The employees are protected if the reports are made in good faith. These provisions protect employees from employment agreement reprisals and terminations due to whistleblowing <ref>Luxembourg: Legal developments for 2021 in Luxembourg. 2021 Jan 28. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

https://www.taylorvinters.com/article/luxembourg-legal-developments-for-2021-in-luxembourg</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/about/about-lari/ The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI)]
 
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}Provides free research ethics consultations for researchers. It is also responsible for addressing cases of alleged research misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cner.lu/en-gb/About-us National Research Ethics Committee (CNER)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}It is responsible for the protection of participants in clinical trials involving experimental drugs, therapies and medical devices. Besides clinical trials, CNER protects people included in different research studies, e.g. academic research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://cne.public.lu/fr/commission.html The National Consultative Commission of Ethics for Life Sciences and Health (CNE)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}It is responsible for addressing ethical concerns in the fields of biology, medicine, and health. The Committee can address concerns on its own initiative or at the request of Government and respective European Directives.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://cnpd.public.lu/en/commission-nationale/missions.html National Data Protection Commission (CNPD)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}CNPD verifies the legality of the processing of personal data and ensures that the personal freedom and rights regarding data protection are respected. Research projects involving humans also have to be notified to or authorized by the CNPD.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Luxembourg are transposing EU Law.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="608"
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2002/10/17/n1/jo Grand-Ducal Regulation:]

[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2002/10/17/n1/jo Contained use of genetically modified organisms (transposing EU Directive 1998/81)]
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}It sets the criteria for classifying genetically modified organisms and their uses. It also defines the security measures and the containment procedures relating to these uses.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2005/05/30/n5/jo Clinical trials in human medicines (transposing EU Directive 2001/20/CE)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}Lays down specific provisions concerning the conduct of clinical trials, including multicentre trials, carried out on human being and relating to medicinal products as defined by the law of 1993 regulating the placing on the market and advertising of medicinal products.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2013/01/11/n2/jo Protection of animals used in scientific research (transposing EU Directive 2010/63/UE)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes measures for the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://deiereschutzgesetz.lu/la-loi/chapitre-8-protection-des-animaux-utilises-a-des-fins-scientifiques/ Law on the protection of animal life, security and welfare (Chapter 8, Article 13)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}Limits animal experiments and experiences which can cause pain, aliments or damage to animals to what is strictly necessary.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2001/04/18/n2/jo Law of 18 April 2001 on copyright, neighboring rights and databases (transposing EU Directive 2001/84)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes rules on copyright, neighbouring rights and databases.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2002/08/02/n2/jo Law of 2 August 2002 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data (transposing EU Directive 1995/46/CE)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes rules for protection of personal data.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

LARI provides research ethics and integrity training via the CAPRI (Creative Approaches Promoting Research Integrity) program. It also has a program of Peer Coaching which guides researchers in designing, conducting, recording, monitoring, auditing, analysis, and reporting of research <ref name=":0">The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI). LARI Peer Coaching. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://lari.lu/lari-services/lari-peer-coaching/</ref>.

Within its doctoral education framework, the University of Luxembourg organizes training courses aiming at acquiring Transferable Skills <ref>University of Luxembourg. Doctoral training. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

https://wwwen.uni.lu/studies/doctoral_education/doctoral_applicant/doctoral_training</ref>. The offer in Transferable Skills training includes courses in research ethics in science and principles of good research practice as well as training activities aiming at increasing employability.

Luxembourg Institute of Health has doctoral training and among others, it covers an area of good research practice. Moreover, the Institute of Health provides training and workshops for early staged researchers to help them develop skills for their future career <ref>Luxemburg Institute of Health. Training & Workshops. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://www.lih.lu/page/training</ref>.

At LIST, rising awareness on good research practices, ethics and research integrity is part of the onboarding programme for new employees. For Q4 2021, specific training will be defined on Ethics in Research and Research Integrity providing targeted content for the different audiences: researchers, PhD candidates, administrative staff and others.

Several research institutions have developed their guidelines for RE+RI training:

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/O4DDe2SgEL0N9J5#pdfviewer National Policy on Open Access]

[https://laridotlu.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/univofluxresearch-guidelineserp2018.pdf The University of Luxembourg – Research Ethics Guidelines]

[https://wwwen.uni.lu/media/files/university_of_luxembourg_policy_on_ethics_in_research_1020123 The University of Luxembourg – Policy on Ethics in Research]

[https://wwwen.uni.lu/university/official_documents/code_of_conduct The University of Luxembourg – Code of Conduct]

[https://wwwfr.uni.lu/formations/doctoral_education/doctoral_education_agreement The University of Luxembourg – Doctoral Education Agreement (DEA)]

[https://www.powtoon.com/online-presentation/efqEXYBPR48/?utm_medium=SocialShare&utm_campaign=copy%2Bshare%2Bby%2Bowner&utm_source=player-page-social-share&utm_content=efqEXYBPR48&utm_po=21868619&mode=movie LARI - 10 Tips for Robust and Ethical Research]

[https://lari.lu/best-practice-useful-links/research-ethics-faq/ LARI Research Ethics FAQ]

[https://laridotlu.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/coachhandbookoct2018.pdf LARI Coach Handbook]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/bfSqYc8bLBAJrjz#pdfviewer FNR Policy on Open Access]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/E5PEHgLc0hcOnXE#pdfviewer FNR Research Integrity Guidelines]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/iFJGbUlpQEtvWRg#pdfviewer FNR Ethics Charter and Code of Conduct for Research Assessment]

[https://www.fnr.lu/nqfdt-assessment-report/ FNR National Quality Framework for Doctoral Training]

LIST Code of Ethics (publicly available in 2021 Q4), currently available on LIST Intranet.

RI dialogue and communication

There is a cooperation between various institutions for RE+RI in Luxembourg. The National Ethics Committee (CNER) cooperates with the National Data Protection Commission (CNPD) which has one member attending the national ethics committee meeting as an observer. Also, members of CNER cooperate with LARI in the cases of research misconduct. LARI organises training courses for coaches at different research institutions <ref>European Network of Research Ethics Committees. Eurec. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/luxembourg.html</ref><ref>Who is LARI? [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: https://lari.lu/about/who-is-lari/</ref>.

Through the Secretary of State for Higher Education and Research, there has been strong support for research integrity, including “fostering a culture of the integrity of research.” Public trust in science in Luxembourg is high. Moreover, according to a 2011 EU competitiveness report, “the highest trust in science and technology can be found in Malta, Iceland, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg and Norway” <ref name=":0" />.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/lari-services/researcher-training/ CAPRI program]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/lari-services/lari-peer-coaching/ LARI Peer Coaching]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:580c4d60-48bf-41e7-b775-8735d44c3153

2021-10-22T09:44:42Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Moldova
|Has Location=Moldova
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 2,466 full-time researchers in Moldova <ref>UNESCO. Republic of Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/md?theme=science-technology-and-innovation</ref>. Moldova has 22 universities; 16 public and 8 private <ref>Ministry of Education, Culture and Research. Higher education institutions. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://mecc.gov.md/ro/content/institutiile-de-invatamant-superior</ref> and 19 public research and innovation organisations founded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research <ref>Republic of Moldova Government Decision No. 50 from 16. 01. 2018. on the activity of public law organizations in the fields of research and innovation. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://lex.justice.md/md/373886%20/</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="595"
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://usm.md/ Moldova State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://upsc.md/ "Ion Creangă" Pedogogical State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://utm.md/en/ Technical University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ase.md/ Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usarb.md/ "Alecu Russo" State University of Balti]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Bălți
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ust.md/en/home/ Tiraspol State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Tiraspol
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://kdu.md/ru/ Comrat State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Comrat
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usefs.md/en/ The State University of Physical Education and Sport]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usmf.md/ro "Nicolae Testemitanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uasm.md/en Agrarian State University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.academy.police.md/ "Stefan cel Mare" Police Academy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://amtap.md/en/ Academy of Music, Theatre and Fine Arts]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.academy.army.md/en/ "Alexandru cel Bun" Military Academy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usch.md/ "Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu" State University of Cahul]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Cahul
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tdu-tar.md/ Taraclia State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Taraclia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.aap.gov.md/ Academy of Public Administration]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ulim.md/en/acasa-3/ Free International University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.imi-nova.md/ "IMI-NOVA" International Management]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uccm.md/en/ Cooperative-Commercial University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.surm.md/ Slavonic University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uspee.md/ University of European Political and Economic studies]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usem.md/md/ University of European Studies of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://criminology.md/ Institute of Criminal Science and Applied Criminology of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://americanuniversity.md/ The American University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €34,4 million, which comprises 0.3% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">UNESCO. Republic of Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/md?theme=science-technology-and-innovation</ref>. Most funding was spent in the government sector (70.1%), business (15.5%) and higher education (11.6%) <ref name=":0" />. Moldova had 65 signed grants in H2020 projects receiving €7,2 million from H2020 <ref>H2020 Country Profile. Key Figures – Moldova (Republic of). [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Moldova</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2018, the Moldovan Government approved the National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030”. The overall aim of the Strategy is to improve the quality of citizens’ lives based on the four basic pillars: sustainable and inclusive economy, strong human and social capital, fair and efficient institutions and healthy environment. In order to develop these areas, 10 sustainable development objectives at national level have been set up by 2030, including: guaranteeing quality education, ensuring effective governance, increasing people’s access to infrastructure and improving working conditions <ref>United Nations Moldova. The National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030”, approved by the Government. 2018 July 2. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://moldova.un.org/en/15729-national-development-strategy-moldova-2030-approved-government</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=Moldova does not have an official structure for research integrity. The National Authority for Integrity is dealing only with public servants and head of institutes <ref>National Integrity Authority. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://cni.md/</ref>. It ensures the integrity in the exercise of a public office or public dignity and the prevention of corruption through the control of the property and personal interests and the observance of the legal regime of conflicts of interests, incompatibilities and restrictions <ref name=":0">HORIZON 2020 Policy Support Facility. MLE Research Integrity Republic of Moldova, 3rd country visit Paris, 2019 May 14. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/events/Duhlicher_Moldova-training%20and%20education%20.pdf</ref>. There are no trainings in research integrity intended for research integrity officers <ref name=":0" />.

The State Agency for Intellectual Property, a public institution under the authority of the Government, performs seminars in the field of intellectual property protection on industrial property rights, copyrights and neighbouring rights. The aim of these seminars is to strengthen knowledge in the field of copyright protection and related rights. The target groups are mainly teachers and students. The seminars are not compulsory and the outcomes are not assessed <ref name=":0" />.

The National Agency for Research and Development (NARD) was established in 2018. It is a central administrative authority under the Government of the Republic of Moldova. NARD is responsible for the implementation of the research, innovation and development of national policy, the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 and other European Programmes, and the coordination of Moldovan Office for Science and Technology in Brussels (MOST). Its overall objective is to ensure excellence and performance in achieving national priorities in the areas of research, innovation and development <ref>Government of Republic of Moldova. National Agency for Research and development. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://ancd.gov.md/en/content/nard</ref>.

The Academy of Sciences of Moldova (ASM) is the highest scientific forum of the country. It coordinates scientific and innovation activity, serves as a scientific consultant of the public authorities of the Republic of Moldova, and it has an autonomous statute and acts on the basis of self-administration principles <ref>Academy of Sciences Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://www.asm.md/?go=despre&new_language=2</ref>.

Universities have courses on Professional ethics and culture at the graduate level and masters’ degree level which are designed by the faculties themselves <ref name=":0" />. By the decision of the minister of Education no. 1045/2015 the courses on professional ethics and culture are compulsory and the outcomes are assessed. At the end of the course students have examinations <ref name=":0" />. Usually in Universities, especially in the State University of Medicine and Pharmaceuticals, there are Commissions/Committees of ethics which are approved by the Senates. Academy of Sciences also has ethics committees. No education is provided for the members of the commissions/committees <ref>Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://comitetetica.usmf.md/en</ref>.

The degree of cooperation between universities and research institutions is very weak, given the heavy teaching workload for university professors (up to 1000 hours/year) and lack of research grants incentivizing cooperation and/or mobility between the two sides <ref name=":0" />.

Clinical trials require the approval of the Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices <ref>Medicines and Medical Devices Agency. About Agency. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://amdm.gov.md/en/about-us</ref>.

Moldova does not have a national document regarding research integrity <ref name=":0" />. At some extent, the Code of Professional Ethics and Deontology for Scientific and Didactico-Scientific Staff adopted by the National Agency for Quality Assurances in Education and Research is interpreted as national guide in the field <ref>Codul de etică şi deontologie profesională a personalului științific și științifico-didactic. Anexă la Decizia CC al Anacec nr. 7 din 18 decembrie 2018. [Code of Professional Ethics and Deontology for Scientific and Didactico-Scientific Staff. Annex to the Decision No 7 of 18 December 2018]. [cited 2021 June 17]. Available from: https://www.anacec.md/files/cod-etica.pdf</ref>.

Institutional ethics committees deal with cases of misconduct. These cases are usually solved institutionally and are not publicly available. There were only a few cases, referring to public people, which were made publicly available (plagiarized PhD thesis). In practice, there were approved ad hoc commissions designated by the different institution to investigate cases. Usually, the commission proved even the misconduct; the court had another opinion <ref name=":0" />.

Moldova does not have a whistleblower law and there is no specific legal protection for whistleblowers in the private sector. The only development in recent years has been the 2013 Framework Regulation on Whistleblowers, which has created a system to provide civil servants with opportunities to report wrongdoing within public authorities and protect them from retaliation. This Framework has required all government agencies to enact whistleblower procedures. The government’s National Anticorruption Centre (NAC) is overseeing its implementation <ref>Whistleblower Protection in Southeast Europe. An Overview of Laws, Practice, and Recent Initiatives. 2015. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rm.coe.int/16806fffb0</ref>.
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Moldova.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="604"
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/md/286236/ The Code on Science and Innovation]

[http://lex.justice.md/md/286236/ of the Republic of Moldova]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates activities in the fields of research and innovation, including the process of policy development and implementation, evaluation of organizations, confirmation and recognition of scientific and scientific-didactic titles.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 Government decision on the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 of the Research and Development Strategy of the]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 Republic of Moldova until 2020]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the Moldovan research-development strategy until 2020.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/pnci_engleza.pdf Government decision no. 381/2019 on the approval of the National Program in the fields research and innovation for the years 2020-2023 and the Plan of actions regarding its implementation]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the National Program in the fields of research and innovation for the years 2020-2023 and the Plan of actions with regard to its implementation.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/md/356044/ Government decision for the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/md/356044/ of the Regulation on the organisation of the PhD studies]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the Regulation on the organization of higher doctoral studies.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf Government decision for the approval]

[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf of the National Roadmap of Integration of]

[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf Republic of Moldova in ERA Government decision no. 1081/2018]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the National Roadmap of Integration of Republic Moldova in European Research Area (ERA) for the years 2019-2021.
 
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 Government decision on the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 of the Regulation on the organization and conduct]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 of postdoctoral programs]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the normative framework for organizing research, development and innovation activities through postdoctoral programs.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
 
|Measure=RI training

Training exists as separate actions usually regarding open access and open science <ref>Eifl. Moldova Open Science Training. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://www.eifl.net/events/moldova-open-science-training</ref>. Many of the state universities offer courses on Professional Ethics at the graduate level that are designed by the faculties themselves <ref>HORIZON 2020 Policy Support Facility. MLE Research Integrity Republic of Moldova, 3rd country visit Paris, 2019 May 14. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/events/Duhlicher_Moldova-training%20and%20education%20.pdf</ref>.

The main resource for RE+RI training/implementation is [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity].

RI dialogue and communication

The Academy of Sciences promotes collaboration among different research institutes and with different countries with bilateral and collaborative projects. This is done by the Centre for International Projects <ref>Centre of International Projects of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Black Sea Horizon. 2015 July 14. [cited 2021 June 18]. Available from: https://blacksea-horizon.eu/object/organisation/6</ref>, previously a part of ASM, but now incorporated in the National Agency for Research and Development and responsible for implementing government policies in the fields of research and innovation. It also organizes the activities concerning participation in international research programmes <ref name=":0">Government of Republic of Moldova. National Agency for Research and development. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://ancd.gov.md/en/content/nard</ref>.

The Night of European Researchers is organised by the Academy of Sciences in collaboration with other research institutions to promote science among the young population and encourage them to pursue a scientific career <ref>European Commission. CORDIS EU research results. Fostering science and innovation impact through organisation in Moldova of European Researchers’ Night. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/955287</ref>.

In November, the scientific community of the Republic of Moldova celebrates the Day of Science. This event is organized by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research. Children and young people also participate in these events <ref>Moldpres State News Agency. Science Day celebrated in Moldova. 2018 Nov 10 [cited 2021 June 8].
Available from: https://www.moldpres.md/en/news/2018/11/10/18010085</ref>.

Apart from that, the contest Science Slam serves as a platform for communication between people in science and innovation with the general public <ref>Science Slam Eng. [cited 2021 June 8].
Available from: https://dasfoundation.md/en/science-slam-eng/</ref>.

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Research, in cooperation with the EUREKA International Association in 2018 organised EUREKA Info Day event. The EUREKA International Association is a platform for international cooperation in research, development, and innovation. The objective of the event is to inform the scientific community and the business environment of Moldova about the EUREKA cooperation framework, the activity of the program, how researchers and entrepreneurs can participate in the existing EUREKA actions, how to launch their own actions, and how to prepare and submit a successful project proposal <ref>Ministry of Education Culture and Research. EUREKA Info Day. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://mecc.gov.md/ro/content/eureka-info-day</ref>.

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Research, in collaboration with the European Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST) Association, organized the COST Info Day event in 2018 dedicated to the COST Information Day <ref>Ministry of Education Culture and Research. Event. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://mecc.gov.md/ro/content/evenimente-0</ref>.

The National Agency for Research and Development, the agency which is responsible for implementing government policies in the fields of research and innovation, also organizes Info days on HORIZON 2020 and promotes collaboration among different research institutes <ref name=":0" />.

As far as many public scandals involve high position researchers, the public perception of science and its role-results is more negative and pessimist than positive. Some research integrity aspects are discussed in media. Usually regarding high position personalities in research <ref name=":1">Marušić A. Mutual Learning Exercise (MLE) on Research Integrity. Processes and structures Thematic Report No 1. European Commission. 2019 March. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/MLE%20RI%20-%20Thematic%20Report%201.pdf</ref>.

RI incentives

The National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education and Research (NAQAER), established by the Government, implements state policies and contributes to the development oriented towards the best international standards in the areas of competence assigned: quality assessment in general, technical and higher professional education; external evaluation of continuous professional training programs; external evaluation of organizations in the fields of research and innovation; evaluation of the scientific and scientific-didactic staff and control over the quality of general, vocational and continuing education, compliance with the accreditation and authorization requirements of entities offering educational programs and services <ref>About. Anacec. [cited 2021 June 18]. Available from: https://anacec.md/en/node/155</ref>. Research integrity is not a part of institutional quality assessment at the research institutional level, but it is at the doctoral programs evaluation level. There are universities which have codes of academic integrity and this is part of their quality management. Also, the NAQAER elaborated a Guide to self-assessment report that includes performance criteria and indicators. One of them is the organization of the scientific research <ref name=":1" />.

The Government Excellence Scholarship and the Scholarship on scientific domains for PhD students who have achieved outstanding academic performance and actively participate in the social life of the institution are awarded annually by the Government of the Republic of Moldova <ref>Republic of Moldova. Government Decision No. 172 of 26. 02. 2018. on the award of the Government Excellence Scholarship and the Nominal Scholarship (by fields) for doctoral students for 2018. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from:

http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=374493</ref>.

There are research institutions offering special Grading of merits for stimulating scientific activity (based on performance). Also, annual awards for excellence in scientific research and didactic activity are offered by universities and institutes <ref name=":1" />.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://anacec.md/en/content/about-0 National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education and Research]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://gov.md/en/content/national-award-2016-contest-has-started The National Award – Government of Republic of Moldova]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.moldova.org/en/youth-prize-in-science-technology-and-arts-competition-launched-148733-eng/ Youth Prize in Science, Technology, and Arts - The Ministry of Education and Youth (The Ministry of Education and Youth)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.asm.md/?go=despre&new_language=2 The Academy of Sciences Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:F51f4e60-4246-45ac-b498-4854c8f1022a

2021-10-22T09:43:46Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Norway
|Has Location=Norway
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 46,600 full-time researchers in Norway <ref>Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU). Norway’s R&D efforts are increasing, but less than before. 2020 February 18. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.nifu.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Final-figures-2018-18.02.2020-1.pdf</ref>. Norway has 32 accredited universities and university colleges: 10 public universities, 7 specialised university institutes, 2 private, 8 public university colleges, and 7 private university colleges (there has recently been a merger of universities and university colleges) <ref>UHR Universities Norway. UHR member institutions. 2021 March 25. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.uhr.no/en/about-uhr/member-institutions/</ref>. Norway has 48 research institutes <ref>EURAXESS Countries in focus – Research in Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://cdn4.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/domains/asean/in_focus_norway.pdf</ref>, 44 Centres of Excellence, <ref>The Research Council of Norway. Evaluation of the Norwegian Centres of Excellence (SFF) Funding Scheme. Report from the evaluation committee (2020). [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://khrono.no/files/2020/05/19/SFF_Evaluation.pdf</ref>, 22 Centres for Research-based Innovation (SFI) <ref>The Research Council of Norway. 22 new Centres for Research-based Innovation (SFI). 2020 July 3. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/news/2020/22-new-centres-for-research-based-innovation-sfi/</ref>, and 13 Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research <ref>The Research Council of Norway. Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/apply-for-funding/funding-from-the-research-council/fme/</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usn.no/english/ University of South-Eastern Norway]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Bø, Telemark, Porsgrunn, Notodden, Rauland, Drammen, Hønefoss, Kongsberg, Horten
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nord.no/en/Pages/default.aspx Nord University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Bodø, Levanger
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oslomet.no/en/ OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Oslo, Akershus
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uia.no/en University of Agder]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Kristiansand, Grimstad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uib.no/en University of Bergen]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Bergen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uio.no/english/ University of Oslo]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Oslo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uis.no/nb?lang=en_GB#Studies University of Stavanger]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Stavanger
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.uit.no/startsida UiT The Artic University of Norway]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Tromsø
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nmbu.no/en Norwegian University of Life Sciences]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Ås
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ntnu.edu/ Norwegian University of Science and Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Trondheim, Gjøvik, Ålesund
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross domestic expenditures on research and development were NOK 72.8 billion (€7.13 billion), which comprises 2.06% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU). Norway’s R&D efforts are increasing, but less than before. 2020 February 18. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.nifu.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Final-figures-2018-18.02.2020-1.pdf</ref>. Most funding was spent in the industrial sector (32.8%), higher education sector (25.2%) and institute sector (14.8%) <ref name=":0" />.

Norway had 1.943 signed grants receiving €1.6 billion and 104 ERC grants receiving €183 million <ref>H2020 Country Profile. Key Figures – Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Norway</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=Research and higher education are central to the development of a sustainable society, where knowledge is the key to new, green and profitable jobs and a better and more efficient public sector. Technological development, with digitalisation as a pervasive element, offers great opportunities, but also offers challenges with regard to, among other things, privacy and social security. Inequalities in society are increasing, and contradictions are polarizing. At the same time, we face major challenges in terms of climate and environment, which can only be met in cooperation with other countries. This forms the framework for the government's long-term plan for research and higher education. The overall goals of the plan are to strengthen Norway's competitiveness and ability to innovate, meet major societal challenges and develop professional environments of outstanding quality. The plan has a ten-year perspective, with a specification of goals and focus areas for the coming four-year period. The government presented the first long-term plan for research and higher education in 2014. The long-term plan is revised every 4 years <ref>Government.no. Meld. St. 4 (2018–2019). Long-term plan for research and higher education 2019–2028 — Meld. St. 4 (2018–2019) Report to the Storting (white paper). [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/meld.-st.-4-20182019/id2614131/</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=The current Norwegian research ethics system is regulated by the Research Ethics Act of 2017, which secures the independence of the ethical committees, promotes the individual researcher’s responsibility to familiarise with and follow ethical standards, and emphasises that research institutions must ensure that all research conducted in their institution is in accordance with ethical standards <ref name=":0">Ministry of Education. Act on the organization of research ethics work (Research Ethics Act). 2017 May 1. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2017-04-28-23</ref>.

The three National Research Ethics Committees – The National Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (NEM), The National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (NESH), and The National Commission for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT) – were established in 1990 to coordinate and support work on research ethics on a national level. The National Commission for the Investigation of Research Misconduct (GRU) was established in 2007 as a separate commission for the investigation of research misconduct, in accordance with the first Research Ethics Act of 2006. Since 2008, there is also The National Committee for Research Ethics on Human Remains (SKJ). In 2013 these bodies were united as the National Research Ethics Committees in Norway (FEK) established as a separate unit under the Ministry of Education and Research (KD) <ref>The Norwegian National Research Ethics Committees. Who are we and what do we do? 2019 June 8. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/who-are-we-and-what-do-we-do/</ref><ref name=":1">European Network of Research Integrity Officers (ENRIO). Norway. National Research Ethics Committees (FEK). [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/norway/</ref>.

At the national level, NEM, NESH, and NENT have a proactive approach, aimed at teaching or at approving or advising research projects. GRU is in charge of investigating serious cases of research misconduct, providing guidance to individual researchers and institutions, as well as overseeing their work. Moreover, GRU can investigate cases of research misconduct that happened abroad if they involve researchers employed by a Norwegian institution. <ref>The Norwegian National Research Ethics Committees. About the Commission. 2019 Sept 8. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/granskingsutvalget/about-the-commission/</ref>.

The members of all the national committees are appointed by KD based on input from The Research Council of Norway. GRU is chaired by the person with judicial experience and members are appointed from different scientific fields. Moreover, at least one member should be from abroad <ref name=":2">Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. Consultation paper – Research Ethics in Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/751546e9c5a943b2ab7674f5e87baf90/consultation-paper---research-ethics-in-norway.pdf</ref>.

All medical and health research projects involving human subjects require the approval of Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK). The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision has supervisory responsibility for medical and health research. It can intervene if research projects or research biobanks are operated in a harmful manner. It can supervise research regardless of where the research is conducted. Norwegian Medicines Agency has a supervisory role for clinical trials of medicines. All animal experiments are subject to notification and approval before they can start. <ref name=":2" />.

There are 7 REKs in Norway situated in 5 different regions. Universities, i.e. medical faculties have ethics committees for medical and health research ethics which are guided by NEM. Moreover, NEM is an appeal body for these ethics committees <ref>European Network of Research Ethics Committees (EUREC). National Information: Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/literature/information/norway.html</ref>.

Health Trusts have established procedures for handling issues regarding research ethics and some have established ombudsman <ref name=":2" />.

Most Norwegian universities emphasize the responsibility of each researcher to adhere to ethical standards and the institutional responsibility to promote ethical standards. Moreover, universities usually have guidelines for research ethics and some universities have action plans for promoting good research practice and preventing research misconduct. Universities should have an ethics committee and/or committee for the investigations of misconduct <ref name=":2" />.

The Norwegian Association for Higher Education Institutions (UHR) has also developed guidelines for processing issues of research ethics and promotes them among universities <ref name=":2" />.

The Association of Norwegian Research Institutes (FFA) established an ethics committee for 48 institutes to deal with cases of misconduct and provide advice and support regarding ethics and integrity in research <ref name=":2" />.

Norway has a number of guidelines and checklists regarding ethics and integrity in the different scientific fields, for example [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/science-and-technology/guidelines-for-research-ethics-in-science-and-technology/ Guidelines for Research Ethics in Science and Technology] (NENT), [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/social-sciences-humanities-law-and-theology/guidelines-for-research-ethics-in-the-social-sciences-humanities-law-and-theology/ Guidelines for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and Humanities] (NESH) and various [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/medical-and-health-research/ guidelines] (NEM).

Based on the provisions of the Research Ethics Act on, each institution should prevent and handle cases of research misconduct. All research institutions must have an independent commission for investigation of possible cases of scientific misconduct. Moreover, institutions must inform GRU about handled cases and institutions are in charge of sanctions, whether they are proposed by the Commission or brought by the institution <ref name=":0" />. Although investigations of alleged cases of research misconduct are done usually by institutions, some cases are handled by the GRU. The Commission can handle cases that are brought by individual researchers, institutions or it can decide to conduct an investigation by itself if it has knowledge about the non-adequate handle of the case at the local level. It also investigates more serious cases of research misconduct. Cases of research misconduct are usually published annually and anonymously by the Commission <ref name=":1" />.

According to the Act relating to the working environment, working hours and employment protection, an employee has a right to notify censurable conditions at the employer's undertaking. When supervisory authorities or other public authorities receive notification concerning censurable conditions, any person who performs work or services for the body receiving such notification shall be obliged to prevent other persons from gaining knowledge of employees' names or other information identifying employees <ref>Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. Act relating to working environment, working hours and employment protection, etc. (Working Environment Act). 2006 Jan 1. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2005-06-17-62</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/who-are-we-and-what-do-we-do/ The National Research Ethics Committees in Norway (FEK)]

{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Ensure that all research is conducted in accordance with recognized research ethical norms. The committees do preventive work, counselling, publish general and specific decisions and investigate individual cases concerning possible misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nem/about-nem/ The National Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (NEM)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Addresses complaints under the Health Research Act on decisions in Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK).
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nent/about-nent/ The National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}The committee provides counsels and recommendations concerning ethical questions in concrete research projects in the area of science and technology, including agriculture and fisheries. In addition, it organises seminars and publishes reports and books on research ethics issues.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nesh/about-nesh/ The National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (NESH)]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Gives its opinion concerning ethical questions on specific research projects in the area of social sciences and humanities and evaluates these projects. In addition to giving advice in individual cases, external activities such as the organisation of seminars on research ethical issues are an important part of NESH’s work.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/granskingsutvalget/about-the-commission/ The National Commission for the Investigation of Research Misconduct (GRU)]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Guides the research institutions on how to handle cases on research misconduct. The research institutions shall also report to the commission on the handling of all misconduct cases.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/skjelettutvalget/ The National Committee for Research Ethics on Human Remains (SKJ)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Evaluates the ethical aspects of research where the source material consists of human remains which are in public museums and collections, or which will be found in future archaeological and other surveys.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Norway.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2018-06-15-38/*#& Personal Data Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the protection of natural persons in with regard to the processing of personal data, the free exchange of such information and the repeal of Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2017-04-28-23 Research Ethics Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Contributes to ensuring that research under public and private auspices is conducted in accordance with recognized research ethics norms.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2018-03-05-321 Research Ethics Regulation]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulations on research ethics committees and commissions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2005-04-01-15#KAPITTEL_1-1 University and Higher Education Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Makes possible for universities and university colleges to provide higher education at a high international level, conduct research and academic and artistic development work at a high international level, and disseminate knowledge about their activities and promote an understanding for the principle of academic freedom and the application of scientific and artistic methods and results, both in teaching students, in their other activities and in public administration, cultural life and business and industry.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2008-06-20-44#KAPITTEL_1 Health Research Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good and ethically sound medical and health research. It applies to medical and health research on humans, human biological material or health information. Such research also includes pilot studies and experimental treatment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1999-07-02-64#KAPITTEL_1 Health Care Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Contributes to safety for patients and quality in the health and care service as well as trust in health personnel and the health and care service. The law applies to health personnel and companies that provide health care in the country.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2003-12-05-100#KAPITTEL_1 Biotechnology Act]

{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the medical use of biotechnology is utilized for the benefit of people in a society where there is room for everyone. This shall be done in accordance with the principles of respect for human dignity, human rights and personal integrity and without discrimination on the basis of hereditary systems based on the ethical norms enshrined in our Western cultural heritage. The law applies to human medical use of biotechnology etc. and includes assisted reproduction, research on fertilized eggs and cloning, fetal diagnostics, genetic examinations of births and gene therapy etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/forskrift/2003-03-14-349 Regulations of the capture and collection of game for scientific or other special purposes]
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the capture and collection of game for research, teaching, information, farming, etc., must be carried out without inflicting unnecessary suffering of animals and without reducing nature’s productivity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://norecopa.no/files/statute.html Regulation on Animal Experimentation]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that animals governed by the Regulation receive correct treatment and are not subjected to unnecessary pain and suffering. Regulates experimentation with animals, and in addition the breeding, rearing and keeping of animals that are to be utilized in experiments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/gene-technology-act/id173031/ Gene Technology Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the production and use of genetically modified organisms and the production of cloned animals take place in an ethically justifiable and socially acceptable manner, in accordance with the principle of sustainable development and without adverse effects on health and the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/animal-welfare-act/id571188/ Animal Welfare Act]
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good animal welfare and respect for animals. It applies to conditions which affect welfare of or respect for mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, decapods, squid, octopi and honey bees. The Act applies equally to the development stages of the animals referred to in cases where the sensory apparatus is equivalent to the developmental level in living animals.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

The Research Ethics Act of 2017 imposes the responsibility of the research institutions to provide training in research ethics <ref>Ministry of Education. Act on the organization of research ethics work (Research Ethics Act). 2017 May 1. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2017-04-28-23</ref>. FEK are not responsible for training as such. However, FEK has established several national initiatives related to training:

- A Research Ethics library containing articles and cases (including on research integrity)

- A yearly conference for teachers and people responsible for research integrity at the different institutions

- The secretariat for the Committees takes part in a wide range of teaching activities at different institutions <ref>European Network of Research Integrity Officers (ENRIO). Norway. National Research Ethics Committees (FEK). [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/norway/</ref>.

RI dialogue and communication

NEM, NENT and NESH cooperate with GRU on the prevention of research misconduct, combining proactive teaching and advise on RE/RI with retroactive investigations of misconduct.

NEK organises an annual two-day meeting for all its members. The aim of the meeting is professional replenishment and discussion <ref name=":0">The Norwegian National Research Ethics Committees. About NEM. 2019 June 8. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nem/about-nem/</ref>. It also organises open debate meetings on various research ethics topics <ref name=":0" />.

REK organises one national conference per year for all members of all committees for networking purposes and for addressing issues of common interest. It also organises coordination meetings twice a year between the chairs of the committees and respective secretariats <ref>European Network of Research Ethics Committees (EUREC). National Information: Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/literature/information/norway.html</ref>.

According to the University and Higher Education Act, all universities and HE-institutions have a “third mission”. In addition to teaching and research – communicating research to the public and society at large <ref>Ministry of Education. Universities and University Colleges Act. 2005 Aug 1. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2005-04-01-15#KAPITTEL_1-1</ref>.

The Research Council of Norway promotes collaboration between research communities (18)<ref>Government.no. The Research Council of Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kd/organisation/kunnskapsdepartementets-etater-og-virksomheter/Subordinate-agencies-2/the-research-council-of-norway/id426571/</ref>. It also promotes translation of research findings to society by awarding researchers with the Award for Excellence in Communication of Science. This award is assigned to researchers who demonstrated outstanding communication of their research results and they put the effort into promoting research and research knowledge to society <ref>The Research Council of Norway. The Award for Excellence in Communication of Science. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/about-the-research-council/Awards/Award-for-Excellence-in-Communication-of-Science/</ref>.

The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters usually organises 12 meetings, open for public, with topics covering the various academic fields <ref>The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. About the Academy. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: http://english.dnva.no/c41973/seksjon/vis.html?tid=41986/</ref>.

The Norwegian public trust in science is high. According to a survey conducted by Response Analysis for the Norwegian Bar Association, about 85% of Norwegians say that they have great confidence in researchers <ref>Capar, R I. 85% of Norwegians have great confidence in scientists, survey shows. Norway Today. 2020 Oct 24. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://norwaytoday.info/news/85-of-norwegians-have-great-confidence-in-scientists-survey-shows/</ref>.

Research integrity is often discussed in the lay press, usually about cases of research misconduct. There were also some publications regarding a national project named Research Integrity in Norway (RINO), which aimed to map the prevalence or research misconduct and questionable research practices in Norwegian universities, university colleges, and research institutes <ref>University of Bergen. Research integrity in Norway (RINO). [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.uib.no/en/rino</ref>.

In addition to national media, many universities have their own independent press covering research, i.e. [https://khrono.no/ Khrono], [https://pahoyden.no/ På høyden], [https://www.uniforum.uio.no/ Uniforum] and [https://www.universitetsavisa.no/ Universitetsavisa].

Another platform is [https://forskning.no/ Forskning.no], initiated by the Norwegian Research Council in 2002. It is usually about cases of research misconduct.

RI incentives

The national funding system for research is partly based on performance-based incentives. This influences the research system as a whole.

The Norwegian Research Council conducts national evaluations of disciplines and research fields, emphasizing quality, relevance and impact. This creates an awareness of different modes of communication, participation and impact.

Institutions such as the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters offer awards for research.

There are also various incentives for collaboration of research and industry/business. Norwegian government promotes cooperation between national research and innovation and foreign companies, research institutions and scientists. The Research Council promotes cooperation between research and industry through various programmes and measures.

An Industrial PhD programme was launched for enhancing cooperation and mobility between research and industry, increase research activity in the industry, and equip newly-educated researchers with knowledge of relevance to their company. The company receives a grant of 50% of the rates for doctoral fellowship for a period of three years or 37.5% of the rate for a period of 4 years with 75% research activity <ref>The Research Council of Norway. Industrial PhD Scheme. 2021 April 8. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/call-for-proposals/2019/industrial-ph.d.-scheme--doctoral-projects-in-industry/</ref>. 22 Centres for Research-Based Innovation (SFI) are established to enhance cooperation between research enterprises and research groups <ref>The Research Council of Norway. 22 new Centres for Research-based Innovation (SFI). 2020 July 3. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/news/2020/22-new-centres-for-research-based-innovation-sfi/</ref>.

Norwegian Innovation Clusters is a programme aimed to support activities in industrial business clusters composed of companies competing internationally <ref>European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. EMCC European Monitoring Centre on Change. Norwegian Innovation Clusters. 2020 Oct 1. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/erm/support-instrument/norwegian-innovation-clusters</ref>.

Norway provides R&D tax relief. Since 2020, the headline credit rate has been uniformed to 19% <ref>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). R&D Tax Incentives: Norway, 2020. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/sti/rd-tax-stats-norway.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kd/organisation/kunnskapsdepartementets-etater-og-virksomheter/Subordinate-agencies-2/the-research-council-of-norway/id426571/ The Secretariat for the National Research Ethics Committees]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kd/organisation/kunnskapsdepartementets-etater-og-virksomheter/Subordinate-agencies-2/the-research-council-of-norway/id426571/ The Research Council of Norway]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/about-the-research-council/Awards/innovation-award/ The Research Council Innovation Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/about-the-research-council/Awards/Award-for-Excellence-in-Communication-of-Science/ The Award for Excellence in Communication of Science]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.abelprize.no/ The Abel Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://kavliprize.org/ The Kavli Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://holbergprisen.no/en/holberg-prize/about-holberg-prize The Holberg Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:29d1a7fc-0809-484c-b91b-f7b02f9dad5c

2021-10-22T09:43:01Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Spain
|Has Location=Spain
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019 there were 135,331 full-time researchers in Spain <ref>Eurostat. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsc00004&language=en</ref>. Spanish National Research Council, a State Agency with the consideration of a Public Research Organization of the Spanish General State Administration, has 120 research institutes out of which 51 are of joint centres with other institutions, primarily universities <ref name=":0">Institutes, Centres & Units. CSIC. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.csic.es/en/investigation/institutes-centres-units</ref>. There are also 8 centres functioning as research support units that provide technical and administrative support to two or more institutes <ref name=":0" />. Spain has 75 universities – 50 public and 25 private <ref>Estudios y Universidades en España. Listado de todas Universidades Españolas [Studies and Universities in Spain. List of All Spanish Universities]. [cited 2020 Jan 12]. Available from: http://www.estudiosyuniversidades.com/universidades/universidades-publicas-espana.html</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation '''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}'''City '''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uam.es/UAM/Home.htm?language=es Autonomous University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uc3m.es/Home University Carlos III of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucm.es/english Complutense University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uned.es/universidad/inicio.html National University of Distance Education]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upm.es/internacional Polytechnic University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.urjc.es/ King Juan Carlos University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Móstoles, Alcorón, Vicálvaro, Aranjuez, Fuenlabrada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uimp.es/en/ Menéndez Pelayo International University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Santander, Valencia, Barcelona, Cartagena, Cuenca, Granada, La Línea de la Concepción, Seville, Tenerife
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uab.cat/web/universitat-autonoma-de-barcelona-1345467954774.html Autonomous University of Barcelona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ub.edu/web/portal/en/ University of Barcelona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upc.edu/en Polytechnic University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upf.edu/home Pompeu Fabra University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.us.es/ University of Seville]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upo.es/portal/impe/web/portada/index.html Pablo de Olavide University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unia.es/ International University of Andalucía]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville, Palos de la Frontera, Baeza, Málaga
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udc.es/en/ori/conoce_la_udc/ University of A Coruña]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}A Coruña
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uah.es/en/ University of Alcalá]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Alcalá de Henares
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ua.es/ University of Alicante]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}San Vicente del Raspeig/Sant Vincent del Raspeig
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ual.es/ University of Almería]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Almería
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ubu.es/english-version University of Burgos]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Burgos
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uca.es/ University of Cádiz]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Cádiz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://web.unican.es/en/Pages/default.aspx University of Cantabria]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Santander, Torrelavega, Comillas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uclm.es/?sc_lang=en University of Castilla-La Mancha]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Ciudad Real
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uco.es/ University of Córdoba]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Córdoba
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unex.es/ University of Extremadura]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Badajoz, Cáceres, Mérida, Plasencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udg.edu/en/ University of Girona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Girona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udg.edu/en/ University of Granada]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Granada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uhu.es/index.php University of Huelva]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Huelva
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ujaen.es/en University of Jaén]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Jaén
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ull.es/en/ University of La Laguna]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}San Cristóbal de La Laguna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unirioja.es/ University of La Rioja]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Logroño
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.english.ulpgc.es/ University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unileon.es/ University of León]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}León
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.udl.es/ca/en/ University of Lleida]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Lleida
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uma.es/#gsc.tab=0 University of Málaga]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Málaga
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.um.es/en/ University of Murcia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Murcia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uniovi.es/en/inicio University of Oviedo]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Oviedo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usal.es/ University of Salamanca]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Salamanca
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usc.gal/en University of Santiago de Compostela]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Santiago de Compostela
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://universityofvalladolid.uva.es/ University of Valladolid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valladolid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvigo.gal/en University of Vigo]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Vigo, Pontevedra, Ourense
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.unizar.es/information-institution/name-and-address University of Zaragoza]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Zaragoza
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehu.eus/en/en-home University of the Basque Country]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Leioa, Bilbao, Portugalete, Barakaldo, San Sebastián, Eibar, Vitoria-Gasteiz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umh.es/?lang=EN Miguel Hernández University of Elche]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Elche, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Altea, Orihuela
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://estudiaencartagena.upct.es/international/english/start/ Politechnic University of Cartagena]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Cartagena
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.upv.es/ Polytechnic University of Valencia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.unavarra.es/home Public University of Navarre]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Navarre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.urv.cat/en/ Rovira i Virgili University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Tarragona, Reus, Vila-seca, Tortosa, El Vendrell
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uib.cat/ University of the Balearic Islands]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Palma
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uv.es/uvweb/college/en/university-valencia-1285845048380.html University of València]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uji.es/ Jaume I University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Castelló de la Plana
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udima.es/ Distance University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nebrija.com/ Nebrija University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucjc.edu/ Camilo José Cela University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://universidadeuropea.com/en/about-ue/madrid/ European University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ufvinternational.com/en/ Francisco de Vitoria University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.comillas.edu/en/?jjj=1610445591735 Comillas Pontifical University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ceu.es/ San Pablo University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ie.edu/es/universidad/ IE University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Segovia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uax.com/en Alfonso X El Sabio University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Villanueva de la Cañada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uic.es/en International University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.url.edu/en Ramon Llul University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uaoceu.es/en Abat Oliba CEU University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uoc.edu/portal/en/index.html Open University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uchceu.com/en CEU Cardinal Herrera University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucv.es/eng/home Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.ucam.edu/ Saint Anthony Catholic University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Murcia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucavila.es/ Catholic University of Ávila]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Ávila
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.deusto.es/cs/Satellite/deusto/es/universidad-deusto University of Deusto]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Bilbao, San Sebastián
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unav.edu/en/home University of Navarre]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Pamplona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvic.cat/en University of Vic]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Vic, Manresa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uemc.es/ Miguel de Cervantes European University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valladolid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unirioja.es/ University of La Rioja]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Logroño
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mondragon.edu/en/home Mondragon University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Mondragón
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upsa.es/ Pontifical University of Salamanca]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Salamanca
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usj.es/ San Jorge University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Zaragoza
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €15.572 million, which comprises 1.25% of the country’s GDP <ref>Instituto Nacional de Estadística. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176754&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735576669</ref>. Most funding was spent in the corporate sector (56.1%), followed by the higher education sector (26.6%), general government sector (17.0%) and the private non-profit sector (0.3%) <ref>Statistics on R&D Activities. Year 2019. Final data. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Press Release 27 November 2020. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from:

https://www.ine.es/en/prensa/imasd_2019_en.pdf</ref>. Spain had 8.137 signed grants receiving €5.82 billion in H2020 <ref name=":0">H2020 Projects. [cited 2020 Feb 19]. Available from:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref> and 491 ERC signed grants receiving €664.8 million in H2020 <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=The Spanish Strategy on Science, Technology and Innovation 2013-2020 was launched by the General State Administration and the Regional Administrations in 2012. Since it was created at the time when country was experiencing serious economic difficulties which led to decreasing of funding with respect to public and company investment, the Strategy promotes the capacities of the Spanish Science, Technology and Innovation System and enables collaboration between all the stakeholders of the System while increasing the social and economic returns from investment in Research Development and Innovation (RDI). With regard to this, the Strategy defends the importance of scientific and technological progress as an indisputable element of social progress <ref name=":0">Gobierno de España. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [Government of Spain. Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness]. Spanish Strategy for Science and Technology and Innovation 2013-2020. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.ciencia.gob.es/stfls/MICINN/Investigacion/FICHEROS/Spanish_Strategy_Science_Technology.pdf</ref>. One of the Strategy’s aims is to define a strategic framework for RDI policies to promote structural reforms, establish incentives and determine the objectives and efforts required to create the RDI capacities that will make Spain a country of innovation, contribute to social and economic progress and reinforce their international leadership in a global setting <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Governance=Spain has several bodies for RI – the Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the Spanish Research Ethics Committee (CEEI), the National Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction and the Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues.

From 2011 the Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) has been a member of European Network of Research Integrity Office (ENRIO) and responsible for raising awareness of researchers about the importance of research integrity <ref name=":0">Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). Enrio. [cited 2020 Jan 5]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/spain/</ref>. Its aim is also to prevent research misconduct and unacceptable research practices <ref name=":0" />. To that end, the Committee has created the [http://enacti2ng-itn.cbm.uam.es/images/Documentation/CBP_CSIC_en.pdf Code of Good Scientific Practices of CSIC], the [https://www.cnb.csic.es/documents/ConflictosInteresCSIC.pdf CSIC Manual of Conflicts of Interest] and the [http://icmab.es/images/gender/Declaracion-nacional-integridad-cientifica.pdf Spanish National Statement of Research Integrity]. CSIC is also responsible for dealing with ethical conflicts. Any individual or institution can bring a case to the attention of the Committee, whose field of competence is limited to CSIC and its employees <ref name=":0" /><ref>CSIC’s Ethics Committee. CSIC. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.csic.es/en/csic/scientific-integrity-and-ethics-csic/csic-ethics-committee</ref>.

There are also a number of Spanish national associations for ethics assessment of research, centred mainly in bioethics and biomedical research. They include the National Association of Research Ethics Committees, the Network of Ethics Committees in Universities and Public Research Centres in Spain and the Spanish Association of Bioethics <ref name=":1">Arias Díaz J, de Sola Perea L, Martin-Arrbias M C. Ethics Assessment in Different Countries. Spain. SATORI. 2015 June. [cited 2020 Jan 5]. Available from: https://satoriproject.eu/media/4.i-Country-report-Spain.pdf</ref>.

All the autonomous communities have Research Ethics Committees and Research Ethics Committees for drugs that perform the ethical assessment of research projects performed in the region. These committees have a special accreditation regulated by the Royal Decree 1090/2015 <ref>Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. [Ministry of Health, Social Policy and Equality, The Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices]. Royal Decree 1090/2015, of 4 December, regulating clinical trials with medicinal products, Ethics Committees for Investigation with medicinal products and the Spanish Clinical Studies Registry. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.aemps.gob.es/legislacion/espana/investigacionClinica/docs/Royal-Decree-1090-2015_4-December.pdf</ref>. The Research Ethics Committees and ad hoc commissions are in charge of settling scientific integrity problems. They are independent and their decisions can be binding, although there is a right of appeal. The official list of proven misconduct regulated by authorities is not publicly available at the moment <ref name=":2">European Commission. Mutual Learning Exercise (MLE) on Research Integrity. Dialogue and Communication Thematic Report No 3. 2019 May. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/MLE%20RI%20-%20Thematic%20Report%20No%203.pdf</ref>.

Spanish policies and initiatives to support ethics practices in the private industry mostly concern corporate social responsibility. Any industry can create an independent Research Ethics Committee or ascribe to any existent Research Ethics Committee, but each Research Ethics Committee must be authorized by the regional autonomies through an accreditation process strictly controlled by the health authorities. Large companies may have their own good practices codes, especially in the pharmaceutical sector <ref name=":1" />.

Aside from Research Ethics Committees, professional organizations can also sanction research misconducts. For example, deontological commissions related to the professional organizations act independently to sanction the professionals involved in research misconducting <ref name=":2" />. If misconduct affects human beings, Justice system starts a process of investigation <ref name=":2" />.

The protection of whistle-blowers is not addressed in regulations related to RI. There is no specific law on whistle-blower protection for employees in Spain so citizens must personally come forward in order for their claim to be investigated. The only legislative regulation loosely related to whistleblowing is a provision allowing citizens to anonymously report conflicts of interest of high-ranking officials and members of Parliament and a whistle-blower e-mail hotline that allows anonymous reporting of anticompetitive behaviour <ref>Briefing Paper. Whistleblower Protection in Spain. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.changeofdirection.eu/assets/briefings/EU%20briefing%20paper%20-%20Spain%20-%20english.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="642"
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.csic.es/en/csic/scientific-integrity-and-ethics-csic/csic-ethics-committee Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates, trains and promotes RI. It also issues reports and formulates recommendations about ethical and deontological principles related to research activity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eng.isciii.es/eng.isciii.es/Paginas/Inicio.html The Research Ethics Committee of the Carlos III Health Institute]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Contributes to improving the health of all citizens through the promotion of research and innovation in Health Sciences and Biomedicine and through the provision of groundbreaking scientific and technical services and educational programmes directed towards the National Health System.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.comitedebioetica.es/ The Spanish Bioethics Committee]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Issues reports, proposals and recommendations for public authorities at state and regional level on matters related to the ethical and social implications of Biomedicine and Health Sciences. It is also responsible for establishing the general principles for the production of codes of good practice in scientific research and for representing Spain in supranational and international forums and bodies involved in bioethics.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1441251/royal-decree-42-2010-of-15-january%252c-which-regulates-the-national-commission-for-assisted-human-reproduction.html The National Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Provides guidance on the use of assisted human reproduction techniques and collaborates with public administrations with regard to this matter.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-18654 The Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Advises and guides research with biological samples of human embryonic nature and contributes to the updating and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge in this matter.
{{!}}}
 
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Spain. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="642"
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1451484/law-6-2001%252c-of-21-december%252c-on-universities.html Act on Universities (La Ley Orgánica 6/2001 de Universidades)]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes the action of the General Administration of the State in the structuring and cohesion of the University system, deepens the competences of the autonomous communities in the field of higher education, increases the degree of autonomy of the universities and establishes the channels needed to strengthen relationships and reciprocal links between University and society.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-9617 Law for Science, Technology and Innovation (Ley 14/2011, de 1 de junio, de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación)]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Deepens the vertebration of relations and the dialogue between science, technology, innovation and society.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-12945 The Law on Biomedical Research (Ley 14/2007, de 3 de julio, de Investigación biomédica)]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes standards in areas that have not been regulated yet or that have been fragmentary or unrelated to the changes occurred in recent years, such as genetic analysis, research with human biological samples, in particular those of an embryonic nature, or biobanks.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1448886/royal-decree-2132---2004%252c-of-29-october%252c-laying-down-the-requirements-and-procedures-for-the-development-of-research-projects-with-stem-cells-take.html Royal Decree 2132/2004, Of 29 October, Laying Down The Requirements And Procedures For The Development Of Research Projects With Stem Cells Taken From Surplus Pre-Embryos]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the use of the human pre-embryos for the research purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1446767/order-sco-393-2006%252c-of-8-february%252c-which-establishes-the-organization-and-functioning-of-the-national-stem-cell-bank.html Order SCO/393/2006, Of 8 February, Which Establishes The Organization And Functioning Of The National Stem Cell Bank]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the organization and operation of the National Bank of Cellular Lines.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1999-23750 Organic Law 15/1999, of December 13, on the Protection of Personal Data]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Guarantees and protects, with regard to the processing of personal data, the public freedoms and fundamental rights of natural persons, and in particular their personal and family honour and privacy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-18654 Royal Decree 1527/2010, of November 15, regulating the Guarantees Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues and the Registration of Research Projects]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the use of human cells and tissues and the registry of research projects.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-18919 Royal Decree 1716/2011 of 18 November establishing the basic requirements for the authorization and operation of biobanks for biomedical research and the treatment of biological samples of human origin, and regulating the operation and organization of the National Register of Biobanks for biomedical research.]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the basic requirements for authorization and operation of biobanks for biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-1337 Royal Decree 53/2013 of 1 February laying down the basic rules applicable for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching.]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the basic rules applicable for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-6271 Law 6/2013, of June 11, amending Law 32/2007, of November 7, for the care of animals, in their exploitation, transport, experimentation and slaughter.]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes a set of principles regarding the care of animals and the regulation of the corresponding sanctioning regime in case of non-compliance with animal welfare regulations.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

There is no mandate for RI training but some universities and institutions have integrated a module about research integrity in their existing program about research ethics (Autonomous University of Madrid, University of Barcelona, University of Oviedo and National University of Distance Education). Several members of the CSIC Ethics Committee give lectures regarding research integrity and responsible conduct of research. Research Ethics and Research Integrity have been included as topics in the CSIC Management Training Course aimed to CSIC’s Directors and Managers <ref>Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). Enrio. [cited 2020 Jan 5]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/spain/</ref>.

RI dialogue and communication

In a Knowledge Transfer study 2010-2012, Spain positioning is about average (56%). Spain is one of the countries with a low level of innovation and weak knowledge translation policies <ref>Arundel A, Es-Sadki N, Barjak F, Perrett P, Samuel O, Lilischkis S. Knowledge Transfer Study 2010-2012. Final Report. 2013 June. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/knowledge_transfer_2010-2012_report.pdf</ref>. Research Results Transfer Offices, that are part of each university, aim to promote and facilitate cooperation in Research and Development activities between researchers and companies <ref>RedOTRI. Research Results Transfer Offices (OTRI). [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: http://www.redotriuniversidades.net/index.php/presentacion?id=272</ref>.

The academic system is perceived corrupt. Academic corruption survey of 5,725 people who studied in 11 European countries showed the highest levels of perceived corruption in Ukraine and Spain <ref>Marušić A. Mutual Learning Exercise (MLE) on Research Integrity. Dialogue and Communication Thematic Report No 3. 2019 May. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/MLE%20RI%20-%20Thematic%20Report%20No%203.pdf</ref>. Since 2002, the percentage of the population understanding science and technology as bringing more benefits than harms keeps growing every year <ref>Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología [Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology]. Recruitment Opportunities for Researchers in Spain. 2016 March. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from:

https://cdn2.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/recruitmentopportunities_vf4.pdf</ref>. The research integrity s occasionally discussed in the lay press. The most relevant newspapers at the national level (EL Pais and El Mundo) published several articles about cases of scientific misconduct in Spain.

RI incentives

Spain provides Research and Development tax relief through a hybrid tax credit and social security contributions exemption for qualified research staff. Both of these incentives are mutually exclusive in their use except for innovative small and medium-sized enterprises <ref>OECD. R&D Tax Incentives: Spain, 2019. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/sti/rd-tax-stats-spain.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.csic.es/en/training-and-employment/training-research-personnel CSIC Management Training Course]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enac.es/web/english The National Accreditation Entity]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.7eeac5cd345b4f34f09dfd1001432ea0/?vgnextoid=82957edcc0186610VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD&lang_choosen=en The National Research Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:9e58f6db-c42c-4b5d-9f49-c97dc532ac58

2021-10-22T09:42:25Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Sweden
|Has Location=Sweden
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 91,172 full-time researchers in Sweden <ref>Statistics Sweden. Sweden’s research and development increased. 2020 Oct 29. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/education-and-research/research/research-and-development-in-sweden/pong/statistical-news/research-and-development-in-sweden-2019/</ref>. Sweden has 48 higher education and research institutions of four different categories: 17 universities, 13 university colleges, 5 university colleges of fine, applied and performing arts, and 13 other independent higher education providers <ref>Swedish Higher Education Authority. Higher education institutions. 2021 May 20. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://english.uka.se/facts-about-higher-education-in-sweden/universities-university-colleges-and-other-education-providers/higher-education-institutions-heis.html</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.chalmers.se/en/Pages/default.aspx Chalmers University of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Gothenburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kau.se/en Karlstad University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Karlstad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ki.se/en Karolinska Institute]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Solna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kth.se/en KTH Royal Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://liu.se/en Linköping University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Linköping
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lnu.se/en/ Linnaeus University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Växjö, Kalmar
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ltu.se/?l=en Luleå University of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Luleå
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/ Lund University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Lund
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mau.se/en/ Malmö University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Malmö
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.miun.se/en/ Mid Sweden University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Östersund, Sundsvall
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hhs.se/ Stockholm School of Economics]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.su.se/cmlink/stockholm-university Stockholm University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.slu.se/en/ Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Uppsala
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umu.se/en/ Umeå University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Umeå
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.gu.se/en University of Gothenburg]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Gothenburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uu.se/en Uppsala University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Uppsala
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oru.se/english/ Örebro University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Örebro
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In Sweden, intramural R&D expenditure amounted to SEK 171.1 billion in 2019 €16.8 billion, which comprises 3.41 % of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">Statistics Sweden. Sweden’s research and development increased. 2020 Oct 29. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/education-and-research/research/research-and-development-in-sweden/pong/statistical-news/research-and-development-in-sweden-2019/</ref>. The business enterprise sector is the largest sector for R&D and accounts for almost 72 percent of all expenditure, while the government sector and the higher education sector account for 4.5 percent and 23.7 percent respectively. The private non-profit sector only accounts for 0.12 percent of the expenditure <ref name=":0" />.

Sweden had 3.325 signed grants receiving €2.25 billion and 289 ERC grants receiving €457.6 million <ref>H2020 Projects. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/sweden</ref>.
<references />
|Research Strategy=This national strategy aims to strengthen the long-term competitiveness of Sweden as a life sciences nation. It aims to create a functional ecosystem and the best conditions for life sciences. The strategy will provide the conditions for improved health by increasing innovation and advancing health and social care, making Swedish strengths visible globally. This roadmap will serve as a basis for discussion and support in this goal. It highlights three priorities of Sweden’s life sciences sector and high-quality, equitable, gender-equal and efficient health care <ref>Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation. Life sciences road map – pathway to a national strategy. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from:

https://www.regeringen.se/4aa638/contentassets/310daad3e38f4a2e964603e860e92442/181023__fardplan-life-science_eng_webb.pdf</ref>.
<references />
|Research Governance=In recent years Sweden’s institutional structure regarding research ethics and research integrity has been centralized. The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct is a new Swedish governmental agency formed January 1 2020. The Board took over the responsibilities of dealing with the cases of research misconduct from the Swedish HEI. Decisions by the Board are published regularly on their website in Swedish and can be appealed to the Administrative Court in Uppsala <ref>The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct (NPOF). About Us. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.oredlighetsprovning.se/in-english</ref>. The responsibility of dealing with deviations from good research practice still lies with the HEI, but [https://suhf.se/in-english/ The Association of Swedish Higher Education Institutions (SUHF)] has published recommendation on how to deal with allegations of deviations from good research practice <ref>Available from (only in Swedish): https://suhf.se/app/uploads/2020/06/REK-2020-3-V%C3%A4gledning-f%C3%B6r-hanteringen-av-misstankar-om-avvikelser-fr%C3%A5n-god-forskningssed.pdf</ref>.

The Swedish Ethical Review Authority, previously known as the Ethics Review Board, is a public agency under the Ministry of Education. It has replaced the regional ethical review committees in their responsibilities of providing ethics review and advice regarding research with humans <ref>The Ethics Review Boards become the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. 2019 Sept 17. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.registerforskning.se/en/the-ethics-review-boards-become-the-swedish-ethical-review-authority/</ref>. In case when the Swedish Ethical Review Authority evaluates unfavourably applications for ethics review of research on humans, biological material and sensitive personal data, research principals can appeal that decision at the Swedish Ethics Review Appeals Board (ÖNEP) <ref name=":0">The Ethics Review Appeals Board. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.onep.se/en/start/the-ethics-review-appeals-board/</ref>, an independent statutory body under the Department of Education <ref name=":1">European Network of Research Integrity Offices (Enrio). Country Report Sweden. 2019 May. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/sweden/</ref>. The ÖNEP is also responsible for the supervision of the observance of the Ethical Review Act and regulations supported by the law. Apart from that, it issues ethical guidelines and laws that regulate and place ethical demands on research <ref name=":0" />.

The Swedish Research Council, Sweden’s largest governmental research funding body, publish “good research practice” that gives an overview of research ethics and includes recommendation on good research practice. Researcher applying for funding are asked to include a discussion of the ethical aspects of their proposed research project in their application <ref name=":1" />.

Sweden does not have a national code for research integrity, which has resulted in different terminologies on research misconduct as well as different procedures for handling research misconduct cases within local research institutions in the past. The Swedish Research Council has its own ethical guidelines and internal Expert Group on Ethics <ref name=":1" /> which has published the book [https://www.vr.se/download/18.5639980c162791bbfe697882/1555334908942/Good-Research-Practice_VR_2017.pdf Good Research Practice] intended primarily for researchers <ref>Swedish Research Council. Good Research Practice. 2017. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.vr.se/download/18.5639980c162791bbfe697882/1529480529472/Good-Research-Practice_VR_2017.pdf</ref>. Research integrity is a mandatory part of the curriculum for PhD students <ref>Internal Faculty of Science. Courses and graduate schools. 2021 June 22. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from:

https://www.science.lu.se/internal/research-and-education/postgraduate-studies/courses-and-graduate-schools</ref>.

Clinical trials involving medicines and medical devices must be approved by the Medical products Agency <ref>Clinical studies – step by step. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from:

https://www.kliniskastudier.se/english.html</ref>. The Agency's task is to ensure that both the individual patient and healthcare professionals have access to safe and effective medicinal products and that these are used in a rational and cost-effective manner <ref>Swedish Medical Products Agency. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/en</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oredlighetsprovning.se/in-english The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates research misconduct, cases that previously were handled by the Swedish universities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.registerforskning.se/en/the-ethics-review-boards-become-the-swedish-ethical-review-authority/ The Swedish Ethical Review Authority]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Examines applications for ethics review of research involving humans and human biological material.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.onep.se/en/start/the-ethics-review-appeals-board/ Ethical Review Appeals Board]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Responsible for those applications evaluated as unfavourable by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. It also has some responsibilities for the supervision of the observance of the Ethical Review Act and regulations supported by the law. Apart from that, it issues ethical guidelines and laws that regulate and place ethical demands on research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vr.se/english.html Swedish Research Council]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Publish “good research practice” that gives an overview of research ethics and includes recommendation on good research practice. Researcher applying for funding are asked to include a discussion of the ethical aspects of their proposed research project.
{{!}}}
<references />
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Sweden.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-2003460-om-etikprovning-av-forskning-som_sfs-2003-460 Ordinance No. 615 Concerning the Ethical Vetting of Research Involving Humans (2003)]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Protects the human dignity in research. The law provides for the ethical review of research involving human beings and biological material from humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/sweden/2988473/regulation-%25282007%253a1069%2529-with-instruction-for-the-regional-ethical-review-board.html Regulation (2007:1069) With Instruction For Regional Ethical Review Boards]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Established regional ethics review boards with the purpose of examining applications for ethical review under the Act (SFS 2003:460)

if the ethical review of research involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/se/se097en.pdf The Personal Data Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Protects people against the violation of their personal integrity by

processing of personal data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.government.se/information-material/2009/09/public-access-to-information-and-secrecy-act/ The Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains provisions that supplement the provisions contained in the Freedom of the Press Act on the right to obtain official documents, for example provisions on the obligation of public authorities to register official documents, appeals against decisions of authorities, etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/sweden/2988365/patient-data-law-%25282008%253a355%2529.html The Patient Data Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains rules on the handling of personal data in the health and social care system.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uhr.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/Laws-and-regulations/The-Higher-Education-Ordinance/#chapter1 The Higher Education ordinance]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains regulations concerning higher education institutions for which the Government is the accountable authority.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uhr.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/Laws-and-regulations/act-on-responsibility-for-good-research-practice/ Act on responsibility for good research practice and the examination of research misconduct (2019:504)]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains provisions on the responsibility of conducting research in accordance with good research practice as well as provisions on the procedure for examining issues related to research misconduct.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

Some universities have special bodies that are responsible for the training and education in the field of ethics (e.g. at the University of Stockholm this is done by Ethics Council) <ref>Stockholm University. Stockholm University’s research integrity and ethics policy. 2021 May 7. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.su.se/staff/organisation-governance/governing-documents-rules-and-regulations/research/stockholm-university-s-research-integrity-and-ethics-policy-1.540778</ref>. Also, the Swedish National Data Service organises seminars, workshops, conferences, discussion forums and training events on data management, open access and laws and regulations, while the National Quality Registers at the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions, Regional Register Centres and related stakeholders organise courses and conferences on Swedish national quality registers from a healthcare and research perspective <ref>Training in register-based research. 2020 Sept 16. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.registerforskning.se/en/register-based-research/training-in-register-based-research/</ref>.

The main resources for RE+RI training are:

- [https://codex.uu.se/ CODEX – Rules and Guidelines for Research]

- [https://www.vr.se/english/analysis/reports/our-reports/2017-08-31-good-research-practice.html Good Research Practice] by the Swedish Research Council

- [https://www.vr.se/download/18.ad27632166e0b1efab37a3/1547123720849/h2020-ethics_code-of-conduct_en.pdf The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

RI dialogue and communication

The HEI in Sweden are all tasked to share and communicate their science and knowledge to the community. Many HEI organises different festivals, conferences and/or activities as part of this task. This also provide transparency and openness. Two examples of such arrangements are:

The International Science Festival in Gothenburg is one of the most popular science festivals in Europe and the only one of its kind in Sweden. The aim of the Science Festival is to communicate science to schools and the general public and provide a meeting place for the research community. The goal is to provide more knowledge and positive attitude to science and research, as well as to encourage people to engage in higher education studies <ref>The International Science Festival Gothenburg Since 1997. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://vetenskapsfestivalen.se/in-english/</ref>.

SciFest at the University of Uppsala organised for teachers, students, researchers and representatives from companies. The festival is composed as a three-day educational experience with interactive demonstrations, various activities, and shows. It aims to bring closer science and the general public <ref>SciFest - The Science Festival. 2021 April 22. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: http://www.scifest.uu.se/?languageId=1</ref>. Research integrity is occasionally discussed in the lay press. It is mostly related to cases of research misconduct <ref>Marušić A. Mutual Learning Exercise (MLE) on Research Integrity Dialogue and Communication. Thematic Report No 3. European Commission. 2019 May. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/MLE%20RI%20-%20Thematic%20Report%20No%203.pdf</ref><ref>Uppsala University. Research misconduct. 2021 March 5. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://codex.uu.se/profesional-ethics/misconduct/</ref>.

RI incentives

Sweden offers awards and prizes to researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://snd.gu.se/en/manage-data/training-resources Swedish National Data Service (BAS online training)]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://snd.gu.se/en/manage-data/training-resources Swedish National Data Service and the Swedish School of Library and Information Science/University of Borås (Research Data: Access, Management, and Collaboration course)]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.uka.se/ Swedish Higher Education Authority]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nobelprize.org/ The Nobel Prize]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ki.se/en/about/the-lennart-nilsson-award The Lennart Nilsson Award]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sverigesungaakademi.se/en/733.html The L’Oréal-Unesco For Women in Science Sweden Prize]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sverigesungaakademi.se/en/758.html The Torsten Wiesel Midnight Sun Award]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />
}}

Report:9e58f6db-c42c-4b5d-9f49-c97dc532ac58

2021-10-22T09:42:02Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Sweden
|Has Location=Sweden
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 91,172 full-time researchers in Sweden <ref>Statistics Sweden. Sweden’s research and development increased. 2020 Oct 29. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/education-and-research/research/research-and-development-in-sweden/pong/statistical-news/research-and-development-in-sweden-2019/</ref>. Sweden has 48 higher education and research institutions of four different categories: 17 universities, 13 university colleges, 5 university colleges of fine, applied and performing arts, and 13 other independent higher education providers <ref>Swedish Higher Education Authority. Higher education institutions. 2021 May 20. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://english.uka.se/facts-about-higher-education-in-sweden/universities-university-colleges-and-other-education-providers/higher-education-institutions-heis.html</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.chalmers.se/en/Pages/default.aspx Chalmers University of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Gothenburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kau.se/en Karlstad University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Karlstad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ki.se/en Karolinska Institute]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Solna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kth.se/en KTH Royal Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://liu.se/en Linköping University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Linköping
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lnu.se/en/ Linnaeus University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Växjö, Kalmar
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ltu.se/?l=en Luleå University of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Luleå
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/ Lund University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Lund
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mau.se/en/ Malmö University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Malmö
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.miun.se/en/ Mid Sweden University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Östersund, Sundsvall
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hhs.se/ Stockholm School of Economics]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.su.se/cmlink/stockholm-university Stockholm University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.slu.se/en/ Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Uppsala
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umu.se/en/ Umeå University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Umeå
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.gu.se/en University of Gothenburg]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Gothenburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uu.se/en Uppsala University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Uppsala
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oru.se/english/ Örebro University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Örebro
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In Sweden, intramural R&D expenditure amounted to SEK 171.1 billion in 2019 €16.8 billion, which comprises 3.41 % of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">Statistics Sweden. Sweden’s research and development increased. 2020 Oct 29. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/education-and-research/research/research-and-development-in-sweden/pong/statistical-news/research-and-development-in-sweden-2019/</ref>. The business enterprise sector is the largest sector for R&D and accounts for almost 72 percent of all expenditure, while the government sector and the higher education sector account for 4.5 percent and 23.7 percent respectively. The private non-profit sector only accounts for 0.12 percent of the expenditure <ref name=":0" />.

Sweden had 3.325 signed grants receiving €2.25 billion and 289 ERC grants receiving €457.6 million <ref>H2020 Projects. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/sweden</ref>.
|Research Strategy=This national strategy aims to strengthen the long-term competitiveness of Sweden as a life sciences nation. It aims to create a functional ecosystem and the best conditions for life sciences. The strategy will provide the conditions for improved health by increasing innovation and advancing health and social care, making Swedish strengths visible globally. This roadmap will serve as a basis for discussion and support in this goal. It highlights three priorities of Sweden’s life sciences sector and high-quality, equitable, gender-equal and efficient health care <ref>Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation. Life sciences road map – pathway to a national strategy. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from:

https://www.regeringen.se/4aa638/contentassets/310daad3e38f4a2e964603e860e92442/181023__fardplan-life-science_eng_webb.pdf</ref>.
|Research Governance=In recent years Sweden’s institutional structure regarding research ethics and research integrity has been centralized. The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct is a new Swedish governmental agency formed January 1 2020. The Board took over the responsibilities of dealing with the cases of research misconduct from the Swedish HEI. Decisions by the Board are published regularly on their website in Swedish and can be appealed to the Administrative Court in Uppsala <ref>The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct (NPOF). About Us. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.oredlighetsprovning.se/in-english</ref>. The responsibility of dealing with deviations from good research practice still lies with the HEI, but [https://suhf.se/in-english/ The Association of Swedish Higher Education Institutions (SUHF)] has published recommendation on how to deal with allegations of deviations from good research practice <ref>Available from (only in Swedish): https://suhf.se/app/uploads/2020/06/REK-2020-3-V%C3%A4gledning-f%C3%B6r-hanteringen-av-misstankar-om-avvikelser-fr%C3%A5n-god-forskningssed.pdf</ref>.

The Swedish Ethical Review Authority, previously known as the Ethics Review Board, is a public agency under the Ministry of Education. It has replaced the regional ethical review committees in their responsibilities of providing ethics review and advice regarding research with humans <ref>The Ethics Review Boards become the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. 2019 Sept 17. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.registerforskning.se/en/the-ethics-review-boards-become-the-swedish-ethical-review-authority/</ref>. In case when the Swedish Ethical Review Authority evaluates unfavourably applications for ethics review of research on humans, biological material and sensitive personal data, research principals can appeal that decision at the Swedish Ethics Review Appeals Board (ÖNEP) <ref name=":0">The Ethics Review Appeals Board. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.onep.se/en/start/the-ethics-review-appeals-board/</ref>, an independent statutory body under the Department of Education <ref name=":1">European Network of Research Integrity Offices (Enrio). Country Report Sweden. 2019 May. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/sweden/</ref>. The ÖNEP is also responsible for the supervision of the observance of the Ethical Review Act and regulations supported by the law. Apart from that, it issues ethical guidelines and laws that regulate and place ethical demands on research <ref name=":0" />.

The Swedish Research Council, Sweden’s largest governmental research funding body, publish “good research practice” that gives an overview of research ethics and includes recommendation on good research practice. Researcher applying for funding are asked to include a discussion of the ethical aspects of their proposed research project in their application <ref name=":1" />.

Sweden does not have a national code for research integrity, which has resulted in different terminologies on research misconduct as well as different procedures for handling research misconduct cases within local research institutions in the past. The Swedish Research Council has its own ethical guidelines and internal Expert Group on Ethics <ref name=":1" /> which has published the book [https://www.vr.se/download/18.5639980c162791bbfe697882/1555334908942/Good-Research-Practice_VR_2017.pdf Good Research Practice] intended primarily for researchers <ref>Swedish Research Council. Good Research Practice. 2017. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.vr.se/download/18.5639980c162791bbfe697882/1529480529472/Good-Research-Practice_VR_2017.pdf</ref>. Research integrity is a mandatory part of the curriculum for PhD students <ref>Internal Faculty of Science. Courses and graduate schools. 2021 June 22. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from:

https://www.science.lu.se/internal/research-and-education/postgraduate-studies/courses-and-graduate-schools</ref>.

Clinical trials involving medicines and medical devices must be approved by the Medical products Agency <ref>Clinical studies – step by step. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from:

https://www.kliniskastudier.se/english.html</ref>. The Agency's task is to ensure that both the individual patient and healthcare professionals have access to safe and effective medicinal products and that these are used in a rational and cost-effective manner <ref>Swedish Medical Products Agency. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/en</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oredlighetsprovning.se/in-english The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates research misconduct, cases that previously were handled by the Swedish universities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.registerforskning.se/en/the-ethics-review-boards-become-the-swedish-ethical-review-authority/ The Swedish Ethical Review Authority]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Examines applications for ethics review of research involving humans and human biological material.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.onep.se/en/start/the-ethics-review-appeals-board/ Ethical Review Appeals Board]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Responsible for those applications evaluated as unfavourable by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. It also has some responsibilities for the supervision of the observance of the Ethical Review Act and regulations supported by the law. Apart from that, it issues ethical guidelines and laws that regulate and place ethical demands on research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vr.se/english.html Swedish Research Council]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Publish “good research practice” that gives an overview of research ethics and includes recommendation on good research practice. Researcher applying for funding are asked to include a discussion of the ethical aspects of their proposed research project.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Sweden.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-2003460-om-etikprovning-av-forskning-som_sfs-2003-460 Ordinance No. 615 Concerning the Ethical Vetting of Research Involving Humans (2003)]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Protects the human dignity in research. The law provides for the ethical review of research involving human beings and biological material from humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/sweden/2988473/regulation-%25282007%253a1069%2529-with-instruction-for-the-regional-ethical-review-board.html Regulation (2007:1069) With Instruction For Regional Ethical Review Boards]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Established regional ethics review boards with the purpose of examining applications for ethical review under the Act (SFS 2003:460)

if the ethical review of research involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/se/se097en.pdf The Personal Data Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Protects people against the violation of their personal integrity by

processing of personal data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.government.se/information-material/2009/09/public-access-to-information-and-secrecy-act/ The Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains provisions that supplement the provisions contained in the Freedom of the Press Act on the right to obtain official documents, for example provisions on the obligation of public authorities to register official documents, appeals against decisions of authorities, etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/sweden/2988365/patient-data-law-%25282008%253a355%2529.html The Patient Data Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains rules on the handling of personal data in the health and social care system.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uhr.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/Laws-and-regulations/The-Higher-Education-Ordinance/#chapter1 The Higher Education ordinance]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains regulations concerning higher education institutions for which the Government is the accountable authority.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uhr.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/Laws-and-regulations/act-on-responsibility-for-good-research-practice/ Act on responsibility for good research practice and the examination of research misconduct (2019:504)]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains provisions on the responsibility of conducting research in accordance with good research practice as well as provisions on the procedure for examining issues related to research misconduct.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

Some universities have special bodies that are responsible for the training and education in the field of ethics (e.g. at the University of Stockholm this is done by Ethics Council) <ref>Stockholm University. Stockholm University’s research integrity and ethics policy. 2021 May 7. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.su.se/staff/organisation-governance/governing-documents-rules-and-regulations/research/stockholm-university-s-research-integrity-and-ethics-policy-1.540778</ref>. Also, the Swedish National Data Service organises seminars, workshops, conferences, discussion forums and training events on data management, open access and laws and regulations, while the National Quality Registers at the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions, Regional Register Centres and related stakeholders organise courses and conferences on Swedish national quality registers from a healthcare and research perspective <ref>Training in register-based research. 2020 Sept 16. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.registerforskning.se/en/register-based-research/training-in-register-based-research/</ref>.

The main resources for RE+RI training are:

- [https://codex.uu.se/ CODEX – Rules and Guidelines for Research]

- [https://www.vr.se/english/analysis/reports/our-reports/2017-08-31-good-research-practice.html Good Research Practice] by the Swedish Research Council

- [https://www.vr.se/download/18.ad27632166e0b1efab37a3/1547123720849/h2020-ethics_code-of-conduct_en.pdf The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

RI dialogue and communication

The HEI in Sweden are all tasked to share and communicate their science and knowledge to the community. Many HEI organises different festivals, conferences and/or activities as part of this task. This also provide transparency and openness. Two examples of such arrangements are:

The International Science Festival in Gothenburg is one of the most popular science festivals in Europe and the only one of its kind in Sweden. The aim of the Science Festival is to communicate science to schools and the general public and provide a meeting place for the research community. The goal is to provide more knowledge and positive attitude to science and research, as well as to encourage people to engage in higher education studies <ref>The International Science Festival Gothenburg Since 1997. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://vetenskapsfestivalen.se/in-english/</ref>.

SciFest at the University of Uppsala organised for teachers, students, researchers and representatives from companies. The festival is composed as a three-day educational experience with interactive demonstrations, various activities, and shows. It aims to bring closer science and the general public <ref>SciFest - The Science Festival. 2021 April 22. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: http://www.scifest.uu.se/?languageId=1</ref>. Research integrity is occasionally discussed in the lay press. It is mostly related to cases of research misconduct <ref>Marušić A. Mutual Learning Exercise (MLE) on Research Integrity Dialogue and Communication. Thematic Report No 3. European Commission. 2019 May. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/MLE%20RI%20-%20Thematic%20Report%20No%203.pdf</ref><ref>Uppsala University. Research misconduct. 2021 March 5. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://codex.uu.se/profesional-ethics/misconduct/</ref>.

RI incentives

Sweden offers awards and prizes to researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://snd.gu.se/en/manage-data/training-resources Swedish National Data Service (BAS online training)]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://snd.gu.se/en/manage-data/training-resources Swedish National Data Service and the Swedish School of Library and Information Science/University of Borås (Research Data: Access, Management, and Collaboration course)]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.uka.se/ Swedish Higher Education Authority]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nobelprize.org/ The Nobel Prize]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ki.se/en/about/the-lennart-nilsson-award The Lennart Nilsson Award]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sverigesungaakademi.se/en/733.html The L’Oréal-Unesco For Women in Science Sweden Prize]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sverigesungaakademi.se/en/758.html The Torsten Wiesel Midnight Sun Award]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:9e58f6db-c42c-4b5d-9f49-c97dc532ac58

2021-10-22T09:33:24Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Sweden
|Has Location=Sweden
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 91,172 full-time researchers in Sweden (1). Sweden has 48 higher education and research institutions of four different categories: 17 universities, 13 university colleges, 5 university colleges of fine, applied and performing arts, and 13 other independent higher education providers (2).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.chalmers.se/en/Pages/default.aspx Chalmers University of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Gothenburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.kau.se/en Karlstad University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Karlstad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://ki.se/en Karolinska Institute]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Solna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.kth.se/en KTH Royal Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://liu.se/en Linköping University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Linköping
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://lnu.se/en/ Linnaeus University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Växjö, Kalmar
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ltu.se/?l=en Luleå University of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Luleå
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/ Lund University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Lund
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://mau.se/en/ Malmö University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Malmö
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.miun.se/en/ Mid Sweden University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Östersund, Sundsvall
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.hhs.se/ Stockholm School of Economics]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.su.se/cmlink/stockholm-university Stockholm University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.slu.se/en/ Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Uppsala
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.umu.se/en/ Umeå University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Umeå
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.gu.se/en University of Gothenburg]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Gothenburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uu.se/en Uppsala University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Uppsala
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.oru.se/english/ Örebro University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Örebro
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In Sweden, intramural R&D expenditure amounted to SEK 171.1 billion in 2019 €16.8 billion, which comprises 3.41 % of the country’s GDP (1). The business enterprise sector is the largest sector for R&D and accounts for almost 72 percent of all expenditure, while the government sector and the higher education sector account for 4.5 percent and 23.7 percent respectively. The private non-profit sector only accounts for 0.12 percent of the expenditure (1).

Sweden had 3.325 signed grants receiving €2.25 billion and 289 ERC grants receiving €457.6 million (3).
|Research Strategy=This national strategy aims to strengthen the long-term competitiveness of Sweden as a life sciences nation. It aims to create a functional ecosystem and the best conditions for life sciences. The strategy will provide the conditions for improved health by increasing innovation and advancing health and social care, making Swedish strengths visible globally. This roadmap will serve as a basis for discussion and support in this goal. It highlights three priorities of Sweden’s life sciences sector and high-quality, equitable, gender-equal and efficient health care (4).
|Research Governance=In recent years Sweden’s institutional structure regarding research ethics and research integrity has been centralized. The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct is a new Swedish governmental agency formed January 1 2020. The Board took over the responsibilities of dealing with the cases of research misconduct from the Swedish HEI. Decisions by the Board are published regularly on their website in Swedish and can be appealed to the Administrative Court in Uppsala (5). The responsibility of dealing with deviations from good research practice still lies with the HEI, but [https://suhf.se/in-english/ The Association of Swedish Higher Education Institutions (SUHF)] has published recommendation on how to deal with allegations of deviations from good research practice (6).

The Swedish Ethical Review Authority, previously known as the Ethics Review Board, is a public agency under the Ministry of Education. It has replaced the regional ethical review committees in their responsibilities of providing ethics review and advice regarding research with humans (7). In case when the Swedish Ethical Review Authority evaluates unfavourably applications for ethics review of research on humans, biological material and sensitive personal data, research principals can appeal that decision at the Swedish Ethics Review Appeals Board (ÖNEP) (8), an independent statutory body under the Department of Education (9). The ÖNEP is also responsible for the supervision of the observance of the Ethical Review Act and regulations supported by the law. Apart from that, it issues ethical guidelines and laws that regulate and place ethical demands on research (8).

The Swedish Research Council, Sweden’s largest governmental research funding body, publish “good research practice” that gives an overview of research ethics and includes recommendation on good research practice. Researcher applying for funding are asked to include a discussion of the ethical aspects of their proposed research project in their application (9).

Sweden does not have a national code for research integrity, which has resulted in different terminologies on research misconduct as well as different procedures for handling research misconduct cases within local research institutions in the past. The Swedish Research Council has its own ethical guidelines and internal Expert Group on Ethics (9) which has published the book [https://www.vr.se/download/18.5639980c162791bbfe697882/1555334908942/Good-Research-Practice_VR_2017.pdf Good Research Practice] intended primarily for researchers (10). Research integrity is a mandatory part of the curriculum for PhD students (11).

Clinical trials involving medicines and medical devices must be approved by the Medical products Agency (12). The Agency's task is to ensure that both the individual patient and healthcare professionals have access to safe and effective medicinal products and that these are used in a rational and cost-effective manner (13).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oredlighetsprovning.se/in-english The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates research misconduct, cases that previously were handled by the Swedish universities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.registerforskning.se/en/the-ethics-review-boards-become-the-swedish-ethical-review-authority/ The Swedish Ethical Review Authority]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Examines applications for ethics review of research involving humans and human biological material.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.onep.se/en/start/the-ethics-review-appeals-board/ Ethical Review Appeals Board]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Responsible for those applications evaluated as unfavourable by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. It also has some responsibilities for the supervision of the observance of the Ethical Review Act and regulations supported by the law. Apart from that, it issues ethical guidelines and laws that regulate and place ethical demands on research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vr.se/english.html Swedish Research Council]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Publish “good research practice” that gives an overview of research ethics and includes recommendation on good research practice. Researcher applying for funding are asked to include a discussion of the ethical aspects of their proposed research project.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Sweden.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-2003460-om-etikprovning-av-forskning-som_sfs-2003-460 Ordinance No. 615 Concerning the Ethical Vetting of Research Involving Humans (2003)]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Protects the human dignity in research. The law provides for the ethical review of research involving human beings and biological material from humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/sweden/2988473/regulation-%25282007%253a1069%2529-with-instruction-for-the-regional-ethical-review-board.html Regulation (2007:1069) With Instruction For Regional Ethical Review Boards]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Established regional ethics review boards with the purpose of examining applications for ethical review under the Act (SFS 2003:460)

if the ethical review of research involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/se/se097en.pdf The Personal Data Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Protects people against the violation of their personal integrity by

processing of personal data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.government.se/information-material/2009/09/public-access-to-information-and-secrecy-act/ The Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains provisions that supplement the provisions contained in the Freedom of the Press Act on the right to obtain official documents, for example provisions on the obligation of public authorities to register official documents, appeals against decisions of authorities, etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/sweden/2988365/patient-data-law-%25282008%253a355%2529.html The Patient Data Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains rules on the handling of personal data in the health and social care system.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uhr.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/Laws-and-regulations/The-Higher-Education-Ordinance/#chapter1 The Higher Education ordinance]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains regulations concerning higher education institutions for which the Government is the accountable authority.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uhr.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/Laws-and-regulations/act-on-responsibility-for-good-research-practice/ Act on responsibility for good research practice and the examination of research misconduct (2019:504)]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains provisions on the responsibility of conducting research in accordance with good research practice as well as provisions on the procedure for examining issues related to research misconduct.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

Some universities have special bodies that are responsible for the training and education in the field of ethics (e.g. at the University of Stockholm this is done by Ethics Council) (14). Also, the Swedish National Data Service organises seminars, workshops, conferences, discussion forums and training events on data management, open access and laws and regulations, while the National Quality Registers at the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions, Regional Register Centres and related stakeholders organise courses and conferences on Swedish national quality registers from a healthcare and research perspective (15).

The main resources for RE+RI training are:

- [https://codex.uu.se/ CODEX – Rules and Guidelines for Research]

- [https://www.vr.se/english/analysis/reports/our-reports/2017-08-31-good-research-practice.html Good Research Practice] by the Swedish Research Council

- [https://www.vr.se/download/18.ad27632166e0b1efab37a3/1547123720849/h2020-ethics_code-of-conduct_en.pdf The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

RI dialogue and communication

The HEI in Sweden are all tasked to share and communicate their science and knowledge to the community. Many HEI organises different festivals, conferences and/or activities as part of this task. This also provide transparency and openness. Two examples of such arrangements are:

The International Science Festival in Gothenburg is one of the most popular science festivals in Europe and the only one of its kind in Sweden. The aim of the Science Festival is to communicate science to schools and the general public and provide a meeting place for the research community. The goal is to provide more knowledge and positive attitude to science and research, as well as to encourage people to engage in higher education studies (16).

SciFest at the University of Uppsala organised for teachers, students, researchers and representatives from companies. The festival is composed as a three-day educational experience with interactive demonstrations, various activities, and shows. It aims to bring closer science and the general public (17). Research integrity is occasionally discussed in the lay press. It is mostly related to cases of research misconduct (18,19).

RI incentives

Sweden offers awards and prizes to researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://snd.gu.se/en/manage-data/training-resources Swedish National Data Service (BAS online training)]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://snd.gu.se/en/manage-data/training-resources Swedish National Data Service and the Swedish School of Library and Information Science/University of Borås (Research Data: Access, Management, and Collaboration course)]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.uka.se/ Swedish Higher Education Authority]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nobelprize.org/ The Nobel Prize]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ki.se/en/about/the-lennart-nilsson-award The Lennart Nilsson Award]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sverigesungaakademi.se/en/733.html The L’Oréal-Unesco For Women in Science Sweden Prize]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sverigesungaakademi.se/en/758.html The Torsten Wiesel Midnight Sun Award]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:9e58f6db-c42c-4b5d-9f49-c97dc532ac58

2021-10-22T09:32:42Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Sweden
|Has Location=Sweden
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 91,172 full-time researchers in Sweden (1). Sweden has 48 higher education and research institutions of four different categories: 17 universities, 13 university colleges, 5 university colleges of fine, applied and performing arts, and 13 other independent higher education providers (2).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="756"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.chalmers.se/en/Pages/default.aspx Chalmers University of Technology]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Gothenburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kau.se/en Karlstad University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Karlstad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ki.se/en Karolinska Institute]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Solna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kth.se/en KTH Royal Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://liu.se/en Linköping University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Linköping
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lnu.se/en/ Linnaeus University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Växjö, Kalmar
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ltu.se/?l=en Luleå University of Technology]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Luleå
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/ Lund University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Lund
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mau.se/en/ Malmö University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Malmö
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.miun.se/en/ Mid Sweden University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Östersund, Sundsvall
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hhs.se/ Stockholm School of Economics]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.su.se/cmlink/stockholm-university Stockholm University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Stockholm
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.slu.se/en/ Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Uppsala
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umu.se/en/ Umeå University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Umeå
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.gu.se/en University of Gothenburg]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Gothenburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uu.se/en Uppsala University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Uppsala
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oru.se/english/ Örebro University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Örebro
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In Sweden, intramural R&D expenditure amounted to SEK 171.1 billion in 2019 €16.8 billion, which comprises 3.41 % of the country’s GDP (1). The business enterprise sector is the largest sector for R&D and accounts for almost 72 percent of all expenditure, while the government sector and the higher education sector account for 4.5 percent and 23.7 percent respectively. The private non-profit sector only accounts for 0.12 percent of the expenditure (1).

Sweden had 3.325 signed grants receiving €2.25 billion and 289 ERC grants receiving €457.6 million (3).
|Research Strategy=This national strategy aims to strengthen the long-term competitiveness of Sweden as a life sciences nation. It aims to create a functional ecosystem and the best conditions for life sciences. The strategy will provide the conditions for improved health by increasing innovation and advancing health and social care, making Swedish strengths visible globally. This roadmap will serve as a basis for discussion and support in this goal. It highlights three priorities of Sweden’s life sciences sector and high-quality, equitable, gender-equal and efficient health care (4).
|Research Governance=In recent years Sweden’s institutional structure regarding research ethics and research integrity has been centralized. The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct is a new Swedish governmental agency formed January 1 2020. The Board took over the responsibilities of dealing with the cases of research misconduct from the Swedish HEI. Decisions by the Board are published regularly on their website in Swedish and can be appealed to the Administrative Court in Uppsala (5). The responsibility of dealing with deviations from good research practice still lies with the HEI, but [https://suhf.se/in-english/ The Association of Swedish Higher Education Institutions (SUHF)] has published recommendation on how to deal with allegations of deviations from good research practice (6).

The Swedish Ethical Review Authority, previously known as the Ethics Review Board, is a public agency under the Ministry of Education. It has replaced the regional ethical review committees in their responsibilities of providing ethics review and advice regarding research with humans (7). In case when the Swedish Ethical Review Authority evaluates unfavourably applications for ethics review of research on humans, biological material and sensitive personal data, research principals can appeal that decision at the Swedish Ethics Review Appeals Board (ÖNEP) (8), an independent statutory body under the Department of Education (9). The ÖNEP is also responsible for the supervision of the observance of the Ethical Review Act and regulations supported by the law. Apart from that, it issues ethical guidelines and laws that regulate and place ethical demands on research (8).

The Swedish Research Council, Sweden’s largest governmental research funding body, publish “good research practice” that gives an overview of research ethics and includes recommendation on good research practice. Researcher applying for funding are asked to include a discussion of the ethical aspects of their proposed research project in their application (9).

Sweden does not have a national code for research integrity, which has resulted in different terminologies on research misconduct as well as different procedures for handling research misconduct cases within local research institutions in the past. The Swedish Research Council has its own ethical guidelines and internal Expert Group on Ethics (9) which has published the book [https://www.vr.se/download/18.5639980c162791bbfe697882/1555334908942/Good-Research-Practice_VR_2017.pdf Good Research Practice] intended primarily for researchers (10). Research integrity is a mandatory part of the curriculum for PhD students (11).

Clinical trials involving medicines and medical devices must be approved by the Medical products Agency (12). The Agency's task is to ensure that both the individual patient and healthcare professionals have access to safe and effective medicinal products and that these are used in a rational and cost-effective manner (13).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oredlighetsprovning.se/in-english The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates research misconduct, cases that previously were handled by the Swedish universities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.registerforskning.se/en/the-ethics-review-boards-become-the-swedish-ethical-review-authority/ The Swedish Ethical Review Authority]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Examines applications for ethics review of research involving humans and human biological material.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.onep.se/en/start/the-ethics-review-appeals-board/ Ethical Review Appeals Board]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Responsible for those applications evaluated as unfavourable by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. It also has some responsibilities for the supervision of the observance of the Ethical Review Act and regulations supported by the law. Apart from that, it issues ethical guidelines and laws that regulate and place ethical demands on research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vr.se/english.html Swedish Research Council]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Publish “good research practice” that gives an overview of research ethics and includes recommendation on good research practice. Researcher applying for funding are asked to include a discussion of the ethical aspects of their proposed research project.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Sweden.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-2003460-om-etikprovning-av-forskning-som_sfs-2003-460 Ordinance No. 615 Concerning the Ethical Vetting of Research Involving Humans (2003)]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Protects the human dignity in research. The law provides for the ethical review of research involving human beings and biological material from humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/sweden/2988473/regulation-%25282007%253a1069%2529-with-instruction-for-the-regional-ethical-review-board.html Regulation (2007:1069) With Instruction For Regional Ethical Review Boards]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Established regional ethics review boards with the purpose of examining applications for ethical review under the Act (SFS 2003:460)

if the ethical review of research involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/se/se097en.pdf The Personal Data Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Protects people against the violation of their personal integrity by

processing of personal data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.government.se/information-material/2009/09/public-access-to-information-and-secrecy-act/ The Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains provisions that supplement the provisions contained in the Freedom of the Press Act on the right to obtain official documents, for example provisions on the obligation of public authorities to register official documents, appeals against decisions of authorities, etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/sweden/2988365/patient-data-law-%25282008%253a355%2529.html The Patient Data Act]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains rules on the handling of personal data in the health and social care system.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uhr.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/Laws-and-regulations/The-Higher-Education-Ordinance/#chapter1 The Higher Education ordinance]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains regulations concerning higher education institutions for which the Government is the accountable authority.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="200" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uhr.se/en/start/laws-and-regulations/Laws-and-regulations/act-on-responsibility-for-good-research-practice/ Act on responsibility for good research practice and the examination of research misconduct (2019:504)]
{{!}} width="551" valign="top"{{!}}Contains provisions on the responsibility of conducting research in accordance with good research practice as well as provisions on the procedure for examining issues related to research misconduct.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

Some universities have special bodies that are responsible for the training and education in the field of ethics (e.g. at the University of Stockholm this is done by Ethics Council) (14). Also, the Swedish National Data Service organises seminars, workshops, conferences, discussion forums and training events on data management, open access and laws and regulations, while the National Quality Registers at the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions, Regional Register Centres and related stakeholders organise courses and conferences on Swedish national quality registers from a healthcare and research perspective (15).

The main resources for RE+RI training are:

- [https://codex.uu.se/ CODEX – Rules and Guidelines for Research]

- [https://www.vr.se/english/analysis/reports/our-reports/2017-08-31-good-research-practice.html Good Research Practice] by the Swedish Research Council

- [https://www.vr.se/download/18.ad27632166e0b1efab37a3/1547123720849/h2020-ethics_code-of-conduct_en.pdf The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

RI dialogue and communication

The HEI in Sweden are all tasked to share and communicate their science and knowledge to the community. Many HEI organises different festivals, conferences and/or activities as part of this task. This also provide transparency and openness. Two examples of such arrangements are:

The International Science Festival in Gothenburg is one of the most popular science festivals in Europe and the only one of its kind in Sweden. The aim of the Science Festival is to communicate science to schools and the general public and provide a meeting place for the research community. The goal is to provide more knowledge and positive attitude to science and research, as well as to encourage people to engage in higher education studies (16).

SciFest at the University of Uppsala organised for teachers, students, researchers and representatives from companies. The festival is composed as a three-day educational experience with interactive demonstrations, various activities, and shows. It aims to bring closer science and the general public (17). Research integrity is occasionally discussed in the lay press. It is mostly related to cases of research misconduct (18,19).

RI incentives

Sweden offers awards and prizes to researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://snd.gu.se/en/manage-data/training-resources Swedish National Data Service (BAS online training)]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://snd.gu.se/en/manage-data/training-resources Swedish National Data Service and the Swedish School of Library and Information Science/University of Borås (Research Data: Access, Management, and Collaboration course)]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.uka.se/ Swedish Higher Education Authority]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nobelprize.org/ The Nobel Prize]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ki.se/en/about/the-lennart-nilsson-award The Lennart Nilsson Award]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sverigesungaakademi.se/en/733.html The L’Oréal-Unesco For Women in Science Sweden Prize]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="531" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sverigesungaakademi.se/en/758.html The Torsten Wiesel Midnight Sun Award]
{{!}} width="220" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:29d1a7fc-0809-484c-b91b-f7b02f9dad5c

2021-10-22T09:30:24Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Spain
|Has Location=Spain
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019 there were 135,331 full-time researchers in Spain <ref>Eurostat. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsc00004&language=en</ref>. Spanish National Research Council, a State Agency with the consideration of a Public Research Organization of the Spanish General State Administration, has 120 research institutes out of which 51 are of joint centres with other institutions, primarily universities <ref name=":0">Institutes, Centres & Units. CSIC. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.csic.es/en/investigation/institutes-centres-units</ref>. There are also 8 centres functioning as research support units that provide technical and administrative support to two or more institutes <ref name=":0" />. Spain has 75 universities – 50 public and 25 private <ref>Estudios y Universidades en España. Listado de todas Universidades Españolas [Studies and Universities in Spain. List of All Spanish Universities]. [cited 2020 Jan 12]. Available from: http://www.estudiosyuniversidades.com/universidades/universidades-publicas-espana.html</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation '''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}'''City '''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uam.es/UAM/Home.htm?language=es Autonomous University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uc3m.es/Home University Carlos III of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucm.es/english Complutense University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uned.es/universidad/inicio.html National University of Distance Education]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upm.es/internacional Polytechnic University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.urjc.es/ King Juan Carlos University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Móstoles, Alcorón, Vicálvaro, Aranjuez, Fuenlabrada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uimp.es/en/ Menéndez Pelayo International University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Santander, Valencia, Barcelona, Cartagena, Cuenca, Granada, La Línea de la Concepción, Seville, Tenerife
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uab.cat/web/universitat-autonoma-de-barcelona-1345467954774.html Autonomous University of Barcelona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ub.edu/web/portal/en/ University of Barcelona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upc.edu/en Polytechnic University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upf.edu/home Pompeu Fabra University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.us.es/ University of Seville]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upo.es/portal/impe/web/portada/index.html Pablo de Olavide University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unia.es/ International University of Andalucía]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville, Palos de la Frontera, Baeza, Málaga
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udc.es/en/ori/conoce_la_udc/ University of A Coruña]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}A Coruña
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uah.es/en/ University of Alcalá]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Alcalá de Henares
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ua.es/ University of Alicante]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}San Vicente del Raspeig/Sant Vincent del Raspeig
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ual.es/ University of Almería]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Almería
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ubu.es/english-version University of Burgos]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Burgos
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uca.es/ University of Cádiz]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Cádiz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://web.unican.es/en/Pages/default.aspx University of Cantabria]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Santander, Torrelavega, Comillas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uclm.es/?sc_lang=en University of Castilla-La Mancha]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Ciudad Real
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uco.es/ University of Córdoba]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Córdoba
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unex.es/ University of Extremadura]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Badajoz, Cáceres, Mérida, Plasencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udg.edu/en/ University of Girona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Girona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udg.edu/en/ University of Granada]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Granada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uhu.es/index.php University of Huelva]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Huelva
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ujaen.es/en University of Jaén]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Jaén
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ull.es/en/ University of La Laguna]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}San Cristóbal de La Laguna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unirioja.es/ University of La Rioja]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Logroño
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.english.ulpgc.es/ University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unileon.es/ University of León]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}León
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.udl.es/ca/en/ University of Lleida]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Lleida
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uma.es/#gsc.tab=0 University of Málaga]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Málaga
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.um.es/en/ University of Murcia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Murcia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uniovi.es/en/inicio University of Oviedo]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Oviedo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usal.es/ University of Salamanca]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Salamanca
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usc.gal/en University of Santiago de Compostela]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Santiago de Compostela
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://universityofvalladolid.uva.es/ University of Valladolid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valladolid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvigo.gal/en University of Vigo]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Vigo, Pontevedra, Ourense
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.unizar.es/information-institution/name-and-address University of Zaragoza]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Zaragoza
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehu.eus/en/en-home University of the Basque Country]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Leioa, Bilbao, Portugalete, Barakaldo, San Sebastián, Eibar, Vitoria-Gasteiz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umh.es/?lang=EN Miguel Hernández University of Elche]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Elche, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Altea, Orihuela
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://estudiaencartagena.upct.es/international/english/start/ Politechnic University of Cartagena]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Cartagena
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.upv.es/ Polytechnic University of Valencia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.unavarra.es/home Public University of Navarre]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Navarre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.urv.cat/en/ Rovira i Virgili University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Tarragona, Reus, Vila-seca, Tortosa, El Vendrell
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uib.cat/ University of the Balearic Islands]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Palma
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uv.es/uvweb/college/en/university-valencia-1285845048380.html University of València]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uji.es/ Jaume I University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Castelló de la Plana
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udima.es/ Distance University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nebrija.com/ Nebrija University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucjc.edu/ Camilo José Cela University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://universidadeuropea.com/en/about-ue/madrid/ European University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ufvinternational.com/en/ Francisco de Vitoria University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.comillas.edu/en/?jjj=1610445591735 Comillas Pontifical University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ceu.es/ San Pablo University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ie.edu/es/universidad/ IE University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Segovia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uax.com/en Alfonso X El Sabio University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Villanueva de la Cañada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uic.es/en International University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.url.edu/en Ramon Llul University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uaoceu.es/en Abat Oliba CEU University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uoc.edu/portal/en/index.html Open University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uchceu.com/en CEU Cardinal Herrera University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucv.es/eng/home Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.ucam.edu/ Saint Anthony Catholic University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Murcia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucavila.es/ Catholic University of Ávila]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Ávila
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.deusto.es/cs/Satellite/deusto/es/universidad-deusto University of Deusto]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Bilbao, San Sebastián
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unav.edu/en/home University of Navarre]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Pamplona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvic.cat/en University of Vic]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Vic, Manresa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uemc.es/ Miguel de Cervantes European University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valladolid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unirioja.es/ University of La Rioja]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Logroño
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mondragon.edu/en/home Mondragon University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Mondragón
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upsa.es/ Pontifical University of Salamanca]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Salamanca
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usj.es/ San Jorge University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Zaragoza
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €15.572 million, which comprises 1.25% of the country’s GDP <ref>Instituto Nacional de Estadística. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176754&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735576669</ref>. Most funding was spent in the corporate sector (56.1%), followed by the higher education sector (26.6%), general government sector (17.0%) and the private non-profit sector (0.3%) <ref>Statistics on R&D Activities. Year 2019. Final data. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Press Release 27 November 2020. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from:

https://www.ine.es/en/prensa/imasd_2019_en.pdf</ref>. Spain had 8.137 signed grants receiving €5.82 billion in H2020 <ref name=":0">H2020 Projects. [cited 2020 Feb 19]. Available from:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref> and 491 ERC signed grants receiving €664.8 million in H2020 <ref name=":0" />.
|Research Strategy=The Spanish Strategy on Science, Technology and Innovation 2013-2020 was launched by the General State Administration and the Regional Administrations in 2012. Since it was created at the time when country was experiencing serious economic difficulties which led to decreasing of funding with respect to public and company investment, the Strategy promotes the capacities of the Spanish Science, Technology and Innovation System and enables collaboration between all the stakeholders of the System while increasing the social and economic returns from investment in Research Development and Innovation (RDI). With regard to this, the Strategy defends the importance of scientific and technological progress as an indisputable element of social progress <ref name=":0">Gobierno de España. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [Government of Spain. Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness]. Spanish Strategy for Science and Technology and Innovation 2013-2020. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.ciencia.gob.es/stfls/MICINN/Investigacion/FICHEROS/Spanish_Strategy_Science_Technology.pdf</ref>. One of the Strategy’s aims is to define a strategic framework for RDI policies to promote structural reforms, establish incentives and determine the objectives and efforts required to create the RDI capacities that will make Spain a country of innovation, contribute to social and economic progress and reinforce their international leadership in a global setting <ref name=":0" />.
|Research Governance=Spain has several bodies for RI – the Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the Spanish Research Ethics Committee (CEEI), the National Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction and the Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues.

From 2011 the Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) has been a member of European Network of Research Integrity Office (ENRIO) and responsible for raising awareness of researchers about the importance of research integrity <ref name=":0">Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). Enrio. [cited 2020 Jan 5]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/spain/</ref>. Its aim is also to prevent research misconduct and unacceptable research practices <ref name=":0" />. To that end, the Committee has created the [http://enacti2ng-itn.cbm.uam.es/images/Documentation/CBP_CSIC_en.pdf Code of Good Scientific Practices of CSIC], the [https://www.cnb.csic.es/documents/ConflictosInteresCSIC.pdf CSIC Manual of Conflicts of Interest] and the [http://icmab.es/images/gender/Declaracion-nacional-integridad-cientifica.pdf Spanish National Statement of Research Integrity]. CSIC is also responsible for dealing with ethical conflicts. Any individual or institution can bring a case to the attention of the Committee, whose field of competence is limited to CSIC and its employees <ref name=":0" /><ref>CSIC’s Ethics Committee. CSIC. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.csic.es/en/csic/scientific-integrity-and-ethics-csic/csic-ethics-committee</ref>.

There are also a number of Spanish national associations for ethics assessment of research, centred mainly in bioethics and biomedical research. They include the National Association of Research Ethics Committees, the Network of Ethics Committees in Universities and Public Research Centres in Spain and the Spanish Association of Bioethics <ref name=":1">Arias Díaz J, de Sola Perea L, Martin-Arrbias M C. Ethics Assessment in Different Countries. Spain. SATORI. 2015 June. [cited 2020 Jan 5]. Available from: https://satoriproject.eu/media/4.i-Country-report-Spain.pdf</ref>.

All the autonomous communities have Research Ethics Committees and Research Ethics Committees for drugs that perform the ethical assessment of research projects performed in the region. These committees have a special accreditation regulated by the Royal Decree 1090/2015 <ref>Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. [Ministry of Health, Social Policy and Equality, The Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices]. Royal Decree 1090/2015, of 4 December, regulating clinical trials with medicinal products, Ethics Committees for Investigation with medicinal products and the Spanish Clinical Studies Registry. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.aemps.gob.es/legislacion/espana/investigacionClinica/docs/Royal-Decree-1090-2015_4-December.pdf</ref>. The Research Ethics Committees and ad hoc commissions are in charge of settling scientific integrity problems. They are independent and their decisions can be binding, although there is a right of appeal. The official list of proven misconduct regulated by authorities is not publicly available at the moment <ref name=":2">European Commission. Mutual Learning Exercise (MLE) on Research Integrity. Dialogue and Communication Thematic Report No 3. 2019 May. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/MLE%20RI%20-%20Thematic%20Report%20No%203.pdf</ref>.

Spanish policies and initiatives to support ethics practices in the private industry mostly concern corporate social responsibility. Any industry can create an independent Research Ethics Committee or ascribe to any existent Research Ethics Committee, but each Research Ethics Committee must be authorized by the regional autonomies through an accreditation process strictly controlled by the health authorities. Large companies may have their own good practices codes, especially in the pharmaceutical sector <ref name=":1" />.

Aside from Research Ethics Committees, professional organizations can also sanction research misconducts. For example, deontological commissions related to the professional organizations act independently to sanction the professionals involved in research misconducting <ref name=":2" />. If misconduct affects human beings, Justice system starts a process of investigation <ref name=":2" />.

The protection of whistle-blowers is not addressed in regulations related to RI. There is no specific law on whistle-blower protection for employees in Spain so citizens must personally come forward in order for their claim to be investigated. The only legislative regulation loosely related to whistleblowing is a provision allowing citizens to anonymously report conflicts of interest of high-ranking officials and members of Parliament and a whistle-blower e-mail hotline that allows anonymous reporting of anticompetitive behaviour <ref>Briefing Paper. Whistleblower Protection in Spain. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.changeofdirection.eu/assets/briefings/EU%20briefing%20paper%20-%20Spain%20-%20english.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="642"
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.csic.es/en/csic/scientific-integrity-and-ethics-csic/csic-ethics-committee Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates, trains and promotes RI. It also issues reports and formulates recommendations about ethical and deontological principles related to research activity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eng.isciii.es/eng.isciii.es/Paginas/Inicio.html The Research Ethics Committee of the Carlos III Health Institute]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Contributes to improving the health of all citizens through the promotion of research and innovation in Health Sciences and Biomedicine and through the provision of groundbreaking scientific and technical services and educational programmes directed towards the National Health System.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.comitedebioetica.es/ The Spanish Bioethics Committee]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Issues reports, proposals and recommendations for public authorities at state and regional level on matters related to the ethical and social implications of Biomedicine and Health Sciences. It is also responsible for establishing the general principles for the production of codes of good practice in scientific research and for representing Spain in supranational and international forums and bodies involved in bioethics.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1441251/royal-decree-42-2010-of-15-january%252c-which-regulates-the-national-commission-for-assisted-human-reproduction.html The National Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Provides guidance on the use of assisted human reproduction techniques and collaborates with public administrations with regard to this matter.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-18654 The Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Advises and guides research with biological samples of human embryonic nature and contributes to the updating and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge in this matter.
{{!}}}
 
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Spain. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="642"
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1451484/law-6-2001%252c-of-21-december%252c-on-universities.html Act on Universities (La Ley Orgánica 6/2001 de Universidades)]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes the action of the General Administration of the State in the structuring and cohesion of the University system, deepens the competences of the autonomous communities in the field of higher education, increases the degree of autonomy of the universities and establishes the channels needed to strengthen relationships and reciprocal links between University and society.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-9617 Law for Science, Technology and Innovation (Ley 14/2011, de 1 de junio, de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación)]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Deepens the vertebration of relations and the dialogue between science, technology, innovation and society.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-12945 The Law on Biomedical Research (Ley 14/2007, de 3 de julio, de Investigación biomédica)]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes standards in areas that have not been regulated yet or that have been fragmentary or unrelated to the changes occurred in recent years, such as genetic analysis, research with human biological samples, in particular those of an embryonic nature, or biobanks.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1448886/royal-decree-2132---2004%252c-of-29-october%252c-laying-down-the-requirements-and-procedures-for-the-development-of-research-projects-with-stem-cells-take.html Royal Decree 2132/2004, Of 29 October, Laying Down The Requirements And Procedures For The Development Of Research Projects With Stem Cells Taken From Surplus Pre-Embryos]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the use of the human pre-embryos for the research purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1446767/order-sco-393-2006%252c-of-8-february%252c-which-establishes-the-organization-and-functioning-of-the-national-stem-cell-bank.html Order SCO/393/2006, Of 8 February, Which Establishes The Organization And Functioning Of The National Stem Cell Bank]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the organization and operation of the National Bank of Cellular Lines.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1999-23750 Organic Law 15/1999, of December 13, on the Protection of Personal Data]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Guarantees and protects, with regard to the processing of personal data, the public freedoms and fundamental rights of natural persons, and in particular their personal and family honour and privacy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-18654 Royal Decree 1527/2010, of November 15, regulating the Guarantees Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues and the Registration of Research Projects]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the use of human cells and tissues and the registry of research projects.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-18919 Royal Decree 1716/2011 of 18 November establishing the basic requirements for the authorization and operation of biobanks for biomedical research and the treatment of biological samples of human origin, and regulating the operation and organization of the National Register of Biobanks for biomedical research.]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the basic requirements for authorization and operation of biobanks for biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-1337 Royal Decree 53/2013 of 1 February laying down the basic rules applicable for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching.]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the basic rules applicable for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-6271 Law 6/2013, of June 11, amending Law 32/2007, of November 7, for the care of animals, in their exploitation, transport, experimentation and slaughter.]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes a set of principles regarding the care of animals and the regulation of the corresponding sanctioning regime in case of non-compliance with animal welfare regulations.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

There is no mandate for RI training but some universities and institutions have integrated a module about research integrity in their existing program about research ethics (Autonomous University of Madrid, University of Barcelona, University of Oviedo and National University of Distance Education). Several members of the CSIC Ethics Committee give lectures regarding research integrity and responsible conduct of research. Research Ethics and Research Integrity have been included as topics in the CSIC Management Training Course aimed to CSIC’s Directors and Managers <ref>Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). Enrio. [cited 2020 Jan 5]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/spain/</ref>.

RI dialogue and communication

In a Knowledge Transfer study 2010-2012, Spain positioning is about average (56%). Spain is one of the countries with a low level of innovation and weak knowledge translation policies <ref>Arundel A, Es-Sadki N, Barjak F, Perrett P, Samuel O, Lilischkis S. Knowledge Transfer Study 2010-2012. Final Report. 2013 June. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/knowledge_transfer_2010-2012_report.pdf</ref>. Research Results Transfer Offices, that are part of each university, aim to promote and facilitate cooperation in Research and Development activities between researchers and companies <ref>RedOTRI. Research Results Transfer Offices (OTRI). [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: http://www.redotriuniversidades.net/index.php/presentacion?id=272</ref>.

The academic system is perceived corrupt. Academic corruption survey of 5,725 people who studied in 11 European countries showed the highest levels of perceived corruption in Ukraine and Spain <ref>Marušić A. Mutual Learning Exercise (MLE) on Research Integrity. Dialogue and Communication Thematic Report No 3. 2019 May. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/MLE%20RI%20-%20Thematic%20Report%20No%203.pdf</ref>. Since 2002, the percentage of the population understanding science and technology as bringing more benefits than harms keeps growing every year <ref>Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología [Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology]. Recruitment Opportunities for Researchers in Spain. 2016 March. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from:

https://cdn2.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/recruitmentopportunities_vf4.pdf</ref>. The research integrity s occasionally discussed in the lay press. The most relevant newspapers at the national level (EL Pais and El Mundo) published several articles about cases of scientific misconduct in Spain.

RI incentives

Spain provides Research and Development tax relief through a hybrid tax credit and social security contributions exemption for qualified research staff. Both of these incentives are mutually exclusive in their use except for innovative small and medium-sized enterprises <ref>OECD. R&D Tax Incentives: Spain, 2019. [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/sti/rd-tax-stats-spain.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.csic.es/en/training-and-employment/training-research-personnel CSIC Management Training Course]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enac.es/web/english The National Accreditation Entity]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.7eeac5cd345b4f34f09dfd1001432ea0/?vgnextoid=82957edcc0186610VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD&lang_choosen=en The National Research Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:29d1a7fc-0809-484c-b91b-f7b02f9dad5c

2021-10-22T09:19:53Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Spain
|Has Location=Spain
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019 there were 135,331 full-time researchers in Spain (1). Spanish National Research Council, a State Agency with the consideration of a Public Research Organization of the Spanish General State Administration, has 120 research institutes out of which 51 are of joint centres with other institutions, primarily universities (2). There are also 8 centres functioning as research support units that provide technical and administrative support to two or more institutes (2). Spain has 75 universities – 50 public and 25 private (3).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation '''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}'''City '''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uam.es/UAM/Home.htm?language=es Autonomous University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uc3m.es/Home University Carlos III of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucm.es/english Complutense University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uned.es/universidad/inicio.html National University of Distance Education]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upm.es/internacional Polytechnic University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.urjc.es/ King Juan Carlos University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Móstoles, Alcorón, Vicálvaro, Aranjuez, Fuenlabrada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uimp.es/en/ Menéndez Pelayo International University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Santander, Valencia, Barcelona, Cartagena, Cuenca, Granada, La Línea de la Concepción, Seville, Tenerife
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uab.cat/web/universitat-autonoma-de-barcelona-1345467954774.html Autonomous University of Barcelona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ub.edu/web/portal/en/ University of Barcelona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upc.edu/en Polytechnic University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upf.edu/home Pompeu Fabra University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.us.es/ University of Seville]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upo.es/portal/impe/web/portada/index.html Pablo de Olavide University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unia.es/ International University of Andalucía]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville, Palos de la Frontera, Baeza, Málaga
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udc.es/en/ori/conoce_la_udc/ University of A Coruña]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}A Coruña
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uah.es/en/ University of Alcalá]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Alcalá de Henares
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ua.es/ University of Alicante]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}San Vicente del Raspeig/Sant Vincent del Raspeig
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ual.es/ University of Almería]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Almería
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ubu.es/english-version University of Burgos]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Burgos
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uca.es/ University of Cádiz]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Cádiz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://web.unican.es/en/Pages/default.aspx University of Cantabria]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Santander, Torrelavega, Comillas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uclm.es/?sc_lang=en University of Castilla-La Mancha]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Ciudad Real
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uco.es/ University of Córdoba]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Córdoba
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unex.es/ University of Extremadura]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Badajoz, Cáceres, Mérida, Plasencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udg.edu/en/ University of Girona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Girona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udg.edu/en/ University of Granada]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Granada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uhu.es/index.php University of Huelva]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Huelva
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ujaen.es/en University of Jaén]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Jaén
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ull.es/en/ University of La Laguna]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}San Cristóbal de La Laguna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unirioja.es/ University of La Rioja]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Logroño
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.english.ulpgc.es/ University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unileon.es/ University of León]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}León
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.udl.es/ca/en/ University of Lleida]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Lleida
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uma.es/#gsc.tab=0 University of Málaga]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Málaga
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.um.es/en/ University of Murcia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Murcia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uniovi.es/en/inicio University of Oviedo]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Oviedo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usal.es/ University of Salamanca]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Salamanca
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usc.gal/en University of Santiago de Compostela]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Santiago de Compostela
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://universityofvalladolid.uva.es/ University of Valladolid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valladolid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvigo.gal/en University of Vigo]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Vigo, Pontevedra, Ourense
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.unizar.es/information-institution/name-and-address University of Zaragoza]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Zaragoza
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehu.eus/en/en-home University of the Basque Country]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Leioa, Bilbao, Portugalete, Barakaldo, San Sebastián, Eibar, Vitoria-Gasteiz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umh.es/?lang=EN Miguel Hernández University of Elche]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Elche, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Altea, Orihuela
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://estudiaencartagena.upct.es/international/english/start/ Politechnic University of Cartagena]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Cartagena
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.upv.es/ Polytechnic University of Valencia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.unavarra.es/home Public University of Navarre]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Navarre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.urv.cat/en/ Rovira i Virgili University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Tarragona, Reus, Vila-seca, Tortosa, El Vendrell
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uib.cat/ University of the Balearic Islands]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Palma
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uv.es/uvweb/college/en/university-valencia-1285845048380.html University of València]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uji.es/ Jaume I University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Castelló de la Plana
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udima.es/ Distance University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nebrija.com/ Nebrija University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucjc.edu/ Camilo José Cela University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://universidadeuropea.com/en/about-ue/madrid/ European University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ufvinternational.com/en/ Francisco de Vitoria University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.comillas.edu/en/?jjj=1610445591735 Comillas Pontifical University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ceu.es/ San Pablo University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ie.edu/es/universidad/ IE University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Segovia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uax.com/en Alfonso X El Sabio University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Villanueva de la Cañada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uic.es/en International University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.url.edu/en Ramon Llul University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uaoceu.es/en Abat Oliba CEU University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uoc.edu/portal/en/index.html Open University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uchceu.com/en CEU Cardinal Herrera University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucv.es/eng/home Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.ucam.edu/ Saint Anthony Catholic University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Murcia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucavila.es/ Catholic University of Ávila]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Ávila
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.deusto.es/cs/Satellite/deusto/es/universidad-deusto University of Deusto]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Bilbao, San Sebastián
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unav.edu/en/home University of Navarre]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Pamplona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvic.cat/en University of Vic]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Vic, Manresa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uemc.es/ Miguel de Cervantes European University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valladolid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unirioja.es/ University of La Rioja]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Logroño
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mondragon.edu/en/home Mondragon University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Mondragón
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upsa.es/ Pontifical University of Salamanca]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Salamanca
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usj.es/ San Jorge University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Zaragoza
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €15.572 million, which comprises 1.25% of the country’s GDP (4). Most funding was spent in the corporate sector (56.1%), followed by the higher education sector (26.6%), general government sector (17.0%) and the private non-profit sector (0.3%) (5). Spain had 8.137 signed grants receiving €5.82 billion in H2020 (6) and 491 ERC signed grants receiving €664.8 million in H2020 (6).
|Research Strategy=The Spanish Strategy on Science, Technology and Innovation 2013-2020 was launched by the General State Administration and the Regional Administrations in 2012. Since it was created at the time when country was experiencing serious economic difficulties which led to decreasing of funding with respect to public and company investment, the Strategy promotes the capacities of the Spanish Science, Technology and Innovation System and enables collaboration between all the stakeholders of the System while increasing the social and economic returns from investment in Research Development and Innovation (RDI). With regard to this, the Strategy defends the importance of scientific and technological progress as an indisputable element of social progress (7). One of the Strategy’s aims is to define a strategic framework for RDI policies to promote structural reforms, establish incentives and determine the objectives and efforts required to create the RDI capacities that will make Spain a country of innovation, contribute to social and economic progress and reinforce their international leadership in a global setting (7).
|Research Governance=Spain has several bodies for RI – the Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the Spanish Research Ethics Committee (CEEI), the National Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction and the Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues.

From 2011 the Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) has been a member of European Network of Research Integrity Office (ENRIO) and responsible for raising awareness of researchers about the importance of research integrity (8). Its aim is also to prevent research misconduct and unacceptable research practices (8). To that end, the Committee has created the [http://enacti2ng-itn.cbm.uam.es/images/Documentation/CBP_CSIC_en.pdf Code of Good Scientific Practices of CSIC], the [https://www.cnb.csic.es/documents/ConflictosInteresCSIC.pdf CSIC Manual of Conflicts of Interest] and the [http://icmab.es/images/gender/Declaracion-nacional-integridad-cientifica.pdf Spanish National Statement of Research Integrity]. CSIC is also responsible for dealing with ethical conflicts. Any individual or institution can bring a case to the attention of the Committee, whose field of competence is limited to CSIC and its employees (8,9).

There are also a number of Spanish national associations for ethics assessment of research, centred mainly in bioethics and biomedical research. They include the National Association of Research Ethics Committees, the Network of Ethics Committees in Universities and Public Research Centres in Spain and the Spanish Association of Bioethics (10).

All the autonomous communities have Research Ethics Committees and Research Ethics Committees for drugs that perform the ethical assessment of research projects performed in the region. These committees have a special accreditation regulated by the Royal Decree 1090/2015 (11). The Research Ethics Committees and ad hoc commissions are in charge of settling scientific integrity problems. They are independent and their decisions can be binding, although there is a right of appeal. The official list of proven misconduct regulated by authorities is not publicly available at the moment (12).

Spanish policies and initiatives to support ethics practices in the private industry mostly concern corporate social responsibility. Any industry can create an independent Research Ethics Committee or ascribe to any existent Research Ethics Committee, but each Research Ethics Committee must be authorized by the regional autonomies through an accreditation process strictly controlled by the health authorities. Large companies may have their own good practices codes, especially in the pharmaceutical sector (10).

Aside from Research Ethics Committees, professional organizations can also sanction research misconducts. For example, deontological commissions related to the professional organizations act independently to sanction the professionals involved in research misconducting (12). If misconduct affects human beings, Justice system starts a process of investigation (12).

The protection of whistle-blowers is not addressed in regulations related to RI. There is no specific law on whistle-blower protection for employees in Spain so citizens must personally come forward in order for their claim to be investigated. The only legislative regulation loosely related to whistleblowing is a provision allowing citizens to anonymously report conflicts of interest of high-ranking officials and members of Parliament and a whistle-blower e-mail hotline that allows anonymous reporting of anticompetitive behaviour (13).
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="642"
{{!}} width="302" valign="top" {{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.csic.es/en/csic/scientific-integrity-and-ethics-csic/csic-ethics-committee Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}Investigates, trains and promotes RI. It also issues reports and formulates recommendations about ethical and deontological principles related to research activity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top" {{!}}[https://eng.isciii.es/eng.isciii.es/Paginas/Inicio.html The Research Ethics Committee of the Carlos III Health Institute]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}Contributes to improving the health of all citizens through the promotion of research and innovation in Health Sciences and Biomedicine and through the provision of groundbreaking scientific and technical services and educational programmes directed towards the National Health System.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top" {{!}}[http://www.comitedebioetica.es/ The Spanish Bioethics Committee]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}Issues reports, proposals and recommendations for public authorities at state and regional level on matters related to the ethical and social implications of Biomedicine and Health Sciences. It is also responsible for establishing the general principles for the production of codes of good practice in scientific research and for representing Spain in supranational and international forums and bodies involved in bioethics.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1441251/royal-decree-42-2010-of-15-january%252c-which-regulates-the-national-commission-for-assisted-human-reproduction.html The National Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}Provides guidance on the use of assisted human reproduction techniques and collaborates with public administrations with regard to this matter.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="302" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-18654 The Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}Advises and guides research with biological samples of human embryonic nature and contributes to the updating and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge in this matter.
{{!}}}
 
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Spain.
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="642"
{{!}} width="301" valign="top" {{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="342" valign="top" {{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1451484/law-6-2001%252c-of-21-december%252c-on-universities.html Act on Universities (La Ley Orgánica 6/2001 de Universidades)]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top" {{!}}Promotes the action of the General Administration of the State in the structuring and cohesion of the University system, deepens the competences of the autonomous communities in the field of higher education, increases the degree of autonomy of the universities and establishes the channels needed to strengthen relationships and reciprocal links between University and society.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-9617 Law for Science, Technology and Innovation (Ley 14/2011, de 1 de junio, de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación)]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top" {{!}}Deepens the vertebration of relations and the dialogue between science, technology, innovation and society.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-12945 The Law on Biomedical Research (Ley 14/2007, de 3 de julio, de Investigación biomédica)]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes standards in areas that have not been regulated yet or that have been fragmentary or unrelated to the changes occurred in recent years, such as genetic analysis, research with human biological samples, in particular those of an embryonic nature, or biobanks.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1448886/royal-decree-2132---2004%252c-of-29-october%252c-laying-down-the-requirements-and-procedures-for-the-development-of-research-projects-with-stem-cells-take.html Royal Decree 2132/2004, Of 29 October, Laying Down The Requirements And Procedures For The Development Of Research Projects With Stem Cells Taken From Surplus Pre-Embryos]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top" {{!}}Regulates the use of the human pre-embryos for the research purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1446767/order-sco-393-2006%252c-of-8-february%252c-which-establishes-the-organization-and-functioning-of-the-national-stem-cell-bank.html Order SCO/393/2006, Of 8 February, Which Establishes The Organization And Functioning Of The National Stem Cell Bank]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes the organization and operation of the National Bank of Cellular Lines.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1999-23750 Organic Law 15/1999, of December 13, on the Protection of Personal Data]
{{!}} width="342" valign="top" {{!}}Guarantees and protects, with regard to the processing of personal data, the public freedoms and fundamental rights of natural persons, and in particular their personal and family honour and privacy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-18654 Royal Decree 1527/2010, of November 15, regulating the Guarantees Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues and the Registration of Research Projects]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top" {{!}}Regulates the use of human cells and tissues and the registry of research projects.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-18919 Royal Decree 1716/2011 of 18 November establishing the basic requirements for the authorization and operation of biobanks for biomedical research and the treatment of biological samples of human origin, and regulating the operation and organization of the National Register of Biobanks for biomedical research.]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes the basic requirements for authorization and operation of biobanks for biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-1337 Royal Decree 53/2013 of 1 February laying down the basic rules applicable for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching.]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes the basic rules applicable for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="301" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-6271 Law 6/2013, of June 11, amending Law 32/2007, of November 7, for the care of animals, in their exploitation, transport, experimentation and slaughter.]
 
{{!}} width="342" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes a set of principles regarding the care of animals and the regulation of the corresponding sanctioning regime in case of non-compliance with animal welfare regulations.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

There is no mandate for RI training but some universities and institutions have integrated a module about research integrity in their existing program about research ethics (Autonomous University of Madrid, University of Barcelona, University of Oviedo and National University of Distance Education). Several members of the CSIC Ethics Committee give lectures regarding research integrity and responsible conduct of research. Research Ethics and Research Integrity have been included as topics in the CSIC Management Training Course aimed to CSIC’s Directors and Managers (8).

RI dialogue and communication

In a Knowledge Transfer study 2010-2012, Spain positioning is about average (56%). Spain is one of the countries with a low level of innovation and weak knowledge translation policies.

(14). Research Results Transfer Offices, that are part of each university, aim to promote and facilitate cooperation in Research and Development activities between researchers and companies (15).

The academic system is perceived corrupt. Academic corruption survey of 5,725 people who studied in 11 European countries showed the highest levels of perceived corruption in Ukraine and Spain (16). Since 2002, the percentage of the population understanding science and technology as bringing more benefits than harms keeps growing every year (17). The research integrity s occasionally discussed in the lay press. The most relevant newspapers at the national level (EL Pais and El Mundo) published several articles about cases of scientific misconduct in Spain.

RI incentives

Spain provides Research and Development tax relief through a hybrid tax credit and social security contributions exemption for qualified research staff. Both of these incentives are mutually exclusive in their use except for innovative small and medium-sized enterprises (18).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.csic.es/en/training-and-employment/training-research-personnel CSIC Management Training Course]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enac.es/web/english The National Accreditation Entity]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.7eeac5cd345b4f34f09dfd1001432ea0/?vgnextoid=82957edcc0186610VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD&lang_choosen=en The National Research Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:29d1a7fc-0809-484c-b91b-f7b02f9dad5c

2021-10-22T09:18:35Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Spain
|Has Location=Spain
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019 there were 135,331 full-time researchers in Spain (1). Spanish National Research Council, a State Agency with the consideration of a Public Research Organization of the Spanish General State Administration, has 120 research institutes out of which 51 are of joint centres with other institutions, primarily universities (2). There are also 8 centres functioning as research support units that provide technical and administrative support to two or more institutes (2). Spain has 75 universities – 50 public and 25 private (3).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation '''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}'''City '''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uam.es/UAM/Home.htm?language=es Autonomous University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uc3m.es/Home University Carlos III of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucm.es/english Complutense University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uned.es/universidad/inicio.html National University of Distance Education]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upm.es/internacional Polytechnic University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.urjc.es/ King Juan Carlos University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Móstoles, Alcorón, Vicálvaro, Aranjuez, Fuenlabrada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uimp.es/en/ Menéndez Pelayo International University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Santander, Valencia, Barcelona, Cartagena, Cuenca, Granada, La Línea de la Concepción, Seville, Tenerife
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uab.cat/web/universitat-autonoma-de-barcelona-1345467954774.html Autonomous University of Barcelona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ub.edu/web/portal/en/ University of Barcelona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upc.edu/en Polytechnic University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upf.edu/home Pompeu Fabra University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.us.es/ University of Seville]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upo.es/portal/impe/web/portada/index.html Pablo de Olavide University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unia.es/ International University of Andalucía]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Seville, Palos de la Frontera, Baeza, Málaga
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udc.es/en/ori/conoce_la_udc/ University of A Coruña]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}A Coruña
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uah.es/en/ University of Alcalá]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Alcalá de Henares
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ua.es/ University of Alicante]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}San Vicente del Raspeig/Sant Vincent del Raspeig
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ual.es/ University of Almería]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Almería
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ubu.es/english-version University of Burgos]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Burgos
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uca.es/ University of Cádiz]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Cádiz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://web.unican.es/en/Pages/default.aspx University of Cantabria]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Santander, Torrelavega, Comillas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uclm.es/?sc_lang=en University of Castilla-La Mancha]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Ciudad Real
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uco.es/ University of Córdoba]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Córdoba
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unex.es/ University of Extremadura]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Badajoz, Cáceres, Mérida, Plasencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udg.edu/en/ University of Girona]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Girona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udg.edu/en/ University of Granada]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Granada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uhu.es/index.php University of Huelva]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Huelva
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ujaen.es/en University of Jaén]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Jaén
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ull.es/en/ University of La Laguna]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}San Cristóbal de La Laguna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unirioja.es/ University of La Rioja]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Logroño
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.english.ulpgc.es/ University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unileon.es/ University of León]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}León
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.udl.es/ca/en/ University of Lleida]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Lleida
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uma.es/#gsc.tab=0 University of Málaga]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Málaga
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.um.es/en/ University of Murcia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Murcia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uniovi.es/en/inicio University of Oviedo]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Oviedo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usal.es/ University of Salamanca]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Salamanca
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usc.gal/en University of Santiago de Compostela]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Santiago de Compostela
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://universityofvalladolid.uva.es/ University of Valladolid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valladolid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvigo.gal/en University of Vigo]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Vigo, Pontevedra, Ourense
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.unizar.es/information-institution/name-and-address University of Zaragoza]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Zaragoza
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehu.eus/en/en-home University of the Basque Country]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Leioa, Bilbao, Portugalete, Barakaldo, San Sebastián, Eibar, Vitoria-Gasteiz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umh.es/?lang=EN Miguel Hernández University of Elche]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Elche, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Altea, Orihuela
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://estudiaencartagena.upct.es/international/english/start/ Politechnic University of Cartagena]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Cartagena
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.upv.es/ Polytechnic University of Valencia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.unavarra.es/home Public University of Navarre]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Navarre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.urv.cat/en/ Rovira i Virgili University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Tarragona, Reus, Vila-seca, Tortosa, El Vendrell
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uib.cat/ University of the Balearic Islands]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Palma
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uv.es/uvweb/college/en/university-valencia-1285845048380.html University of València]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uji.es/ Jaume I University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Castelló de la Plana
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.udima.es/ Distance University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nebrija.com/ Nebrija University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucjc.edu/ Camilo José Cela University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://universidadeuropea.com/en/about-ue/madrid/ European University of Madrid]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ufvinternational.com/en/ Francisco de Vitoria University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.comillas.edu/en/?jjj=1610445591735 Comillas Pontifical University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ceu.es/ San Pablo University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ie.edu/es/universidad/ IE University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Segovia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uax.com/en Alfonso X El Sabio University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Madrid, Villanueva de la Cañada
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uic.es/en International University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.url.edu/en Ramon Llul University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uaoceu.es/en Abat Oliba CEU University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uoc.edu/portal/en/index.html Open University of Catalonia]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Barcelona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uchceu.com/en CEU Cardinal Herrera University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucv.es/eng/home Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valencia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.ucam.edu/ Saint Anthony Catholic University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Murcia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucavila.es/ Catholic University of Ávila]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Ávila
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.deusto.es/cs/Satellite/deusto/es/universidad-deusto University of Deusto]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Bilbao, San Sebastián
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unav.edu/en/home University of Navarre]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Pamplona
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvic.cat/en University of Vic]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Vic, Manresa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uemc.es/ Miguel de Cervantes European University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Valladolid
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unirioja.es/ University of La Rioja]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Logroño
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mondragon.edu/en/home Mondragon University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Mondragón
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upsa.es/ Pontifical University of Salamanca]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Salamanca
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="385" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usj.es/ San Jorge University]
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}Zaragoza
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €15.572 million, which comprises 1.25% of the country’s GDP (4). Most funding was spent in the corporate sector (56.1%), followed by the higher education sector (26.6%), general government sector (17.0%) and the private non-profit sector (0.3%) (5). Spain had 8.137 signed grants receiving €5.82 billion in H2020 (6) and 491 ERC signed grants receiving €664.8 million in H2020 (6).
|Research Strategy=The Spanish Strategy on Science, Technology and Innovation 2013-2020 was launched by the General State Administration and the Regional Administrations in 2012. Since it was created at the time when country was experiencing serious economic difficulties which led to decreasing of funding with respect to public and company investment, the Strategy promotes the capacities of the Spanish Science, Technology and Innovation System and enables collaboration between all the stakeholders of the System while increasing the social and economic returns from investment in Research Development and Innovation (RDI). With regard to this, the Strategy defends the importance of scientific and technological progress as an indisputable element of social progress (7). One of the Strategy’s aims is to define a strategic framework for RDI policies to promote structural reforms, establish incentives and determine the objectives and efforts required to create the RDI capacities that will make Spain a country of innovation, contribute to social and economic progress and reinforce their international leadership in a global setting (7).
|Research Governance=Spain has several bodies for RI – the Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the Spanish Research Ethics Committee (CEEI), the National Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction and the Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues.

From 2011 the Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) has been a member of European Network of Research Integrity Office (ENRIO) and responsible for raising awareness of researchers about the importance of research integrity (8). Its aim is also to prevent research misconduct and unacceptable research practices (8). To that end, the Committee has created the [http://enacti2ng-itn.cbm.uam.es/images/Documentation/CBP_CSIC_en.pdf Code of Good Scientific Practices of CSIC], the [https://www.cnb.csic.es/documents/ConflictosInteresCSIC.pdf CSIC Manual of Conflicts of Interest] and the [http://icmab.es/images/gender/Declaracion-nacional-integridad-cientifica.pdf Spanish National Statement of Research Integrity]. CSIC is also responsible for dealing with ethical conflicts. Any individual or institution can bring a case to the attention of the Committee, whose field of competence is limited to CSIC and its employees (8,9).

There are also a number of Spanish national associations for ethics assessment of research, centred mainly in bioethics and biomedical research. They include the National Association of Research Ethics Committees, the Network of Ethics Committees in Universities and Public Research Centres in Spain and the Spanish Association of Bioethics (10).

All the autonomous communities have Research Ethics Committees and Research Ethics Committees for drugs that perform the ethical assessment of research projects performed in the region. These committees have a special accreditation regulated by the Royal Decree 1090/2015 (11). The Research Ethics Committees and ad hoc commissions are in charge of settling scientific integrity problems. They are independent and their decisions can be binding, although there is a right of appeal. The official list of proven misconduct regulated by authorities is not publicly available at the moment (12).

Spanish policies and initiatives to support ethics practices in the private industry mostly concern corporate social responsibility. Any industry can create an independent Research Ethics Committee or ascribe to any existent Research Ethics Committee, but each Research Ethics Committee must be authorized by the regional autonomies through an accreditation process strictly controlled by the health authorities. Large companies may have their own good practices codes, especially in the pharmaceutical sector (10).

Aside from Research Ethics Committees, professional organizations can also sanction research misconducts. For example, deontological commissions related to the professional organizations act independently to sanction the professionals involved in research misconducting (12). If misconduct affects human beings, Justice system starts a process of investigation (12).

The protection of whistle-blowers is not addressed in regulations related to RI. There is no specific law on whistle-blower protection for employees in Spain so citizens must personally come forward in order for their claim to be investigated. The only legislative regulation loosely related to whistleblowing is a provision allowing citizens to anonymously report conflicts of interest of high-ranking officials and members of Parliament and a whistle-blower e-mail hotline that allows anonymous reporting of anticompetitive behaviour (13).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="803"
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.csic.es/en/csic/scientific-integrity-and-ethics-csic/csic-ethics-committee Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council]
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates, trains and promotes RI. It also issues reports and formulates recommendations about ethical and deontological principles related to research activity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eng.isciii.es/eng.isciii.es/Paginas/Inicio.html The Research Ethics Committee of the Carlos III Health Institute]
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}Contributes to improving the health of all citizens through the promotion of research and innovation in Health Sciences and Biomedicine and through the provision of groundbreaking scientific and technical services and educational programmes directed towards the National Health System.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.comitedebioetica.es/ The Spanish Bioethics Committee]
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}Issues reports, proposals and recommendations for public authorities at state and regional level on matters related to the ethical and social implications of Biomedicine and Health Sciences. It is also responsible for establishing the general principles for the production of codes of good practice in scientific research and for representing Spain in supranational and international forums and bodies involved in bioethics.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1441251/royal-decree-42-2010-of-15-january%252c-which-regulates-the-national-commission-for-assisted-human-reproduction.html The National Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction]
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}Provides guidance on the use of assisted human reproduction techniques and collaborates with public administrations with regard to this matter.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-18654 The Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues]
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}Advises and guides research with biological samples of human embryonic nature and contributes to the updating and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge in this matter.
{{!}}}
 
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Spain.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="803"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="427" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1451484/law-6-2001%252c-of-21-december%252c-on-universities.html Act on Universities (La Ley Orgánica 6/2001 de Universidades)]
{{!}} width="427" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes the action of the General Administration of the State in the structuring and cohesion of the University system, deepens the competences of the autonomous communities in the field of higher education, increases the degree of autonomy of the universities and establishes the channels needed to strengthen relationships and reciprocal links between University and society.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-9617 Law for Science, Technology and Innovation (Ley 14/2011, de 1 de junio, de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación)]
{{!}} width="427" valign="top"{{!}}Deepens the vertebration of relations and the dialogue between science, technology, innovation and society.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-12945 The Law on Biomedical Research (Ley 14/2007, de 3 de julio, de Investigación biomédica)]
{{!}} width="427" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes standards in areas that have not been regulated yet or that have been fragmentary or unrelated to the changes occurred in recent years, such as genetic analysis, research with human biological samples, in particular those of an embryonic nature, or biobanks.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1448886/royal-decree-2132---2004%252c-of-29-october%252c-laying-down-the-requirements-and-procedures-for-the-development-of-research-projects-with-stem-cells-take.html Royal Decree 2132/2004, Of 29 October, Laying Down The Requirements And Procedures For The Development Of Research Projects With Stem Cells Taken From Surplus Pre-Embryos]
 
{{!}} width="427" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the use of the human pre-embryos for the research purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1446767/order-sco-393-2006%252c-of-8-february%252c-which-establishes-the-organization-and-functioning-of-the-national-stem-cell-bank.html Order SCO/393/2006, Of 8 February, Which Establishes The Organization And Functioning Of The National Stem Cell Bank]
{{!}} width="427" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the organization and operation of the National Bank of Cellular Lines.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1999-23750 Organic Law 15/1999, of December 13, on the Protection of Personal Data]
{{!}} width="427" valign="top"{{!}}Guarantees and protects, with regard to the processing of personal data, the public freedoms and fundamental rights of natural persons, and in particular their personal and family honour and privacy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-18654 Royal Decree 1527/2010, of November 15, regulating the Guarantees Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues and the Registration of Research Projects]
 
{{!}} width="427" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the use of human cells and tissues and the registry of research projects.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-18919 Royal Decree 1716/2011 of 18 November establishing the basic requirements for the authorization and operation of biobanks for biomedical research and the treatment of biological samples of human origin, and regulating the operation and organization of the National Register of Biobanks for biomedical research.]
 
{{!}} width="427" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the basic requirements for authorization and operation of biobanks for biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-1337 Royal Decree 53/2013 of 1 February laying down the basic rules applicable for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching.]
 
{{!}} width="427" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the basic rules applicable for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-6271 Law 6/2013, of June 11, amending Law 32/2007, of November 7, for the care of animals, in their exploitation, transport, experimentation and slaughter.]
 
{{!}} width="427" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes a set of principles regarding the care of animals and the regulation of the corresponding sanctioning regime in case of non-compliance with animal welfare regulations.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

There is no mandate for RI training but some universities and institutions have integrated a module about research integrity in their existing program about research ethics (Autonomous University of Madrid, University of Barcelona, University of Oviedo and National University of Distance Education). Several members of the CSIC Ethics Committee give lectures regarding research integrity and responsible conduct of research. Research Ethics and Research Integrity have been included as topics in the CSIC Management Training Course aimed to CSIC’s Directors and Managers (8).

RI dialogue and communication

In a Knowledge Transfer study 2010-2012, Spain positioning is about average (56%). Spain is one of the countries with a low level of innovation and weak knowledge translation policies.

(14). Research Results Transfer Offices, that are part of each university, aim to promote and facilitate cooperation in Research and Development activities between researchers and companies (15).

The academic system is perceived corrupt. Academic corruption survey of 5,725 people who studied in 11 European countries showed the highest levels of perceived corruption in Ukraine and Spain (16). Since 2002, the percentage of the population understanding science and technology as bringing more benefits than harms keeps growing every year (17). The research integrity s occasionally discussed in the lay press. The most relevant newspapers at the national level (EL Pais and El Mundo) published several articles about cases of scientific misconduct in Spain.

RI incentives

Spain provides Research and Development tax relief through a hybrid tax credit and social security contributions exemption for qualified research staff. Both of these incentives are mutually exclusive in their use except for innovative small and medium-sized enterprises (18).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.csic.es/en/training-and-employment/training-research-personnel CSIC Management Training Course]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enac.es/web/english The National Accreditation Entity]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.7eeac5cd345b4f34f09dfd1001432ea0/?vgnextoid=82957edcc0186610VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD&lang_choosen=en The National Research Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:F51f4e60-4246-45ac-b498-4854c8f1022a

2021-10-22T09:14:55Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Norway
|Has Location=Norway
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 46,600 full-time researchers in Norway <ref>Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU). Norway’s R&D efforts are increasing, but less than before. 2020 February 18. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.nifu.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Final-figures-2018-18.02.2020-1.pdf</ref>. Norway has 32 accredited universities and university colleges: 10 public universities, 7 specialised university institutes, 2 private, 8 public university colleges, and 7 private university colleges (there has recently been a merger of universities and university colleges) <ref>UHR Universities Norway. UHR member institutions. 2021 March 25. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.uhr.no/en/about-uhr/member-institutions/</ref>. Norway has 48 research institutes <ref>EURAXESS Countries in focus – Research in Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://cdn4.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/domains/asean/in_focus_norway.pdf</ref>, 44 Centres of Excellence, <ref>The Research Council of Norway. Evaluation of the Norwegian Centres of Excellence (SFF) Funding Scheme. Report from the evaluation committee (2020). [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://khrono.no/files/2020/05/19/SFF_Evaluation.pdf</ref>, 22 Centres for Research-based Innovation (SFI) <ref>The Research Council of Norway. 22 new Centres for Research-based Innovation (SFI). 2020 July 3. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/news/2020/22-new-centres-for-research-based-innovation-sfi/</ref>, and 13 Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research <ref>The Research Council of Norway. Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/apply-for-funding/funding-from-the-research-council/fme/</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usn.no/english/ University of South-Eastern Norway]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Bø, Telemark, Porsgrunn, Notodden, Rauland, Drammen, Hønefoss, Kongsberg, Horten
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nord.no/en/Pages/default.aspx Nord University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Bodø, Levanger
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oslomet.no/en/ OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Oslo, Akershus
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uia.no/en University of Agder]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Kristiansand, Grimstad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uib.no/en University of Bergen]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Bergen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uio.no/english/ University of Oslo]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Oslo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uis.no/nb?lang=en_GB#Studies University of Stavanger]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Stavanger
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.uit.no/startsida UiT The Artic University of Norway]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Tromsø
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nmbu.no/en Norwegian University of Life Sciences]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Ås
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ntnu.edu/ Norwegian University of Science and Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Trondheim, Gjøvik, Ålesund
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross domestic expenditures on research and development were NOK 72.8 billion (€7.13 billion), which comprises 2.06% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU). Norway’s R&D efforts are increasing, but less than before. 2020 February 18. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.nifu.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Final-figures-2018-18.02.2020-1.pdf</ref>. Most funding was spent in the industrial sector (32.8%), higher education sector (25.2%) and institute sector (14.8%) <ref name=":0" />.

Norway had 1.943 signed grants receiving €1.6 billion and 104 ERC grants receiving €183 million <ref>H2020 Country Profile. Key Figures – Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Norway</ref>.
|Research Strategy=Research and higher education are central to the development of a sustainable society, where knowledge is the key to new, green and profitable jobs and a better and more efficient public sector. Technological development, with digitalisation as a pervasive element, offers great opportunities, but also offers challenges with regard to, among other things, privacy and social security. Inequalities in society are increasing, and contradictions are polarizing. At the same time, we face major challenges in terms of climate and environment, which can only be met in cooperation with other countries. This forms the framework for the government's long-term plan for research and higher education. The overall goals of the plan are to strengthen Norway's competitiveness and ability to innovate, meet major societal challenges and develop professional environments of outstanding quality. The plan has a ten-year perspective, with a specification of goals and focus areas for the coming four-year period. The government presented the first long-term plan for research and higher education in 2014. The long-term plan is revised every 4 years <ref>Government.no. Meld. St. 4 (2018–2019). Long-term plan for research and higher education 2019–2028 — Meld. St. 4 (2018–2019) Report to the Storting (white paper). [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/meld.-st.-4-20182019/id2614131/</ref>.
|Research Governance=The current Norwegian research ethics system is regulated by the Research Ethics Act of 2017, which secures the independence of the ethical committees, promotes the individual researcher’s responsibility to familiarise with and follow ethical standards, and emphasises that research institutions must ensure that all research conducted in their institution is in accordance with ethical standards <ref name=":0">Ministry of Education. Act on the organization of research ethics work (Research Ethics Act). 2017 May 1. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2017-04-28-23</ref>.

The three National Research Ethics Committees – The National Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (NEM), The National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (NESH), and The National Commission for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT) – were established in 1990 to coordinate and support work on research ethics on a national level. The National Commission for the Investigation of Research Misconduct (GRU) was established in 2007 as a separate commission for the investigation of research misconduct, in accordance with the first Research Ethics Act of 2006. Since 2008, there is also The National Committee for Research Ethics on Human Remains (SKJ). In 2013 these bodies were united as the National Research Ethics Committees in Norway (FEK) established as a separate unit under the Ministry of Education and Research (KD) <ref>The Norwegian National Research Ethics Committees. Who are we and what do we do? 2019 June 8. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/who-are-we-and-what-do-we-do/</ref><ref name=":1">European Network of Research Integrity Officers (ENRIO). Norway. National Research Ethics Committees (FEK). [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/norway/</ref>.

At the national level, NEM, NESH, and NENT have a proactive approach, aimed at teaching or at approving or advising research projects. GRU is in charge of investigating serious cases of research misconduct, providing guidance to individual researchers and institutions, as well as overseeing their work. Moreover, GRU can investigate cases of research misconduct that happened abroad if they involve researchers employed by a Norwegian institution. <ref>The Norwegian National Research Ethics Committees. About the Commission. 2019 Sept 8. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/granskingsutvalget/about-the-commission/</ref>.

The members of all the national committees are appointed by KD based on input from The Research Council of Norway. GRU is chaired by the person with judicial experience and members are appointed from different scientific fields. Moreover, at least one member should be from abroad <ref name=":2">Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. Consultation paper – Research Ethics in Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/751546e9c5a943b2ab7674f5e87baf90/consultation-paper---research-ethics-in-norway.pdf</ref>.

All medical and health research projects involving human subjects require the approval of Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK). The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision has supervisory responsibility for medical and health research. It can intervene if research projects or research biobanks are operated in a harmful manner. It can supervise research regardless of where the research is conducted. Norwegian Medicines Agency has a supervisory role for clinical trials of medicines. All animal experiments are subject to notification and approval before they can start. <ref name=":2" />.

There are 7 REKs in Norway situated in 5 different regions. Universities, i.e. medical faculties have ethics committees for medical and health research ethics which are guided by NEM. Moreover, NEM is an appeal body for these ethics committees <ref>European Network of Research Ethics Committees (EUREC). National Information: Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/literature/information/norway.html</ref>.

Health Trusts have established procedures for handling issues regarding research ethics and some have established ombudsman <ref name=":2" />.

Most Norwegian universities emphasize the responsibility of each researcher to adhere to ethical standards and the institutional responsibility to promote ethical standards. Moreover, universities usually have guidelines for research ethics and some universities have action plans for promoting good research practice and preventing research misconduct. Universities should have an ethics committee and/or committee for the investigations of misconduct <ref name=":2" />.

The Norwegian Association for Higher Education Institutions (UHR) has also developed guidelines for processing issues of research ethics and promotes them among universities <ref name=":2" />.

The Association of Norwegian Research Institutes (FFA) established an ethics committee for 48 institutes to deal with cases of misconduct and provide advice and support regarding ethics and integrity in research <ref name=":2" />.

Norway has a number of guidelines and checklists regarding ethics and integrity in the different scientific fields, for example [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/science-and-technology/guidelines-for-research-ethics-in-science-and-technology/ Guidelines for Research Ethics in Science and Technology] (NENT), [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/social-sciences-humanities-law-and-theology/guidelines-for-research-ethics-in-the-social-sciences-humanities-law-and-theology/ Guidelines for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and Humanities] (NESH) and various [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/medical-and-health-research/ guidelines] (NEM).

Based on the provisions of the Research Ethics Act on, each institution should prevent and handle cases of research misconduct. All research institutions must have an independent commission for investigation of possible cases of scientific misconduct. Moreover, institutions must inform GRU about handled cases and institutions are in charge of sanctions, whether they are proposed by the Commission or brought by the institution <ref name=":0" />. Although investigations of alleged cases of research misconduct are done usually by institutions, some cases are handled by the GRU. The Commission can handle cases that are brought by individual researchers, institutions or it can decide to conduct an investigation by itself if it has knowledge about the non-adequate handle of the case at the local level. It also investigates more serious cases of research misconduct. Cases of research misconduct are usually published annually and anonymously by the Commission <ref name=":1" />.

According to the Act relating to the working environment, working hours and employment protection, an employee has a right to notify censurable conditions at the employer's undertaking. When supervisory authorities or other public authorities receive notification concerning censurable conditions, any person who performs work or services for the body receiving such notification shall be obliged to prevent other persons from gaining knowledge of employees' names or other information identifying employees <ref>Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. Act relating to working environment, working hours and employment protection, etc. (Working Environment Act). 2006 Jan 1. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2005-06-17-62</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/who-are-we-and-what-do-we-do/ The National Research Ethics Committees in Norway (FEK)]

{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Ensure that all research is conducted in accordance with recognized research ethical norms. The committees do preventive work, counselling, publish general and specific decisions and investigate individual cases concerning possible misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nem/about-nem/ The National Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (NEM)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Addresses complaints under the Health Research Act on decisions in Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK).
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nent/about-nent/ The National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}The committee provides counsels and recommendations concerning ethical questions in concrete research projects in the area of science and technology, including agriculture and fisheries. In addition, it organises seminars and publishes reports and books on research ethics issues.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nesh/about-nesh/ The National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (NESH)]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Gives its opinion concerning ethical questions on specific research projects in the area of social sciences and humanities and evaluates these projects. In addition to giving advice in individual cases, external activities such as the organisation of seminars on research ethical issues are an important part of NESH’s work.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/granskingsutvalget/about-the-commission/ The National Commission for the Investigation of Research Misconduct (GRU)]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Guides the research institutions on how to handle cases on research misconduct. The research institutions shall also report to the commission on the handling of all misconduct cases.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/skjelettutvalget/ The National Committee for Research Ethics on Human Remains (SKJ)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Evaluates the ethical aspects of research where the source material consists of human remains which are in public museums and collections, or which will be found in future archaeological and other surveys.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Norway.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2018-06-15-38/*#& Personal Data Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the protection of natural persons in with regard to the processing of personal data, the free exchange of such information and the repeal of Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2017-04-28-23 Research Ethics Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Contributes to ensuring that research under public and private auspices is conducted in accordance with recognized research ethics norms.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2018-03-05-321 Research Ethics Regulation]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulations on research ethics committees and commissions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2005-04-01-15#KAPITTEL_1-1 University and Higher Education Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Makes possible for universities and university colleges to provide higher education at a high international level, conduct research and academic and artistic development work at a high international level, and disseminate knowledge about their activities and promote an understanding for the principle of academic freedom and the application of scientific and artistic methods and results, both in teaching students, in their other activities and in public administration, cultural life and business and industry.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2008-06-20-44#KAPITTEL_1 Health Research Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good and ethically sound medical and health research. It applies to medical and health research on humans, human biological material or health information. Such research also includes pilot studies and experimental treatment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1999-07-02-64#KAPITTEL_1 Health Care Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Contributes to safety for patients and quality in the health and care service as well as trust in health personnel and the health and care service. The law applies to health personnel and companies that provide health care in the country.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2003-12-05-100#KAPITTEL_1 Biotechnology Act]

{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the medical use of biotechnology is utilized for the benefit of people in a society where there is room for everyone. This shall be done in accordance with the principles of respect for human dignity, human rights and personal integrity and without discrimination on the basis of hereditary systems based on the ethical norms enshrined in our Western cultural heritage. The law applies to human medical use of biotechnology etc. and includes assisted reproduction, research on fertilized eggs and cloning, fetal diagnostics, genetic examinations of births and gene therapy etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/forskrift/2003-03-14-349 Regulations of the capture and collection of game for scientific or other special purposes]
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the capture and collection of game for research, teaching, information, farming, etc., must be carried out without inflicting unnecessary suffering of animals and without reducing nature’s productivity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://norecopa.no/files/statute.html Regulation on Animal Experimentation]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that animals governed by the Regulation receive correct treatment and are not subjected to unnecessary pain and suffering. Regulates experimentation with animals, and in addition the breeding, rearing and keeping of animals that are to be utilized in experiments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/gene-technology-act/id173031/ Gene Technology Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the production and use of genetically modified organisms and the production of cloned animals take place in an ethically justifiable and socially acceptable manner, in accordance with the principle of sustainable development and without adverse effects on health and the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/animal-welfare-act/id571188/ Animal Welfare Act]
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good animal welfare and respect for animals. It applies to conditions which affect welfare of or respect for mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, decapods, squid, octopi and honey bees. The Act applies equally to the development stages of the animals referred to in cases where the sensory apparatus is equivalent to the developmental level in living animals.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

The Research Ethics Act of 2017 imposes the responsibility of the research institutions to provide training in research ethics <ref>Ministry of Education. Act on the organization of research ethics work (Research Ethics Act). 2017 May 1. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2017-04-28-23</ref>. FEK are not responsible for training as such. However, FEK has established several national initiatives related to training:

- A Research Ethics library containing articles and cases (including on research integrity)

- A yearly conference for teachers and people responsible for research integrity at the different institutions

- The secretariat for the Committees takes part in a wide range of teaching activities at different institutions <ref>European Network of Research Integrity Officers (ENRIO). Norway. National Research Ethics Committees (FEK). [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/norway/</ref>.

RI dialogue and communication

NEM, NENT and NESH cooperate with GRU on the prevention of research misconduct, combining proactive teaching and advise on RE/RI with retroactive investigations of misconduct.

NEK organises an annual two-day meeting for all its members. The aim of the meeting is professional replenishment and discussion <ref name=":0">The Norwegian National Research Ethics Committees. About NEM. 2019 June 8. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nem/about-nem/</ref>. It also organises open debate meetings on various research ethics topics <ref name=":0" />.

REK organises one national conference per year for all members of all committees for networking purposes and for addressing issues of common interest. It also organises coordination meetings twice a year between the chairs of the committees and respective secretariats <ref>European Network of Research Ethics Committees (EUREC). National Information: Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/literature/information/norway.html</ref>.

According to the University and Higher Education Act, all universities and HE-institutions have a “third mission”. In addition to teaching and research – communicating research to the public and society at large <ref>Ministry of Education. Universities and University Colleges Act. 2005 Aug 1. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2005-04-01-15#KAPITTEL_1-1</ref>.

The Research Council of Norway promotes collaboration between research communities (18)<ref>Government.no. The Research Council of Norway. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kd/organisation/kunnskapsdepartementets-etater-og-virksomheter/Subordinate-agencies-2/the-research-council-of-norway/id426571/</ref>. It also promotes translation of research findings to society by awarding researchers with the Award for Excellence in Communication of Science. This award is assigned to researchers who demonstrated outstanding communication of their research results and they put the effort into promoting research and research knowledge to society <ref>The Research Council of Norway. The Award for Excellence in Communication of Science. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/about-the-research-council/Awards/Award-for-Excellence-in-Communication-of-Science/</ref>.

The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters usually organises 12 meetings, open for public, with topics covering the various academic fields <ref>The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. About the Academy. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: http://english.dnva.no/c41973/seksjon/vis.html?tid=41986/</ref>.

The Norwegian public trust in science is high. According to a survey conducted by Response Analysis for the Norwegian Bar Association, about 85% of Norwegians say that they have great confidence in researchers <ref>Capar, R I. 85% of Norwegians have great confidence in scientists, survey shows. Norway Today. 2020 Oct 24. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://norwaytoday.info/news/85-of-norwegians-have-great-confidence-in-scientists-survey-shows/</ref>.

Research integrity is often discussed in the lay press, usually about cases of research misconduct. There were also some publications regarding a national project named Research Integrity in Norway (RINO), which aimed to map the prevalence or research misconduct and questionable research practices in Norwegian universities, university colleges, and research institutes <ref>University of Bergen. Research integrity in Norway (RINO). [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.uib.no/en/rino</ref>.

In addition to national media, many universities have their own independent press covering research, i.e. [https://khrono.no/ Khrono], [https://pahoyden.no/ På høyden], [https://www.uniforum.uio.no/ Uniforum] and [https://www.universitetsavisa.no/ Universitetsavisa].

Another platform is [https://forskning.no/ Forskning.no], initiated by the Norwegian Research Council in 2002. It is usually about cases of research misconduct.

RI incentives

The national funding system for research is partly based on performance-based incentives. This influences the research system as a whole.

The Norwegian Research Council conducts national evaluations of disciplines and research fields, emphasizing quality, relevance and impact. This creates an awareness of different modes of communication, participation and impact.

Institutions such as the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters offer awards for research.

There are also various incentives for collaboration of research and industry/business. Norwegian government promotes cooperation between national research and innovation and foreign companies, research institutions and scientists. The Research Council promotes cooperation between research and industry through various programmes and measures.

An Industrial PhD programme was launched for enhancing cooperation and mobility between research and industry, increase research activity in the industry, and equip newly-educated researchers with knowledge of relevance to their company. The company receives a grant of 50% of the rates for doctoral fellowship for a period of three years or 37.5% of the rate for a period of 4 years with 75% research activity <ref>The Research Council of Norway. Industrial PhD Scheme. 2021 April 8. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/call-for-proposals/2019/industrial-ph.d.-scheme--doctoral-projects-in-industry/</ref>. 22 Centres for Research-Based Innovation (SFI) are established to enhance cooperation between research enterprises and research groups <ref>The Research Council of Norway. 22 new Centres for Research-based Innovation (SFI). 2020 July 3. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from:

https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/news/2020/22-new-centres-for-research-based-innovation-sfi/</ref>.

Norwegian Innovation Clusters is a programme aimed to support activities in industrial business clusters composed of companies competing internationally <ref>European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. EMCC European Monitoring Centre on Change. Norwegian Innovation Clusters. 2020 Oct 1. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/erm/support-instrument/norwegian-innovation-clusters</ref>.

Norway provides R&D tax relief. Since 2020, the headline credit rate has been uniformed to 19% <ref>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). R&D Tax Incentives: Norway, 2020. [cited 2021 July 1]. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/sti/rd-tax-stats-norway.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kd/organisation/kunnskapsdepartementets-etater-og-virksomheter/Subordinate-agencies-2/the-research-council-of-norway/id426571/ The Secretariat for the National Research Ethics Committees]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kd/organisation/kunnskapsdepartementets-etater-og-virksomheter/Subordinate-agencies-2/the-research-council-of-norway/id426571/ The Research Council of Norway]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/about-the-research-council/Awards/innovation-award/ The Research Council Innovation Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/about-the-research-council/Awards/Award-for-Excellence-in-Communication-of-Science/ The Award for Excellence in Communication of Science]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.abelprize.no/ The Abel Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://kavliprize.org/ The Kavli Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://holbergprisen.no/en/holberg-prize/about-holberg-prize The Holberg Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:F51f4e60-4246-45ac-b498-4854c8f1022a

2021-10-22T08:52:47Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Norway
|Has Location=Norway
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 46,600 full-time researchers in Norway (1). Norway has 32 accredited universities and university colleges: 10 public universities, 7 specialised university institutes, 2 private, 8 public university colleges, and 7 private university colleges (there has recently been a merger of universities and university colleges) (2). Norway has 48 research institutes (3), 44 Centres of Excellence, (4), 22 Centres for Research-based Innovation (SFI) (5), and 13 Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research (6).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.usn.no/english/ University of South-Eastern Norway]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Bø, Telemark, Porsgrunn, Notodden, Rauland, Drammen, Hønefoss, Kongsberg, Horten
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.nord.no/en/Pages/default.aspx Nord University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Bodø, Levanger
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.oslomet.no/en/ OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Oslo, Akershus
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uia.no/en University of Agder]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Kristiansand, Grimstad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uib.no/en University of Bergen]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Bergen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uio.no/english/ University of Oslo]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Oslo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uis.no/nb?lang=en_GB#Studies University of Stavanger]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Stavanger
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}} [https://en.uit.no/startsida UiT The Artic University of Norway]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Tromsø
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.nmbu.no/en Norwegian University of Life Sciences]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Ås
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ntnu.edu/ Norwegian University of Science and Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Trondheim, Gjøvik, Ålesund
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross domestic expenditures on research and development were NOK 72.8 billion (€7.13 billion), which comprises 2.06% of the country’s GDP (1). Most funding was spent in the industrial sector (32.8%), higher education sector (25.2%) and institute sector (14.8%) (1).

Norway had 1.943 signed grants receiving €1.6 billion and 104 ERC grants receiving €183 million (7).
|Research Strategy=Research and higher education are central to the development of a sustainable society, where knowledge is the key to new, green and profitable jobs and a better and more efficient public sector. Technological development, with digitalisation as a pervasive element, offers great opportunities, but also offers challenges with regard to, among other things, privacy and social security. Inequalities in society are increasing, and contradictions are polarizing. At the same time, we face major challenges in terms of climate and environment, which can only be met in cooperation with other countries. This forms the framework for the government's long-term plan for research and higher education. The overall goals of the plan are to strengthen Norway's competitiveness and ability to innovate, meet major societal challenges and develop professional environments of outstanding quality. The plan has a ten-year perspective, with a specification of goals and focus areas for the coming four-year period. The government presented the first long-term plan for research and higher education in 2014. The long-term plan is revised every 4 years (8).
|Research Governance=The current Norwegian research ethics system is regulated by the Research Ethics Act of 2017, which secures the independence of the ethical committees, promotes the individual researcher’s responsibility to familiarise with and follow ethical standards, and emphasises that research institutions must ensure that all research conducted in their institution is in accordance with ethical standards (9).

The three National Research Ethics Committees – The National Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (NEM), The National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (NESH), and The National Commission for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT) – were established in 1990 to coordinate and support work on research ethics on a national level. The National Commission for the Investigation of Research Misconduct (GRU) was established in 2007 as a separate commission for the investigation of research misconduct, in accordance with the first Research Ethics Act of 2006. Since 2008, there is also The National Committee for Research Ethics on Human Remains (SKJ). In 2013 these bodies were united as the National Research Ethics Committees in Norway (FEK) established as a separate unit under the Ministry of Education and Research (KD) (10, 11).

At the national level, NEM, NESH, and NENT have a proactive approach, aimed at teaching or at approving or advising research projects. GRU is in charge of investigating serious cases of research misconduct, providing guidance to individual researchers and institutions, as well as overseeing their work. Moreover, GRU can investigate cases of research misconduct that happened abroad if they involve researchers employed by a Norwegian institution. (12).

The members of all the national committees are appointed by KD based on input from The Research Council of Norway. GRU is chaired by the person with judicial experience and members are appointed from different scientific fields. Moreover, at least one member should be from abroad (13).

All medical and health research projects involving human subjects require the approval of Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK). The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision has supervisory responsibility for medical and health research. It can intervene if research projects or research biobanks are operated in a harmful manner. It can supervise research regardless of where the research is conducted. Norwegian Medicines Agency has a supervisory role for clinical trials of medicines. All animal experiments are subject to notification and approval before they can start. (13).

There are 7 REKs in Norway situated in 5 different regions. Universities, i.e. medical faculties have ethics committees for medical and health research ethics which are guided by NEM. Moreover, NEM is an appeal body for these ethics committees (14).

Health Trusts have established procedures for handling issues regarding research ethics and some have established ombudsman (13).

Most Norwegian universities emphasize the responsibility of each researcher to adhere to ethical standards and the institutional responsibility to promote ethical standards. Moreover, universities usually have guidelines for research ethics and some universities have action plans for promoting good research practice and preventing research misconduct. Universities should have an ethics committee and/or committee for the investigations of misconduct (13).

The Norwegian Association for Higher Education Institutions (UHR) has also developed guidelines for processing issues of research ethics and promotes them among universities (13).

The Association of Norwegian Research Institutes (FFA) established an ethics committee for 48 institutes to deal with cases of misconduct and provide advice and support regarding ethics and integrity in research (13).

Norway has a number of guidelines and checklists regarding ethics and integrity in the different scientific fields, for example [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/science-and-technology/guidelines-for-research-ethics-in-science-and-technology/ Guidelines for Research Ethics in Science and Technology] (NENT), [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/social-sciences-humanities-law-and-theology/guidelines-for-research-ethics-in-the-social-sciences-humanities-law-and-theology/ Guidelines for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and Humanities] (NESH) and various [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/medical-and-health-research/ guidelines] (NEM).

Based on the provisions of the Research Ethics Act on, each institution should prevent and handle cases of research misconduct. All research institutions must have an independent commission for investigation of possible cases of scientific misconduct. Moreover, institutions must inform GRU about handled cases and institutions are in charge of sanctions, whether they are proposed by the Commission or brought by the institution (9). Although investigations of alleged cases of research misconduct are done usually by institutions, some cases are handled by the GRU. The Commission can handle cases that are brought by individual researchers, institutions or it can decide to conduct an investigation by itself if it has knowledge about the non-adequate handle of the case at the local level. It also investigates more serious cases of research misconduct. Cases of research misconduct are usually published annually and anonymously by the Commission (11).

According to the Act relating to the working environment, working hours and employment protection, an employee has a right to notify censurable conditions at the employer's undertaking. When supervisory authorities or other public authorities receive notification concerning censurable conditions, any person who performs work or services for the body receiving such notification shall be obliged to prevent other persons from gaining knowledge of employees' names or other information identifying employees (15).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/who-are-we-and-what-do-we-do/ The National Research Ethics Committees in Norway (FEK)]

{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Ensure that all research is conducted in accordance with recognized research ethical norms. The committees do preventive work, counselling, publish general and specific decisions and investigate individual cases concerning possible misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nem/about-nem/ The National Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (NEM)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Addresses complaints under the Health Research Act on decisions in Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK).
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nent/about-nent/ The National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}The committee provides counsels and recommendations concerning ethical questions in concrete research projects in the area of science and technology, including agriculture and fisheries. In addition, it organises seminars and publishes reports and books on research ethics issues.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nesh/about-nesh/ The National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (NESH)]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Gives its opinion concerning ethical questions on specific research projects in the area of social sciences and humanities and evaluates these projects. In addition to giving advice in individual cases, external activities such as the organisation of seminars on research ethical issues are an important part of NESH’s work.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/granskingsutvalget/about-the-commission/ The National Commission for the Investigation of Research Misconduct (GRU)]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Guides the research institutions on how to handle cases on research misconduct. The research institutions shall also report to the commission on the handling of all misconduct cases.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/skjelettutvalget/ The National Committee for Research Ethics on Human Remains (SKJ)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Evaluates the ethical aspects of research where the source material consists of human remains which are in public museums and collections, or which will be found in future archaeological and other surveys.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Norway.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2018-06-15-38/*#& Personal Data Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the protection of natural persons in with regard to the processing of personal data, the free exchange of such information and the repeal of Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2017-04-28-23 Research Ethics Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Contributes to ensuring that research under public and private auspices is conducted in accordance with recognized research ethics norms.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2018-03-05-321 Research Ethics Regulation]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulations on research ethics committees and commissions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2005-04-01-15#KAPITTEL_1-1 University and Higher Education Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Makes possible for universities and university colleges to provide higher education at a high international level, conduct research and academic and artistic development work at a high international level, and disseminate knowledge about their activities and promote an understanding for the principle of academic freedom and the application of scientific and artistic methods and results, both in teaching students, in their other activities and in public administration, cultural life and business and industry.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2008-06-20-44#KAPITTEL_1 Health Research Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good and ethically sound medical and health research. It applies to medical and health research on humans, human biological material or health information. Such research also includes pilot studies and experimental treatment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1999-07-02-64#KAPITTEL_1 Health Care Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Contributes to safety for patients and quality in the health and care service as well as trust in health personnel and the health and care service. The law applies to health personnel and companies that provide health care in the country.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2003-12-05-100#KAPITTEL_1 Biotechnology Act]

{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the medical use of biotechnology is utilized for the benefit of people in a society where there is room for everyone. This shall be done in accordance with the principles of respect for human dignity, human rights and personal integrity and without discrimination on the basis of hereditary systems based on the ethical norms enshrined in our Western cultural heritage. The law applies to human medical use of biotechnology etc. and includes assisted reproduction, research on fertilized eggs and cloning, fetal diagnostics, genetic examinations of births and gene therapy etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/forskrift/2003-03-14-349 Regulations of the capture and collection of game for scientific or other special purposes]
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the capture and collection of game for research, teaching, information, farming, etc., must be carried out without inflicting unnecessary suffering of animals and without reducing nature’s productivity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://norecopa.no/files/statute.html Regulation on Animal Experimentation]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that animals governed by the Regulation receive correct treatment and are not subjected to unnecessary pain and suffering. Regulates experimentation with animals, and in addition the breeding, rearing and keeping of animals that are to be utilized in experiments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/gene-technology-act/id173031/ Gene Technology Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the production and use of genetically modified organisms and the production of cloned animals take place in an ethically justifiable and socially acceptable manner, in accordance with the principle of sustainable development and without adverse effects on health and the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/animal-welfare-act/id571188/ Animal Welfare Act]
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good animal welfare and respect for animals. It applies to conditions which affect welfare of or respect for mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, decapods, squid, octopi and honey bees. The Act applies equally to the development stages of the animals referred to in cases where the sensory apparatus is equivalent to the developmental level in living animals.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

The Research Ethics Act of 2017 imposes the responsibility of the research institutions to provide training in research ethics (9). FEK are not responsible for training as such. However, FEK has established several national initiatives related to training:

- A Research Ethics library containing articles and cases (including on research integrity)

- A yearly conference for teachers and people responsible for research integrity at the different institutions

- The secretariat for the Committees takes part in a wide range of teaching activities at different institutions (11).

RI dialogue and communication

NEM, NENT and NESH cooperate with GRU on the prevention of research misconduct, combining proactive teaching and advise on RE/RI with retroactive investigations of misconduct.

NEK organises an annual two-day meeting for all its members. The aim of the meeting is professional replenishment and discussion (16). It also organises open debate meetings on various research ethics topics (16).

REK organises one national conference per year for all members of all committees for networking purposes and for addressing issues of common interest. It also organises coordination meetings twice a year between the chairs of the committees and respective secretariats (14).

According to the University and Higher Education Act, all universities and HE-institutions have a “third mission”. In addition to teaching and research – communicating research to the public and society at large (17).

The Research Council of Norway promotes collaboration between research communities (18). It also promotes translation of research findings to society by awarding researchers with the Award for Excellence in Communication of Science. This award is assigned to researchers who demonstrated outstanding communication of their research results and they put the effort into promoting research and research knowledge to society (19).

The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters usually organises 12 meetings, open for public, with topics covering the various academic fields (20).

The Norwegian public trust in science is high. According to a survey conducted by Response Analysis for the Norwegian Bar Association, about 85% of Norwegians say that they have great confidence in researchers (21).

Research integrity is often discussed in the lay press, usually about cases of research misconduct. There were also some publications regarding a national project named Research Integrity in Norway (RINO), which aimed to map the prevalence or research misconduct and questionable research practices in Norwegian universities, university colleges, and research institutes (22).

In addition to national media, many universities have their own independent press covering research, i.e. [https://khrono.no/ Khrono], [https://pahoyden.no/ På høyden], [https://www.uniforum.uio.no/ Uniforum] and [https://www.universitetsavisa.no/ Universitetsavisa].

Another platform is [https://forskning.no/ Forskning.no], initiated by the Norwegian Research Council in 2002. It is usually about cases of research misconduct.

RI incentives

The national funding system for research is partly based on performance-based incentives. This influences the research system as a whole.

The Norwegian Research Council conducts national evaluations of disciplines and research fields, emphasizing quality, relevance and impact. This creates an awareness of different modes of communication, participation and impact.

Institutions such as the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters offer awards for research.

There are also various incentives for collaboration of research and industry/business. Norwegian government promotes cooperation between national research and innovation and foreign companies, research institutions and scientists. The Research Council promotes cooperation between research and industry through various programmes and measures.

An Industrial PhD programme was launched for enhancing cooperation and mobility between research and industry, increase research activity in the industry, and equip newly-educated researchers with knowledge of relevance to their company. The company receives a grant of 50% of the rates for doctoral fellowship for a period of three years or 37.5% of the rate for a period of 4 years with 75% research activity (23). 22 Centres for Research-Based Innovation (SFI) are established to enhance cooperation between research enterprises and research groups (5).

Norwegian Innovation Clusters is a programme aimed to support activities in industrial business clusters composed of companies competing internationally (24).

Norway provides R&D tax relief. Since 2020, the headline credit rate has been uniformed to 19% (25).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kd/organisation/kunnskapsdepartementets-etater-og-virksomheter/Subordinate-agencies-2/the-research-council-of-norway/id426571/ The Secretariat for the National Research Ethics Committees]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kd/organisation/kunnskapsdepartementets-etater-og-virksomheter/Subordinate-agencies-2/the-research-council-of-norway/id426571/ The Research Council of Norway]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/about-the-research-council/Awards/innovation-award/ The Research Council Innovation Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/about-the-research-council/Awards/Award-for-Excellence-in-Communication-of-Science/ The Award for Excellence in Communication of Science]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.abelprize.no/ The Abel Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://kavliprize.org/ The Kavli Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://holbergprisen.no/en/holberg-prize/about-holberg-prize The Holberg Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:F51f4e60-4246-45ac-b498-4854c8f1022a

2021-10-22T08:52:00Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Norway
|Has Location=Norway
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 46,600 full-time researchers in Norway (1). Norway has 32 accredited universities and university colleges: 10 public universities, 7 specialised university institutes, 2 private, 8 public university colleges, and 7 private university colleges (there has recently been a merger of universities and university colleges) (2). Norway has 48 research institutes (3), 44 Centres of Excellence, (4), 22 Centres for Research-based Innovation (SFI) (5), and 13 Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research (6).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="756"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usn.no/english/ University of South-Eastern Norway]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Bø, Telemark, Porsgrunn, Notodden, Rauland, Drammen, Hønefoss, Kongsberg, Horten
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nord.no/en/Pages/default.aspx Nord University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Bodø, Levanger
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oslomet.no/en/ OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Oslo, Akershus
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uia.no/en University of Agder]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Kristiansand, Grimstad
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uib.no/en University of Bergen]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Bergen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uio.no/english/ University of Oslo]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Oslo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uis.no/nb?lang=en_GB#Studies University of Stavanger]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Stavanger
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.uit.no/startsida UiT The Artic University of Norway]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Tromsø
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nmbu.no/en Norwegian University of Life Sciences]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Ås
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ntnu.edu/ Norwegian University of Science and Technology]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Trondheim, Gjøvik, Ålesund
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross domestic expenditures on research and development were NOK 72.8 billion (€7.13 billion), which comprises 2.06% of the country’s GDP (1). Most funding was spent in the industrial sector (32.8%), higher education sector (25.2%) and institute sector (14.8%) (1).

Norway had 1.943 signed grants receiving €1.6 billion and 104 ERC grants receiving €183 million (7).
|Research Strategy=Research and higher education are central to the development of a sustainable society, where knowledge is the key to new, green and profitable jobs and a better and more efficient public sector. Technological development, with digitalisation as a pervasive element, offers great opportunities, but also offers challenges with regard to, among other things, privacy and social security. Inequalities in society are increasing, and contradictions are polarizing. At the same time, we face major challenges in terms of climate and environment, which can only be met in cooperation with other countries. This forms the framework for the government's long-term plan for research and higher education. The overall goals of the plan are to strengthen Norway's competitiveness and ability to innovate, meet major societal challenges and develop professional environments of outstanding quality. The plan has a ten-year perspective, with a specification of goals and focus areas for the coming four-year period. The government presented the first long-term plan for research and higher education in 2014. The long-term plan is revised every 4 years (8).
|Research Governance=The current Norwegian research ethics system is regulated by the Research Ethics Act of 2017, which secures the independence of the ethical committees, promotes the individual researcher’s responsibility to familiarise with and follow ethical standards, and emphasises that research institutions must ensure that all research conducted in their institution is in accordance with ethical standards (9).

The three National Research Ethics Committees – The National Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (NEM), The National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (NESH), and The National Commission for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT) – were established in 1990 to coordinate and support work on research ethics on a national level. The National Commission for the Investigation of Research Misconduct (GRU) was established in 2007 as a separate commission for the investigation of research misconduct, in accordance with the first Research Ethics Act of 2006. Since 2008, there is also The National Committee for Research Ethics on Human Remains (SKJ). In 2013 these bodies were united as the National Research Ethics Committees in Norway (FEK) established as a separate unit under the Ministry of Education and Research (KD) (10, 11).

At the national level, NEM, NESH, and NENT have a proactive approach, aimed at teaching or at approving or advising research projects. GRU is in charge of investigating serious cases of research misconduct, providing guidance to individual researchers and institutions, as well as overseeing their work. Moreover, GRU can investigate cases of research misconduct that happened abroad if they involve researchers employed by a Norwegian institution. (12).

The members of all the national committees are appointed by KD based on input from The Research Council of Norway. GRU is chaired by the person with judicial experience and members are appointed from different scientific fields. Moreover, at least one member should be from abroad (13).

All medical and health research projects involving human subjects require the approval of Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK). The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision has supervisory responsibility for medical and health research. It can intervene if research projects or research biobanks are operated in a harmful manner. It can supervise research regardless of where the research is conducted. Norwegian Medicines Agency has a supervisory role for clinical trials of medicines. All animal experiments are subject to notification and approval before they can start. (13).

There are 7 REKs in Norway situated in 5 different regions. Universities, i.e. medical faculties have ethics committees for medical and health research ethics which are guided by NEM. Moreover, NEM is an appeal body for these ethics committees (14).

Health Trusts have established procedures for handling issues regarding research ethics and some have established ombudsman (13).

Most Norwegian universities emphasize the responsibility of each researcher to adhere to ethical standards and the institutional responsibility to promote ethical standards. Moreover, universities usually have guidelines for research ethics and some universities have action plans for promoting good research practice and preventing research misconduct. Universities should have an ethics committee and/or committee for the investigations of misconduct (13).

The Norwegian Association for Higher Education Institutions (UHR) has also developed guidelines for processing issues of research ethics and promotes them among universities (13).

The Association of Norwegian Research Institutes (FFA) established an ethics committee for 48 institutes to deal with cases of misconduct and provide advice and support regarding ethics and integrity in research (13).

Norway has a number of guidelines and checklists regarding ethics and integrity in the different scientific fields, for example [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/science-and-technology/guidelines-for-research-ethics-in-science-and-technology/ Guidelines for Research Ethics in Science and Technology] (NENT), [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/social-sciences-humanities-law-and-theology/guidelines-for-research-ethics-in-the-social-sciences-humanities-law-and-theology/ Guidelines for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and Humanities] (NESH) and various [https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/medical-and-health-research/ guidelines] (NEM).

Based on the provisions of the Research Ethics Act on, each institution should prevent and handle cases of research misconduct. All research institutions must have an independent commission for investigation of possible cases of scientific misconduct. Moreover, institutions must inform GRU about handled cases and institutions are in charge of sanctions, whether they are proposed by the Commission or brought by the institution (9). Although investigations of alleged cases of research misconduct are done usually by institutions, some cases are handled by the GRU. The Commission can handle cases that are brought by individual researchers, institutions or it can decide to conduct an investigation by itself if it has knowledge about the non-adequate handle of the case at the local level. It also investigates more serious cases of research misconduct. Cases of research misconduct are usually published annually and anonymously by the Commission (11).

According to the Act relating to the working environment, working hours and employment protection, an employee has a right to notify censurable conditions at the employer's undertaking. When supervisory authorities or other public authorities receive notification concerning censurable conditions, any person who performs work or services for the body receiving such notification shall be obliged to prevent other persons from gaining knowledge of employees' names or other information identifying employees (15).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/who-are-we-and-what-do-we-do/ The National Research Ethics Committees in Norway (FEK)]

{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Ensure that all research is conducted in accordance with recognized research ethical norms. The committees do preventive work, counselling, publish general and specific decisions and investigate individual cases concerning possible misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nem/about-nem/ The National Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (NEM)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Addresses complaints under the Health Research Act on decisions in Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK).
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nent/about-nent/ The National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}The committee provides counsels and recommendations concerning ethical questions in concrete research projects in the area of science and technology, including agriculture and fisheries. In addition, it organises seminars and publishes reports and books on research ethics issues.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/nesh/about-nesh/ The National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (NESH)]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Gives its opinion concerning ethical questions on specific research projects in the area of social sciences and humanities and evaluates these projects. In addition to giving advice in individual cases, external activities such as the organisation of seminars on research ethical issues are an important part of NESH’s work.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/granskingsutvalget/about-the-commission/ The National Commission for the Investigation of Research Misconduct (GRU)]
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Guides the research institutions on how to handle cases on research misconduct. The research institutions shall also report to the commission on the handling of all misconduct cases.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="224" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/about-us/our-committees-and-commission/skjelettutvalget/ The National Committee for Research Ethics on Human Remains (SKJ)]
 
{{!}} width="527" valign="top"{{!}}Evaluates the ethical aspects of research where the source material consists of human remains which are in public museums and collections, or which will be found in future archaeological and other surveys.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Norway.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2018-06-15-38/*#& Personal Data Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the protection of natural persons in with regard to the processing of personal data, the free exchange of such information and the repeal of Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2017-04-28-23 Research Ethics Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Contributes to ensuring that research under public and private auspices is conducted in accordance with recognized research ethics norms.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2018-03-05-321 Research Ethics Regulation]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulations on research ethics committees and commissions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2005-04-01-15#KAPITTEL_1-1 University and Higher Education Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Makes possible for universities and university colleges to provide higher education at a high international level, conduct research and academic and artistic development work at a high international level, and disseminate knowledge about their activities and promote an understanding for the principle of academic freedom and the application of scientific and artistic methods and results, both in teaching students, in their other activities and in public administration, cultural life and business and industry.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2008-06-20-44#KAPITTEL_1 Health Research Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good and ethically sound medical and health research. It applies to medical and health research on humans, human biological material or health information. Such research also includes pilot studies and experimental treatment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1999-07-02-64#KAPITTEL_1 Health Care Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Contributes to safety for patients and quality in the health and care service as well as trust in health personnel and the health and care service. The law applies to health personnel and companies that provide health care in the country.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2003-12-05-100#KAPITTEL_1 Biotechnology Act]

{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the medical use of biotechnology is utilized for the benefit of people in a society where there is room for everyone. This shall be done in accordance with the principles of respect for human dignity, human rights and personal integrity and without discrimination on the basis of hereditary systems based on the ethical norms enshrined in our Western cultural heritage. The law applies to human medical use of biotechnology etc. and includes assisted reproduction, research on fertilized eggs and cloning, fetal diagnostics, genetic examinations of births and gene therapy etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/forskrift/2003-03-14-349 Regulations of the capture and collection of game for scientific or other special purposes]
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the capture and collection of game for research, teaching, information, farming, etc., must be carried out without inflicting unnecessary suffering of animals and without reducing nature’s productivity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://norecopa.no/files/statute.html Regulation on Animal Experimentation]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that animals governed by the Regulation receive correct treatment and are not subjected to unnecessary pain and suffering. Regulates experimentation with animals, and in addition the breeding, rearing and keeping of animals that are to be utilized in experiments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/gene-technology-act/id173031/ Gene Technology Act]
 
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that the production and use of genetically modified organisms and the production of cloned animals take place in an ethically justifiable and socially acceptable manner, in accordance with the principle of sustainable development and without adverse effects on health and the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="212" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/animal-welfare-act/id571188/ Animal Welfare Act]
{{!}} width="539" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good animal welfare and respect for animals. It applies to conditions which affect welfare of or respect for mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, decapods, squid, octopi and honey bees. The Act applies equally to the development stages of the animals referred to in cases where the sensory apparatus is equivalent to the developmental level in living animals.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

The Research Ethics Act of 2017 imposes the responsibility of the research institutions to provide training in research ethics (9). FEK are not responsible for training as such. However, FEK has established several national initiatives related to training:

- A Research Ethics library containing articles and cases (including on research integrity)

- A yearly conference for teachers and people responsible for research integrity at the different institutions

- The secretariat for the Committees takes part in a wide range of teaching activities at different institutions (11).

RI dialogue and communication

NEM, NENT and NESH cooperate with GRU on the prevention of research misconduct, combining proactive teaching and advise on RE/RI with retroactive investigations of misconduct.

NEK organises an annual two-day meeting for all its members. The aim of the meeting is professional replenishment and discussion (16). It also organises open debate meetings on various research ethics topics (16).

REK organises one national conference per year for all members of all committees for networking purposes and for addressing issues of common interest. It also organises coordination meetings twice a year between the chairs of the committees and respective secretariats (14).

According to the University and Higher Education Act, all universities and HE-institutions have a “third mission”. In addition to teaching and research – communicating research to the public and society at large (17).

The Research Council of Norway promotes collaboration between research communities (18). It also promotes translation of research findings to society by awarding researchers with the Award for Excellence in Communication of Science. This award is assigned to researchers who demonstrated outstanding communication of their research results and they put the effort into promoting research and research knowledge to society (19).

The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters usually organises 12 meetings, open for public, with topics covering the various academic fields (20).

The Norwegian public trust in science is high. According to a survey conducted by Response Analysis for the Norwegian Bar Association, about 85% of Norwegians say that they have great confidence in researchers (21).

Research integrity is often discussed in the lay press, usually about cases of research misconduct. There were also some publications regarding a national project named Research Integrity in Norway (RINO), which aimed to map the prevalence or research misconduct and questionable research practices in Norwegian universities, university colleges, and research institutes (22).

In addition to national media, many universities have their own independent press covering research, i.e. [https://khrono.no/ Khrono], [https://pahoyden.no/ På høyden], [https://www.uniforum.uio.no/ Uniforum] and [https://www.universitetsavisa.no/ Universitetsavisa].

Another platform is [https://forskning.no/ Forskning.no], initiated by the Norwegian Research Council in 2002. It is usually about cases of research misconduct.

RI incentives

The national funding system for research is partly based on performance-based incentives. This influences the research system as a whole.

The Norwegian Research Council conducts national evaluations of disciplines and research fields, emphasizing quality, relevance and impact. This creates an awareness of different modes of communication, participation and impact.

Institutions such as the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters offer awards for research.

There are also various incentives for collaboration of research and industry/business. Norwegian government promotes cooperation between national research and innovation and foreign companies, research institutions and scientists. The Research Council promotes cooperation between research and industry through various programmes and measures.

An Industrial PhD programme was launched for enhancing cooperation and mobility between research and industry, increase research activity in the industry, and equip newly-educated researchers with knowledge of relevance to their company. The company receives a grant of 50% of the rates for doctoral fellowship for a period of three years or 37.5% of the rate for a period of 4 years with 75% research activity (23). 22 Centres for Research-Based Innovation (SFI) are established to enhance cooperation between research enterprises and research groups (5).

Norwegian Innovation Clusters is a programme aimed to support activities in industrial business clusters composed of companies competing internationally (24).

Norway provides R&D tax relief. Since 2020, the headline credit rate has been uniformed to 19% (25).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kd/organisation/kunnskapsdepartementets-etater-og-virksomheter/Subordinate-agencies-2/the-research-council-of-norway/id426571/ The Secretariat for the National Research Ethics Committees]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kd/organisation/kunnskapsdepartementets-etater-og-virksomheter/Subordinate-agencies-2/the-research-council-of-norway/id426571/ The Research Council of Norway]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/about-the-research-council/Awards/innovation-award/ The Research Council Innovation Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/about-the-research-council/Awards/Award-for-Excellence-in-Communication-of-Science/ The Award for Excellence in Communication of Science]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.abelprize.no/ The Abel Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://kavliprize.org/ The Kavli Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://holbergprisen.no/en/holberg-prize/about-holberg-prize The Holberg Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:580c4d60-48bf-41e7-b775-8735d44c3153

2021-10-22T08:43:28Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Moldova
|Has Location=Moldova
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 2,466 full-time researchers in Moldova <ref>UNESCO. Republic of Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/md?theme=science-technology-and-innovation</ref>. Moldova has 22 universities; 16 public and 8 private <ref>Ministry of Education, Culture and Research. Higher education institutions. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://mecc.gov.md/ro/content/institutiile-de-invatamant-superior</ref> and 19 public research and innovation organisations founded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research <ref>Republic of Moldova Government Decision No. 50 from 16. 01. 2018. on the activity of public law organizations in the fields of research and innovation. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://lex.justice.md/md/373886%20/</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="595"
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://usm.md/ Moldova State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://upsc.md/ "Ion Creangă" Pedogogical State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://utm.md/en/ Technical University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ase.md/ Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usarb.md/ "Alecu Russo" State University of Balti]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Bălți
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ust.md/en/home/ Tiraspol State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Tiraspol
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://kdu.md/ru/ Comrat State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Comrat
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usefs.md/en/ The State University of Physical Education and Sport]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usmf.md/ro "Nicolae Testemitanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uasm.md/en Agrarian State University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.academy.police.md/ "Stefan cel Mare" Police Academy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://amtap.md/en/ Academy of Music, Theatre and Fine Arts]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.academy.army.md/en/ "Alexandru cel Bun" Military Academy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usch.md/ "Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu" State University of Cahul]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Cahul
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tdu-tar.md/ Taraclia State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Taraclia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.aap.gov.md/ Academy of Public Administration]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ulim.md/en/acasa-3/ Free International University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.imi-nova.md/ "IMI-NOVA" International Management]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uccm.md/en/ Cooperative-Commercial University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.surm.md/ Slavonic University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uspee.md/ University of European Political and Economic studies]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usem.md/md/ University of European Studies of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://criminology.md/ Institute of Criminal Science and Applied Criminology of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}[https://americanuniversity.md/ The American University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €34,4 million, which comprises 0.3% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">UNESCO. Republic of Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/md?theme=science-technology-and-innovation</ref>. Most funding was spent in the government sector (70.1%), business (15.5%) and higher education (11.6%) <ref name=":0" />. Moldova had 65 signed grants in H2020 projects receiving €7,2 million from H2020 <ref>H2020 Country Profile. Key Figures – Moldova (Republic of). [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Moldova</ref>.
|Research Strategy=In 2018, the Moldovan Government approved the National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030”. The overall aim of the Strategy is to improve the quality of citizens’ lives based on the four basic pillars: sustainable and inclusive economy, strong human and social capital, fair and efficient institutions and healthy environment. In order to develop these areas, 10 sustainable development objectives at national level have been set up by 2030, including: guaranteeing quality education, ensuring effective governance, increasing people’s access to infrastructure and improving working conditions <ref>United Nations Moldova. The National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030”, approved by the Government. 2018 July 2. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://moldova.un.org/en/15729-national-development-strategy-moldova-2030-approved-government</ref>.
|Research Governance=Moldova does not have an official structure for research integrity. The National Authority for Integrity is dealing only with public servants and head of institutes <ref>National Integrity Authority. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://cni.md/</ref>. It ensures the integrity in the exercise of a public office or public dignity and the prevention of corruption through the control of the property and personal interests and the observance of the legal regime of conflicts of interests, incompatibilities and restrictions <ref name=":0">HORIZON 2020 Policy Support Facility. MLE Research Integrity Republic of Moldova, 3rd country visit Paris, 2019 May 14. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/events/Duhlicher_Moldova-training%20and%20education%20.pdf</ref>. There are no trainings in research integrity intended for research integrity officers <ref name=":0" />.

The State Agency for Intellectual Property, a public institution under the authority of the Government, performs seminars in the field of intellectual property protection on industrial property rights, copyrights and neighbouring rights. The aim of these seminars is to strengthen knowledge in the field of copyright protection and related rights. The target groups are mainly teachers and students. The seminars are not compulsory and the outcomes are not assessed <ref name=":0" />.

The National Agency for Research and Development (NARD) was established in 2018. It is a central administrative authority under the Government of the Republic of Moldova. NARD is responsible for the implementation of the research, innovation and development of national policy, the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 and other European Programmes, and the coordination of Moldovan Office for Science and Technology in Brussels (MOST). Its overall objective is to ensure excellence and performance in achieving national priorities in the areas of research, innovation and development <ref>Government of Republic of Moldova. National Agency for Research and development. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://ancd.gov.md/en/content/nard</ref>.

The Academy of Sciences of Moldova (ASM) is the highest scientific forum of the country. It coordinates scientific and innovation activity, serves as a scientific consultant of the public authorities of the Republic of Moldova, and it has an autonomous statute and acts on the basis of self-administration principles <ref>Academy of Sciences Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://www.asm.md/?go=despre&new_language=2</ref>.

Universities have courses on Professional ethics and culture at the graduate level and masters’ degree level which are designed by the faculties themselves <ref name=":0" />. By the decision of the minister of Education no. 1045/2015 the courses on professional ethics and culture are compulsory and the outcomes are assessed. At the end of the course students have examinations <ref name=":0" />. Usually in Universities, especially in the State University of Medicine and Pharmaceuticals, there are Commissions/Committees of ethics which are approved by the Senates. Academy of Sciences also has ethics committees. No education is provided for the members of the commissions/committees <ref>Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: http://comitetetica.usmf.md/en</ref>.

The degree of cooperation between universities and research institutions is very weak, given the heavy teaching workload for university professors (up to 1000 hours/year) and lack of research grants incentivizing cooperation and/or mobility between the two sides <ref name=":0" />.

Clinical trials require the approval of the Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices <ref>Medicines and Medical Devices Agency. About Agency. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://amdm.gov.md/en/about-us</ref>.

Moldova does not have a national document regarding research integrity <ref name=":0" />. At some extent, the Code of Professional Ethics and Deontology for Scientific and Didactico-Scientific Staff adopted by the National Agency for Quality Assurances in Education and Research is interpreted as national guide in the field <ref>Codul de etică şi deontologie profesională a personalului științific și științifico-didactic. Anexă la Decizia CC al Anacec nr. 7 din 18 decembrie 2018. [Code of Professional Ethics and Deontology for Scientific and Didactico-Scientific Staff. Annex to the Decision No 7 of 18 December 2018]. [cited 2021 June 17]. Available from: https://www.anacec.md/files/cod-etica.pdf</ref>.

Institutional ethics committees deal with cases of misconduct. These cases are usually solved institutionally and are not publicly available. There were only a few cases, referring to public people, which were made publicly available (plagiarized PhD thesis). In practice, there were approved ad hoc commissions designated by the different institution to investigate cases. Usually, the commission proved even the misconduct; the court had another opinion <ref name=":0" />.

Moldova does not have a whistleblower law and there is no specific legal protection for whistleblowers in the private sector. The only development in recent years has been the 2013 Framework Regulation on Whistleblowers, which has created a system to provide civil servants with opportunities to report wrongdoing within public authorities and protect them from retaliation. This Framework has required all government agencies to enact whistleblower procedures. The government’s National Anticorruption Centre (NAC) is overseeing its implementation <ref>Whistleblower Protection in Southeast Europe. An Overview of Laws, Practice, and Recent Initiatives. 2015. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rm.coe.int/16806fffb0</ref>.
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Moldova.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="604"
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/md/286236/ The Code on Science and Innovation]

[http://lex.justice.md/md/286236/ of the Republic of Moldova]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates activities in the fields of research and innovation, including the process of policy development and implementation, evaluation of organizations, confirmation and recognition of scientific and scientific-didactic titles.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 Government decision on the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 of the Research and Development Strategy of the]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 Republic of Moldova until 2020]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the Moldovan research-development strategy until 2020.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/pnci_engleza.pdf Government decision no. 381/2019 on the approval of the National Program in the fields research and innovation for the years 2020-2023 and the Plan of actions regarding its implementation]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the National Program in the fields of research and innovation for the years 2020-2023 and the Plan of actions with regard to its implementation.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/md/356044/ Government decision for the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/md/356044/ of the Regulation on the organisation of the PhD studies]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the Regulation on the organization of higher doctoral studies.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf Government decision for the approval]

[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf of the National Roadmap of Integration of]

[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf Republic of Moldova in ERA Government decision no. 1081/2018]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the National Roadmap of Integration of Republic Moldova in European Research Area (ERA) for the years 2019-2021.
 
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 Government decision on the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 of the Regulation on the organization and conduct]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 of postdoctoral programs]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the normative framework for organizing research, development and innovation activities through postdoctoral programs.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}} width="340" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}}
 
|Measure=RI training

Training exists as separate actions usually regarding open access and open science <ref>Eifl. Moldova Open Science Training. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://www.eifl.net/events/moldova-open-science-training</ref>. Many of the state universities offer courses on Professional Ethics at the graduate level that are designed by the faculties themselves <ref>HORIZON 2020 Policy Support Facility. MLE Research Integrity Republic of Moldova, 3rd country visit Paris, 2019 May 14. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/events/Duhlicher_Moldova-training%20and%20education%20.pdf</ref>.

The main resource for RE+RI training/implementation is [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity].

RI dialogue and communication

The Academy of Sciences promotes collaboration among different research institutes and with different countries with bilateral and collaborative projects. This is done by the Centre for International Projects <ref>Centre of International Projects of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Black Sea Horizon. 2015 July 14. [cited 2021 June 18]. Available from: https://blacksea-horizon.eu/object/organisation/6</ref>, previously a part of ASM, but now incorporated in the National Agency for Research and Development and responsible for implementing government policies in the fields of research and innovation. It also organizes the activities concerning participation in international research programmes <ref name=":0">Government of Republic of Moldova. National Agency for Research and development. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://ancd.gov.md/en/content/nard</ref>.

The Night of European Researchers is organised by the Academy of Sciences in collaboration with other research institutions to promote science among the young population and encourage them to pursue a scientific career <ref>European Commission. CORDIS EU research results. Fostering science and innovation impact through organisation in Moldova of European Researchers’ Night. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/955287</ref>.

In November, the scientific community of the Republic of Moldova celebrates the Day of Science. This event is organized by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research. Children and young people also participate in these events <ref>Moldpres State News Agency. Science Day celebrated in Moldova. 2018 Nov 10 [cited 2021 June 8].

Available from: https://www.moldpres.md/en/news/2018/11/10/18010085</ref>.

Apart from that, the contest Science Slam serves as a platform for communication between people in science and innovation with the general public <ref>Science Slam Eng. [cited 2021 June 8].

Available from: https://dasfoundation.md/en/science-slam-eng/</ref>.

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Research, in cooperation with the EUREKA International Association in 2018 organised EUREKA Info Day event. The EUREKA International Association is a platform for international cooperation in research, development, and innovation. The objective of the event is to inform the scientific community and the business environment of Moldova about the EUREKA cooperation framework, the activity of the program, how researchers and entrepreneurs can participate in the existing EUREKA actions, how to launch their own actions, and how to prepare and submit a successful project proposal <ref>Ministry of Education Culture and Research. EUREKA Info Day. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://mecc.gov.md/ro/content/eureka-info-day</ref>.

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Research, in collaboration with the European Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST) Association, organized the COST Info Day event in 2018 dedicated to the COST Information Day <ref>Ministry of Education Culture and Research. Event. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://mecc.gov.md/ro/content/evenimente-0</ref>.

The National Agency for Research and Development, the agency which is responsible for implementing government policies in the fields of research and innovation, also organizes Info days on HORIZON 2020 and promotes collaboration among different research institutes <ref name=":0" />.

As far as many public scandals involve high position researchers, the public perception of science and its role-results is more negative and pessimist than positive. Some research integrity aspects are discussed in media. Usually regarding high position personalities in research <ref name=":1">Marušić A. Mutual Learning Exercise (MLE) on Research Integrity. Processes and structures Thematic Report No 1. European Commission. 2019 March. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from: https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/MLE%20RI%20-%20Thematic%20Report%201.pdf</ref>.

RI incentives

The National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education and Research (NAQAER), established by the Government, implements state policies and contributes to the development oriented towards the best international standards in the areas of competence assigned: quality assessment in general, technical and higher professional education; external evaluation of continuous professional training programs; external evaluation of organizations in the fields of research and innovation; evaluation of the scientific and scientific-didactic staff and control over the quality of general, vocational and continuing education, compliance with the accreditation and authorization requirements of entities offering educational programs and services <ref>About. Anacec. [cited 2021 June 18]. Available from: https://anacec.md/en/node/155</ref>. Research integrity is not a part of institutional quality assessment at the research institutional level, but it is at the doctoral programs evaluation level. There are universities which have codes of academic integrity and this is part of their quality management. Also, the NAQAER elaborated a Guide to self-assessment report that includes performance criteria and indicators. One of them is the organization of the scientific research <ref name=":1" />.

The Government Excellence Scholarship and the Scholarship on scientific domains for PhD students who have achieved outstanding academic performance and actively participate in the social life of the institution are awarded annually by the Government of the Republic of Moldova <ref>Republic of Moldova. Government Decision No. 172 of 26. 02. 2018. on the award of the Government Excellence Scholarship and the Nominal Scholarship (by fields) for doctoral students for 2018. [cited 2021 June 8]. Available from:

http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=374493</ref>.

There are research institutions offering special Grading of merits for stimulating scientific activity (based on performance). Also, annual awards for excellence in scientific research and didactic activity are offered by universities and institutes <ref name=":1" />.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://anacec.md/en/content/about-0 National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education and Research]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://gov.md/en/content/national-award-2016-contest-has-started The National Award – Government of Republic of Moldova]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.moldova.org/en/youth-prize-in-science-technology-and-arts-competition-launched-148733-eng/ Youth Prize in Science, Technology, and Arts - The Ministry of Education and Youth (The Ministry of Education and Youth)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.asm.md/?go=despre&new_language=2 The Academy of Sciences Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:580c4d60-48bf-41e7-b775-8735d44c3153

2021-10-22T08:21:00Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Moldova
|Has Location=Moldova
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 2,466 full-time researchers in Moldova (1). Moldova has 22 universities; 16 public and 8 private (2) and 19 public research and innovation organisations founded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research (3).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="595"
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[http://usm.md/ Moldova State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://upsc.md/ "Ion Creangă" Pedogogical State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://utm.md/en/ Technical University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://ase.md/ Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://usarb.md/ "Alecu Russo" State University of Balti]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Bălți
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://ust.md/en/home/ Tiraspol State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Tiraspol
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://kdu.md/ru/ Comrat State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Comrat
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://usefs.md/en/ The State University of Physical Education and Sport]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://usmf.md/ro "Nicolae Testemitanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uasm.md/en Agrarian State University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[http://www.academy.police.md/ "Stefan cel Mare" Police Academy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://amtap.md/en/ Academy of Music, Theatre and Fine Arts]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.academy.army.md/en/ "Alexandru cel Bun" Military Academy]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.usch.md/ "Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu" State University of Cahul]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Cahul
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://tdu-tar.md/ Taraclia State University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Taraclia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[http://www.aap.gov.md/ Academy of Public Administration]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://ulim.md/en/acasa-3/ Free International University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.imi-nova.md/ "IMI-NOVA" International Management]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[http://www.uccm.md/en/ Cooperative-Commercial University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[http://www.surm.md/ Slavonic University]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://uspee.md/ University of European Political and Economic studies]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://usem.md/md/ University of European Studies of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://criminology.md/ Institute of Criminal Science and Applied Criminology of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}[https://americanuniversity.md/ The American University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="255" valign="top" {{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €34,4 million, which comprises 0.3% of the country’s GDP (1). Most funding was spent in the government sector (70.1%), business (15.5%) and higher education (11.6%) (1). Moldova had 65 signed grants in H2020 projects receiving €7,2 million from H2020 (4).
|Research Strategy=In 2018, the Moldovan Government approved the National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030”. The overall aim of the Strategy is to improve the quality of citizens’ lives based on the four basic pillars: sustainable and inclusive economy, strong human and social capital, fair and efficient institutions and healthy environment. In order to develop these areas, 10 sustainable development objectives at national level have been set up by 2030, including: guaranteeing quality education, ensuring effective governance, increasing people’s access to infrastructure and improving working conditions (5).
|Research Governance=Moldova does not have an official structure for research integrity. The National Authority for Integrity is dealing only with public servants and head of institutes (6). It ensures the integrity in the exercise of a public office or public dignity and the prevention of corruption through the control of the property and personal interests and the observance of the legal regime of conflicts of interests, incompatibilities and restrictions (7). There are no trainings in research integrity intended for research integrity officers (7).

The State Agency for Intellectual Property, a public institution under the authority of the Government, performs seminars in the field of intellectual property protection on industrial property rights, copyrights and neighbouring rights. The aim of these seminars is to strengthen knowledge in the field of copyright protection and related rights. The target groups are mainly teachers and students. The seminars are not compulsory and the outcomes are not assessed (7).

The National Agency for Research and Development (NARD) was established in 2018. It is a central administrative authority under the Government of the Republic of Moldova. NARD is responsible for the implementation of the research, innovation and development of national policy, the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 and other European Programmes, and the coordination of Moldovan Office for Science and Technology in Brussels (MOST). Its overall objective is to ensure excellence and performance in achieving national priorities in the areas of research, innovation and development (8).

The Academy of Sciences of Moldova (ASM) is the highest scientific forum of the country. It coordinates scientific and innovation activity, serves as a scientific consultant of the public authorities of the Republic of Moldova, and it has an autonomous statute and acts on the basis of self-administration principles (9).

Universities have courses on Professional ethics and culture at the graduate level and masters’ degree level which are designed by the faculties themselves (7). By the decision of the minister of Education no. 1045/2015 the courses on professional ethics and culture are compulsory and the outcomes are assessed. At the end of the course students have examinations (7). Usually in Universities, especially in the State University of Medicine and Pharmaceuticals, there are Commissions/Committees of ethics which are approved by the Senates. Academy of Sciences also has ethics committees. No education is provided for the members of the commissions/committees (10).

The degree of cooperation between universities and research institutions is very weak, given the heavy teaching workload for university professors (up to 1000 hours/year) and lack of research grants incentivizing cooperation and/or mobility between the two sides (7).

Clinical trials require the approval of the Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (11).

Moldova does not have a national document regarding research integrity (7). At some extent, the Code of Professional Ethics and Deontology for Scientific and Didactico-Scientific Staff adopted by the National Agency for Quality Assurances in Education and Research is interpreted as national guide in the field (12).

Institutional ethics committees deal with cases of misconduct. These cases are usually solved institutionally and are not publicly available. There were only a few cases, referring to public people, which were made publicly available (plagiarized PhD thesis). In practice, there were approved ad hoc commissions designated by the different institution to investigate cases. Usually, the commission proved even the misconduct; the court had another opinion (7).

Moldova does not have a whistleblower law and there is no specific legal protection for whistleblowers in the private sector. The only development in recent years has been the 2013 Framework Regulation on Whistleblowers, which has created a system to provide civil servants with opportunities to report wrongdoing within public authorities and protect them from retaliation. This Framework has required all government agencies to enact whistleblower procedures. The government’s National Anticorruption Centre (NAC) is overseeing its implementation (13).
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Moldova.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="604"
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/md/286236/ The Code on Science and Innovation]

[http://lex.justice.md/md/286236/ of the Republic of Moldova]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}Regulates activities in the fields of research and innovation, including the process of policy development and implementation, evaluation of organizations, confirmation and recognition of scientific and scientific-didactic titles.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 Government decision on the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 of the Research and Development Strategy of the]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 Republic of Moldova until 2020]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}Approves the Moldovan research-development strategy until 2020.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/pnci_engleza.pdf Government decision no. 381/2019 on the approval of the National Program in the fields research and innovation for the years 2020-2023 and the Plan of actions regarding its implementation]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}Approves the National Program in the fields of research and innovation for the years 2020-2023 and the Plan of actions with regard to its implementation.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/md/356044/ Government decision for the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/md/356044/ of the Regulation on the organisation of the PhD studies]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}Approves the Regulation on the organization of higher doctoral studies.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf Government decision for the approval]

[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf of the National Roadmap of Integration of]

[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf Republic of Moldova in ERA Government decision no. 1081/2018]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}Approves the National Roadmap of Integration of Republic Moldova in European Research Area (ERA) for the years 2019-2021.
 
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 Government decision on the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 of the Regulation on the organization and conduct]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 of postdoctoral programs]
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}Ensures the normative framework for organizing research, development and innovation activities through postdoctoral programs.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="264" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}} width="340" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}}
 
|Measure=RI training

Training exists as separate actions usually regarding open access and open science (14). Many of the state universities offer courses on Professional Ethics at the graduate level that are designed by the faculties themselves (7).

The main resource for RE+RI training/implementation is [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity].

RI dialogue and communication

The Academy of Sciences promotes collaboration among different research institutes and with different countries with bilateral and collaborative projects. This is done by the Centre for International Projects (15), previously a part of ASM, but now incorporated in the National Agency for Research and Development and responsible for implementing government policies in the fields of research and innovation. It also organizes the activities concerning participation in international research programmes (8).

The Night of European Researchers is organised by the Academy of Sciences in collaboration with other research institutions to promote science among the young population and encourage them to pursue a scientific career (16).

In November, the scientific community of the Republic of Moldova celebrates the Day of Science. This event is organized by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research. Children and young people also participate in these events (17).

Apart from that, the contest Science Slam serves as a platform for communication between people in science and innovation with the general public (18).

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Research, in cooperation with the EUREKA International Association in 2018 organised EUREKA Info Day event. The EUREKA International Association is a platform for international cooperation in research, development, and innovation. The objective of the event is to inform the scientific community and the business environment of Moldova about the EUREKA cooperation framework, the activity of the program, how researchers and entrepreneurs can participate in the existing EUREKA actions, how to launch their own actions, and how to prepare and submit a successful project proposal (19).

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Research, in collaboration with the European Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST) Association, organized the COST Info Day event in 2018 dedicated to the COST Information Day (20).

The National Agency for Research and Development, the agency which is responsible for implementing government policies in the fields of research and innovation, also organizes Info days on HORIZON 2020 and promotes collaboration among different research institutes (8).

As far as many public scandals involve high position researchers, the public perception of science and its role-results is more negative and pessimist than positive. Some research integrity aspects are discussed in media. Usually regarding high position personalities in research (21).

RI incentives

The National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education and Research (NAQAER), established by the Government, implements state policies and contributes to the development oriented towards the best international standards in the areas of competence assigned: quality assessment in general, technical and higher professional education; external evaluation of continuous professional training programs; external evaluation of organizations in the fields of research and innovation; evaluation of the scientific and scientific-didactic staff and control over the quality of general, vocational and continuing education, compliance with the accreditation and authorization requirements of entities offering educational programs and services (22). Research integrity is not a part of institutional quality assessment at the research institutional level, but it is at the doctoral programs evaluation level. There are universities which have codes of academic integrity and this is part of their quality management. Also, the NAQAER elaborated a Guide to self-assessment report that includes performance criteria and indicators. One of them is the organization of the scientific research (21).

The Government Excellence Scholarship and the Scholarship on scientific domains for PhD students who have achieved outstanding academic performance and actively participate in the social life of the institution are awarded annually by the Government of the Republic of Moldova (23).

There are research institutions offering special Grading of merits for stimulating scientific activity (based on performance). Also, annual awards for excellence in scientific research and didactic activity are offered by universities and institutes (21).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://anacec.md/en/content/about-0 National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education and Research]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://gov.md/en/content/national-award-2016-contest-has-started The National Award – Government of Republic of Moldova]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.moldova.org/en/youth-prize-in-science-technology-and-arts-competition-launched-148733-eng/ Youth Prize in Science, Technology, and Arts - The Ministry of Education and Youth (The Ministry of Education and Youth)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.asm.md/?go=despre&new_language=2 The Academy of Sciences Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:580c4d60-48bf-41e7-b775-8735d44c3153

2021-10-22T08:16:34Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Moldova
|Has Location=Moldova
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 2,466 full-time researchers in Moldova (1). Moldova has 22 universities; 16 public and 8 private (2) and 19 public research and innovation organisations founded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research (3).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="744"
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[http://usm.md/ Moldova State University]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://upsc.md/ "Ion Creangă" Pedogogical State University]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://utm.md/en/ Technical University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ase.md/ Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usarb.md/ "Alecu Russo" State University of Balti]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Bălți
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ust.md/en/home/ Tiraspol State University]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Tiraspol
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://kdu.md/ru/ Comrat State University]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Comrat
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usefs.md/en/ The State University of Physical Education and Sport]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usmf.md/ro "Nicolae Testemitanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uasm.md/en Agrarian State University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.academy.police.md/ "Stefan cel Mare" Police Academy]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://amtap.md/en/ Academy of Music, Theatre and Fine Arts]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.academy.army.md/en/ "Alexandru cel Bun" Military Academy]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.usch.md/ "Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu" State University of Cahul]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Cahul
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tdu-tar.md/ Taraclia State University]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Taraclia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.aap.gov.md/ Academy of Public Administration]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ulim.md/en/acasa-3/ Free International University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.imi-nova.md/ "IMI-NOVA" International Management]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.uccm.md/en/ Cooperative-Commercial University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.surm.md/ Slavonic University]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uspee.md/ University of European Political and Economic studies]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://usem.md/md/ University of European Studies of Moldova]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://criminology.md/ Institute of Criminal Science and Applied Criminology of Moldova]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chişinău
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}[https://americanuniversity.md/ The American University of Moldova]
{{!}} width="319" valign="top"{{!}}Chișinău
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €34,4 million, which comprises 0.3% of the country’s GDP (1). Most funding was spent in the government sector (70.1%), business (15.5%) and higher education (11.6%) (1). Moldova had 65 signed grants in H2020 projects receiving €7,2 million from H2020 (4).
|Research Strategy=In 2018, the Moldovan Government approved the National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030”. The overall aim of the Strategy is to improve the quality of citizens’ lives based on the four basic pillars: sustainable and inclusive economy, strong human and social capital, fair and efficient institutions and healthy environment. In order to develop these areas, 10 sustainable development objectives at national level have been set up by 2030, including: guaranteeing quality education, ensuring effective governance, increasing people’s access to infrastructure and improving working conditions (5).
|Research Governance=Moldova does not have an official structure for research integrity. The National Authority for Integrity is dealing only with public servants and head of institutes (6). It ensures the integrity in the exercise of a public office or public dignity and the prevention of corruption through the control of the property and personal interests and the observance of the legal regime of conflicts of interests, incompatibilities and restrictions (7). There are no trainings in research integrity intended for research integrity officers (7).

The State Agency for Intellectual Property, a public institution under the authority of the Government, performs seminars in the field of intellectual property protection on industrial property rights, copyrights and neighbouring rights. The aim of these seminars is to strengthen knowledge in the field of copyright protection and related rights. The target groups are mainly teachers and students. The seminars are not compulsory and the outcomes are not assessed (7).

The National Agency for Research and Development (NARD) was established in 2018. It is a central administrative authority under the Government of the Republic of Moldova. NARD is responsible for the implementation of the research, innovation and development of national policy, the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 and other European Programmes, and the coordination of Moldovan Office for Science and Technology in Brussels (MOST). Its overall objective is to ensure excellence and performance in achieving national priorities in the areas of research, innovation and development (8).

The Academy of Sciences of Moldova (ASM) is the highest scientific forum of the country. It coordinates scientific and innovation activity, serves as a scientific consultant of the public authorities of the Republic of Moldova, and it has an autonomous statute and acts on the basis of self-administration principles (9).

Universities have courses on Professional ethics and culture at the graduate level and masters’ degree level which are designed by the faculties themselves (7). By the decision of the minister of Education no. 1045/2015 the courses on professional ethics and culture are compulsory and the outcomes are assessed. At the end of the course students have examinations (7). Usually in Universities, especially in the State University of Medicine and Pharmaceuticals, there are Commissions/Committees of ethics which are approved by the Senates. Academy of Sciences also has ethics committees. No education is provided for the members of the commissions/committees (10).

The degree of cooperation between universities and research institutions is very weak, given the heavy teaching workload for university professors (up to 1000 hours/year) and lack of research grants incentivizing cooperation and/or mobility between the two sides (7).

Clinical trials require the approval of the Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (11).

Moldova does not have a national document regarding research integrity (7). At some extent, the Code of Professional Ethics and Deontology for Scientific and Didactico-Scientific Staff adopted by the National Agency for Quality Assurances in Education and Research is interpreted as national guide in the field (12).

Institutional ethics committees deal with cases of misconduct. These cases are usually solved institutionally and are not publicly available. There were only a few cases, referring to public people, which were made publicly available (plagiarized PhD thesis). In practice, there were approved ad hoc commissions designated by the different institution to investigate cases. Usually, the commission proved even the misconduct; the court had another opinion (7).

Moldova does not have a whistleblower law and there is no specific legal protection for whistleblowers in the private sector. The only development in recent years has been the 2013 Framework Regulation on Whistleblowers, which has created a system to provide civil servants with opportunities to report wrongdoing within public authorities and protect them from retaliation. This Framework has required all government agencies to enact whistleblower procedures. The government’s National Anticorruption Centre (NAC) is overseeing its implementation (13).
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Moldova.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="756"
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/md/286236/ The Code on Science and Innovation]

[http://lex.justice.md/md/286236/ of the Republic of Moldova]
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates activities in the fields of research and innovation, including the process of policy development and implementation, evaluation of organizations, confirmation and recognition of scientific and scientific-didactic titles.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 Government decision on the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 of the Research and Development Strategy of the]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=356042 Republic of Moldova until 2020]
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the Moldovan research-development strategy until 2020.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/pnci_engleza.pdf Government decision no. 381/2019 on the approval of the National Program in the fields research and innovation for the years 2020-2023 and the Plan of actions regarding its implementation]
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the National Program in the fields of research and innovation for the years 2020-2023 and the Plan of actions with regard to its implementation.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/md/356044/ Government decision for the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/md/356044/ of the Regulation on the organisation of the PhD studies]
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the Regulation on the organization of higher doctoral studies.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf Government decision for the approval]

[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf of the National Roadmap of Integration of]

[https://mecc.gov.md/sites/default/files/national_roadmap_for_the_integration_of_the_republic_of_moldova_into_the_european_research_area_for_2019-2021_and_the_action_plan_for_its_implementation.pdf Republic of Moldova in ERA Government decision no. 1081/2018]
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}Approves the National Roadmap of Integration of Republic Moldova in European Research Area (ERA) for the years 2019-2021.
 
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 Government decision on the approval]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 of the Regulation on the organization and conduct]

[http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=375717 of postdoctoral programs]
{{!}} width="425" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the normative framework for organizing research, development and innovation activities through postdoctoral programs.
{{!}}}
 
|Measure=RI training

Training exists as separate actions usually regarding open access and open science (14). Many of the state universities offer courses on Professional Ethics at the graduate level that are designed by the faculties themselves (7).

The main resource for RE+RI training/implementation is [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity].

RI dialogue and communication

The Academy of Sciences promotes collaboration among different research institutes and with different countries with bilateral and collaborative projects. This is done by the Centre for International Projects (15), previously a part of ASM, but now incorporated in the National Agency for Research and Development and responsible for implementing government policies in the fields of research and innovation. It also organizes the activities concerning participation in international research programmes (8).

The Night of European Researchers is organised by the Academy of Sciences in collaboration with other research institutions to promote science among the young population and encourage them to pursue a scientific career (16).

In November, the scientific community of the Republic of Moldova celebrates the Day of Science. This event is organized by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research. Children and young people also participate in these events (17).

Apart from that, the contest Science Slam serves as a platform for communication between people in science and innovation with the general public (18).

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Research, in cooperation with the EUREKA International Association in 2018 organised EUREKA Info Day event. The EUREKA International Association is a platform for international cooperation in research, development, and innovation. The objective of the event is to inform the scientific community and the business environment of Moldova about the EUREKA cooperation framework, the activity of the program, how researchers and entrepreneurs can participate in the existing EUREKA actions, how to launch their own actions, and how to prepare and submit a successful project proposal (19).

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Research, in collaboration with the European Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST) Association, organized the COST Info Day event in 2018 dedicated to the COST Information Day (20).

The National Agency for Research and Development, the agency which is responsible for implementing government policies in the fields of research and innovation, also organizes Info days on HORIZON 2020 and promotes collaboration among different research institutes (8).

As far as many public scandals involve high position researchers, the public perception of science and its role-results is more negative and pessimist than positive. Some research integrity aspects are discussed in media. Usually regarding high position personalities in research (21).

RI incentives

The National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education and Research (NAQAER), established by the Government, implements state policies and contributes to the development oriented towards the best international standards in the areas of competence assigned: quality assessment in general, technical and higher professional education; external evaluation of continuous professional training programs; external evaluation of organizations in the fields of research and innovation; evaluation of the scientific and scientific-didactic staff and control over the quality of general, vocational and continuing education, compliance with the accreditation and authorization requirements of entities offering educational programs and services (22). Research integrity is not a part of institutional quality assessment at the research institutional level, but it is at the doctoral programs evaluation level. There are universities which have codes of academic integrity and this is part of their quality management. Also, the NAQAER elaborated a Guide to self-assessment report that includes performance criteria and indicators. One of them is the organization of the scientific research (21).

The Government Excellence Scholarship and the Scholarship on scientific domains for PhD students who have achieved outstanding academic performance and actively participate in the social life of the institution are awarded annually by the Government of the Republic of Moldova (23).

There are research institutions offering special Grading of merits for stimulating scientific activity (based on performance). Also, annual awards for excellence in scientific research and didactic activity are offered by universities and institutes (21).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://anacec.md/en/content/about-0 National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education and Research]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://gov.md/en/content/national-award-2016-contest-has-started The National Award – Government of Republic of Moldova]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.moldova.org/en/youth-prize-in-science-technology-and-arts-competition-launched-148733-eng/ Youth Prize in Science, Technology, and Arts - The Ministry of Education and Youth (The Ministry of Education and Youth)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.asm.md/?go=despre&new_language=2 The Academy of Sciences Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:A46cd7d4-4270-4d14-8501-26f9acbb39a8

2021-10-22T08:11:13Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Luxembourg
|Has Location=Luxembourg
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019 there were 3,158 full-time researchers in Luxembourg <ref>Statistics portal of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. R%D staff in full-time equivalent (FTE) 2005-2019. Updated 2020 Nov 23. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=13555&IF_Language=eng&MainTheme=4&FldrName=9&RFPath=2222</ref>. The Luxembourg research ecosystem comprises the University of Luxembourg, including 3 faculties and 3 interdisciplinary research centres, 4 public research institutes <ref>Luxembourg National Research Fund. Research in Luxembourg. [cited 2021 May 24].

Available from:

https://www.fnr.lu/research-in-luxembourg/#1461325518535-9b38d7d2-f67e</ref> and other public and private research organisations <ref>Innovation public.lu. Other public research organisations. Updated 2016 Sep 16. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

http://www.innovation.public.lu/en/decouvrir/acteurs/recherche-publique/autres-acteurs/index.html</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''University'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wwwen.uni.lu/ University of Luxembourg]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.list.lu/fr/ LIST][:File:///C:/Users/Elsa Amin/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1 Country report cards for The Embassy.zip/Report page draft Luxembourg.docx#%20msocom%201 <nowiki>[AP1]</nowiki>]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.liser.lu/ LISER]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lih.lu/ LIH]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Luxembourg, Strassen, Esch-sur-Alzette, Dudelange
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €704.5 million <ref name=":0">Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD.Stat). Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type of R&D. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=GERD_TORD&lang=en</ref> which comprises 1.2% of the country’s GDP <ref>FocusEconomics. GDP in Luxembourg. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/luxembourg/gdp-eur-bn</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (53.24%), government (26.04%) and higher education sector (20.7%) <ref name=":0" />.

In 2020, Luxembourg had 509 signed grants in H2020 projects, receiving €189,1 million funding from H2020 <ref name=":1">H2020 Country Profile. Key Figures – Luxembourg. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/luxembourg</ref>. It also had 16 signed grants receiving €24,05 million from H2020 <ref name=":1" />.
|Research Strategy=The Luxembourg Government has launched the “National Research and Innovation Strategy”. The Strategy aims to provide the general framework that will allow for a targeted development of Luxembourg’s research ecosystem in the future. In addition, the government intends to maximise the impact of research on the country’s progress, and to position Luxembourg as a major international player visible through its research activities <ref>National Research and Innovation Strategy for Luxembourg. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

http://www.mesr.public.lu/presse/communiques/2020/FEVRIER-2020/Presentation-de-la-strategie-nationale-de-la-recherche-et-de-l_innovation1/09711_MESR_SnRI_Broch_en_WEB-_002_.pdf</ref>.
|Research Governance=Luxembourg has four national bodies for research ethics and research integrity: The National Research Ethics Committee (CNER) <ref>National Research Ethics Committee (CNER). [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: http://www.cner.lu/</ref>, National Data Protection Commission (CNPD) <ref>National Commission for Data Protection Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg (CNPD). Duties. Updated 2019 June 17. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://cnpd.public.lu/en/commission-nationale/missions.html</ref>, National Consultative Ethics Committee for Life Sciences and Health (CNE) <ref>National Ethics Commission Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. The Commission. Updated 2017 June 26. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://cne.public.lu/fr/commission.html</ref> and National Commission for Research Integrity - The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI) <ref>The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI). LARI FAQ. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://lari.lu/about/about-lari/</ref>.

Luxembourg does not have a national code of research conduct, but all research institutions have developed guidelines and policies for good research practice, research integrity, and ethics in research. In most cases, Luxembourg follows the guidelines of the [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity] and of the League of European Research Universities “Towards a Research Integrity Culture at Universities: from recommendation to implementation” <ref name=":0">Lerouge I, Hol T. Towards a Research Integrity Culture at Universities: From Recommendations to Implementation. LERU. 2020 Jan. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from:

https://www.leru.org/publications/towards-a-research-integrity-culture-at-universities-from-recommendations-to-implementation</ref>.

The University of Luxembourg has established several committees for handling questions in the field of research ethics.

- The Ethics Advisory Committee provides advice on ethical issues involved in the activities of the university’ community, addresses complaints, and conducts investigations regarding alleged discrimination at the university. The investigation and advice are provided upon request of the University Council or the Rectorate <ref name=":0" />.

- The ombudsman's office offers conflict management coaching, shuttle diplomacy, mediation, restorative circles and conferences to mitigate workplace conflicts <ref>Ombudsman. University of Luxembourg. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: https://wwwen.uni.lu/universite/presentation/organigrammes/organigramme_rectorat_administration_centrale/ombudsman</ref>.

- The Ethics Review Panel is responsible for providing ethics reviews of research proposals and publications regarding human participants, human biological material, animals, or potentially harmful changes to the environment <ref name=":1">University of Luxembourg. Ethics Policies and Committees. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://wwwen.uni.lu/research/researchers_research/ethics_policies_and_committees</ref>.

- The Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee (AEEC) is responsible for ensuring, on behalf of the University of Luxembourg, that care and use of animals for research and teaching are conducted in compliance with the law regulating the protection of animals used for scientific purposes <ref name=":1" />.

- The Biosafety Committee is responsible for ensuring compliance with the biosafety policies and measures at the University of Luxembourg <ref>Naegelen I, ed. Research Ethics Guidelines University of Luxembourg. 2018 Sep 5. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

https://laridotlu.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/univofluxresearch-guidelineserp2018.pdf</ref>.

- The doctoral education agreement (DEA) defines the role and duties of the supervisee and the supervisor and describes the tasks foreseen in the doctoral thesis work plan. It also provides information and contacts related to data protection, intellectual property, ethics and research integrity. Should a conflict persist, an escalation path is proposed <ref>Doctoral Education Agreement. University of Luxembourg. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: https://wwwen.uni.lu/studies/doctoral_education/doctoral_education_agreement</ref>.

- The University hosts a Dispute Committee is an independent administrative body, yet internal to the institution, whose mission is to decide, in law, according to an adversarial (quasi-judicial) procedure, certain categories of disputes between, on the one hand, the “users” of the University (ie current students, former students and / or potential students of the University of Luxembourg) and, on the other hand, the decision-making bodies of the University of Luxembourg <ref>Governance. University of Luxembourg. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: https://wwwen.uni.lu/university/about_the_university/governance</ref>.

The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI) is responsible for handling alleged cases of research misconduct. The cases are investigated by the Commission for the Research Integrity (CRI) which is a part of LARI <ref name=":2">The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI). Investigations. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://lari.lu/lari-services/investigations-cri-rules-of-procedure/</ref>. The Commission may be called upon by any person or organisation with a legal capacity which has knowledge of suspected scientific misconduct occurring in LARI member organisations. Moreover, the Commission may also investigate cases of suspected scientific misconduct on their own initiative. If the case of alleged misconduct has happened more than 10 years ago, the Commission can refuse to handle the cases. After reviewing the case, the commission will take the decision to conduct an investigation, not to initiate an investigation, or suspend the case <ref name=":2" />.

If the Commission decides to initiate the investigation, its decision will be sent to the person or organisation that has reported the case, the person(s) to whom the allegations refer to, the head of the affected research institution, and the National Research Fund (FNR) if the case occurs in relation with the FNR funded project or researcher. In exceptional cases, the Commission can decide not to communicate the decision to abovementioned parties due to the higher priority of protecting the accused person. Upon completion of the investigation, the Commission member leading the investigation shall compose a summary opinion which contains an assessment of the results of the investigation. This will be presented to other members for approval. The opinion is further sent to the person or institution which called upon Commission if it is directly affected by allegations, and to the person to whom the allegation referred. The opinion is also sent to the LARI Board for information purposes <ref name=":2" />.

Luxembourg law does not have a formal definition of the term “whistleblowing”. There are specific provisions in the Labour Code designed to protect public and private sector employees who report alleged corruption or abuse of influence in their workplace. The employees are protected if the reports are made in good faith. These provisions protect employees from employment agreement reprisals and terminations due to whistleblowing <ref>Luxembourg: Legal developments for 2021 in Luxembourg. 2021 Jan 28. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

https://www.taylorvinters.com/article/luxembourg-legal-developments-for-2021-in-luxembourg</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/about/about-lari/ The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI)]
 
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}Provides free research ethics consultations for researchers. It is also responsible for addressing cases of alleged research misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cner.lu/en-gb/About-us National Research Ethics Committee (CNER)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}It is responsible for the protection of participants in clinical trials involving experimental drugs, therapies and medical devices. Besides clinical trials, CNER protects people included in different research studies, e.g. academic research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://cne.public.lu/fr/commission.html The National Consultative Commission of Ethics for Life Sciences and Health (CNE)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}It is responsible for addressing ethical concerns in the fields of biology, medicine, and health. The Committee can address concerns on its own initiative or at the request of Government and respective European Directives.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://cnpd.public.lu/en/commission-nationale/missions.html National Data Protection Commission (CNPD)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}CNPD verifies the legality of the processing of personal data and ensures that the personal freedom and rights regarding data protection are respected. Research projects involving humans also have to be notified to or authorized by the CNPD.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Luxembourg are transposing EU Law.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="608"
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2002/10/17/n1/jo Grand-Ducal Regulation:]

[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2002/10/17/n1/jo Contained use of genetically modified organisms (transposing EU Directive 1998/81)]
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}It sets the criteria for classifying genetically modified organisms and their uses. It also defines the security measures and the containment procedures relating to these uses.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2005/05/30/n5/jo Clinical trials in human medicines (transposing EU Directive 2001/20/CE)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}Lays down specific provisions concerning the conduct of clinical trials, including multicentre trials, carried out on human being and relating to medicinal products as defined by the law of 1993 regulating the placing on the market and advertising of medicinal products.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2013/01/11/n2/jo Protection of animals used in scientific research (transposing EU Directive 2010/63/UE)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes measures for the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://deiereschutzgesetz.lu/la-loi/chapitre-8-protection-des-animaux-utilises-a-des-fins-scientifiques/ Law on the protection of animal life, security and welfare (Chapter 8, Article 13)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}Limits animal experiments and experiences which can cause pain, aliments or damage to animals to what is strictly necessary.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2001/04/18/n2/jo Law of 18 April 2001 on copyright, neighboring rights and databases (transposing EU Directive 2001/84)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes rules on copyright, neighbouring rights and databases.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2002/08/02/n2/jo Law of 2 August 2002 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data (transposing EU Directive 1995/46/CE)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes rules for protection of personal data.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

LARI provides research ethics and integrity training via the CAPRI (Creative Approaches Promoting Research Integrity) program. It also has a program of Peer Coaching which guides researchers in designing, conducting, recording, monitoring, auditing, analysis, and reporting of research <ref name=":0">The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI). LARI Peer Coaching. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://lari.lu/lari-services/lari-peer-coaching/</ref>.

Within its doctoral education framework, the University of Luxembourg organizes training courses aiming at acquiring Transferable Skills <ref>University of Luxembourg. Doctoral training. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from:

https://wwwen.uni.lu/studies/doctoral_education/doctoral_applicant/doctoral_training</ref>. The offer in Transferable Skills training includes courses in research ethics in science and principles of good research practice as well as training activities aiming at increasing employability.

Luxembourg Institute of Health has doctoral training and among others, it covers an area of good research practice. Moreover, the Institute of Health provides training and workshops for early staged researchers to help them develop skills for their future career <ref>Luxemburg Institute of Health. Training & Workshops. [cited 2021 July 7]. Available from: https://www.lih.lu/page/training</ref>.

At LIST, rising awareness on good research practices, ethics and research integrity is part of the onboarding programme for new employees. For Q4 2021, specific training will be defined on Ethics in Research and Research Integrity providing targeted content for the different audiences: researchers, PhD candidates, administrative staff and others.

Several research institutions have developed their guidelines for RE+RI training:

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/O4DDe2SgEL0N9J5#pdfviewer National Policy on Open Access]

[https://laridotlu.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/univofluxresearch-guidelineserp2018.pdf The University of Luxembourg – Research Ethics Guidelines]

[https://wwwen.uni.lu/media/files/university_of_luxembourg_policy_on_ethics_in_research_1020123 The University of Luxembourg – Policy on Ethics in Research]

[https://wwwen.uni.lu/university/official_documents/code_of_conduct The University of Luxembourg – Code of Conduct]

[https://wwwfr.uni.lu/formations/doctoral_education/doctoral_education_agreement The University of Luxembourg – Doctoral Education Agreement (DEA)]

[https://www.powtoon.com/online-presentation/efqEXYBPR48/?utm_medium=SocialShare&utm_campaign=copy%2Bshare%2Bby%2Bowner&utm_source=player-page-social-share&utm_content=efqEXYBPR48&utm_po=21868619&mode=movie LARI - 10 Tips for Robust and Ethical Research]

[https://lari.lu/best-practice-useful-links/research-ethics-faq/ LARI Research Ethics FAQ]

[https://laridotlu.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/coachhandbookoct2018.pdf LARI Coach Handbook]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/bfSqYc8bLBAJrjz#pdfviewer FNR Policy on Open Access]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/E5PEHgLc0hcOnXE#pdfviewer FNR Research Integrity Guidelines]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/iFJGbUlpQEtvWRg#pdfviewer FNR Ethics Charter and Code of Conduct for Research Assessment]

[https://www.fnr.lu/nqfdt-assessment-report/ FNR National Quality Framework for Doctoral Training]

LIST Code of Ethics (publicly available in 2021 Q4), currently available on LIST Intranet.

RI dialogue and communication

There is a cooperation between various institutions for RE+RI in Luxembourg. The National Ethics Committee (CNER) cooperates with the National Data Protection Commission (CNPD) which has one member attending the national ethics committee meeting as an observer. Also, members of CNER cooperate with LARI in the cases of research misconduct. LARI organises training courses for coaches at different research institutions <ref>European Network of Research Ethics Committees. Eurec. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/luxembourg.html</ref><ref>Who is LARI? [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: https://lari.lu/about/who-is-lari/</ref>.

Through the Secretary of State for Higher Education and Research, there has been strong support for research integrity, including “fostering a culture of the integrity of research.” Public trust in science in Luxembourg is high. Moreover, according to a 2011 EU competitiveness report, “the highest trust in science and technology can be found in Malta, Iceland, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg and Norway” <ref name=":0" />.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/lari-services/researcher-training/ CAPRI program]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/lari-services/lari-peer-coaching/ LARI Peer Coaching]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}}
}}

Report:A46cd7d4-4270-4d14-8501-26f9acbb39a8

2021-10-22T07:56:48Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Luxembourg
|Has Location=Luxembourg
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019 there were 3,158 full-time researchers in Luxembourg (1). The Luxembourg research ecosystem comprises the University of Luxembourg, including 3 faculties and 3 interdisciplinary research centres, 4 public research institutes (2) and other public and private research organisations (3).
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}'''University'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://wwwen.uni.lu/ University of Luxembourg]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}} [https://www.list.lu/fr/ LIST][[:File:///C:/Users/Elsa Amin/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1 Country report cards for The Embassy.zip/Report page draft Luxembourg.docx#%20msocom%201|[AP1]]]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.liser.lu/ LISER]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.lih.lu/ LIH]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Luxembourg, Strassen, Esch-sur-Alzette, Dudelange
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €704.5 million (4) which comprises 1.2% of the country’s GDP (5). Most funding was spent in the business sector (53.24%), government (26.04%) and higher education sector (20.7%) (4).

In 2020, Luxembourg had 509 signed grants in H2020 projects, receiving €189,1 million funding from H2020 (6). It also had 16 signed grants receiving €24,05 million from H2020 (6).
|Research Strategy=The Luxembourg Government has launched the “National Research and Innovation Strategy”. The Strategy aims to provide the general framework that will allow for a targeted development of Luxembourg’s research ecosystem in the future. In addition, the government intends to maximise the impact of research on the country’s progress, and to position Luxembourg as a major international player visible through its research activities (7).
|Research Governance=Luxembourg has four national bodies for research ethics and research integrity: The National Research Ethics Committee (CNER) (8), National Data Protection Commission (CNPD) (9), National Consultative Ethics Committee for Life Sciences and Health (CNE) (10) and National Commission for Research Integrity - The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI) (11).

Luxembourg does not have a national code of research conduct, but all research institutions have developed guidelines and policies for good research practice, research integrity, and ethics in research. In most cases, Luxembourg follows the guidelines of the [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity] and of the League of European Research Universities “Towards a Research Integrity Culture at Universities: from recommendation to implementation” (12).

The University of Luxembourg has established several committees for handling questions in the field of research ethics.

- The Ethics Advisory Committee provides advice on ethical issues involved in the activities of the university’ community, addresses complaints, and conducts investigations regarding alleged discrimination at the university. The investigation and advice are provided upon request of the University Council or the Rectorate (12).

- The ombudsman's office offers conflict management coaching, shuttle diplomacy, mediation, restorative circles and conferences to mitigate workplace conflicts (13).

- The Ethics Review Panel is responsible for providing ethics reviews of research proposals and publications regarding human participants, human biological material, animals, or potentially harmful changes to the environment (14).

- The Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee (AEEC) is responsible for ensuring, on behalf of the University of Luxembourg, that care and use of animals for research and teaching are conducted in compliance with the law regulating the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (14).

- The Biosafety Committee is responsible for ensuring compliance with the biosafety policies and measures at the University of Luxembourg (15).

- The doctoral education agreement (DEA) defines the role and duties of the supervisee and the supervisor and describes the tasks foreseen in the doctoral thesis work plan. It also provides information and contacts related to data protection, intellectual property, ethics and research integrity. Should a conflict persist, an escalation path is proposed (16).

- The University hosts a Dispute Committee is an independent administrative body, yet internal to the institution, whose mission is to decide, in law, according to an adversarial (quasi-judicial) procedure, certain categories of disputes between, on the one hand, the “users” of the University (ie current students, former students and / or potential students of the University of Luxembourg) and, on the other hand, the decision-making bodies of the University of Luxembourg (17).

The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI) is responsible for handling alleged cases of research misconduct. The cases are investigated by the Commission for the Research Integrity (CRI) which is a part of LARI (18). The Commission may be called upon by any person or organisation with a legal capacity which has knowledge of suspected scientific misconduct occurring in LARI member organisations. Moreover, the Commission may also investigate cases of suspected scientific misconduct on their own initiative. If the case of alleged misconduct has happened more than 10 years ago, the Commission can refuse to handle the cases. After reviewing the case, the commission will take the decision to conduct an investigation, not to initiate an investigation, or suspend the case (18).

If the Commission decides to initiate the investigation, its decision will be sent to the person or organisation that has reported the case, the person(s) to whom the allegations refer to, the head of the affected research institution, and the National Research Fund (FNR) if the case occurs in relation with the FNR funded project or researcher. In exceptional cases, the Commission can decide not to communicate the decision to abovementioned parties due to the higher priority of protecting the accused person. Upon completion of the investigation, the Commission member leading the investigation shall compose a summary opinion which contains an assessment of the results of the investigation. This will be presented to other members for approval. The opinion is further sent to the person or institution which called upon Commission if it is directly affected by allegations, and to the person to whom the allegation referred. The opinion is also sent to the LARI Board for information purposes (18).

Luxembourg law does not have a formal definition of the term “whistleblowing”. There are specific provisions in the Labour Code designed to protect public and private sector employees who report alleged corruption or abuse of influence in their workplace. The employees are protected if the reports are made in good faith. These provisions protect employees from employment agreement reprisals and terminations due to whistleblowing (19).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/about/about-lari/ The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI)]
 
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}Provides free research ethics consultations for researchers. It is also responsible for addressing cases of alleged research misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cner.lu/en-gb/About-us National Research Ethics Committee (CNER)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}It is responsible for the protection of participants in clinical trials involving experimental drugs, therapies and medical devices. Besides clinical trials, CNER protects people included in different research studies, e.g. academic research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://cne.public.lu/fr/commission.html The National Consultative Commission of Ethics for Life Sciences and Health (CNE)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}It is responsible for addressing ethical concerns in the fields of biology, medicine, and health. The Committee can address concerns on its own initiative or at the request of Government and respective European Directives.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://cnpd.public.lu/en/commission-nationale/missions.html National Data Protection Commission (CNPD)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}CNPD verifies the legality of the processing of personal data and ensures that the personal freedom and rights regarding data protection are respected. Research projects involving humans also have to be notified to or authorized by the CNPD.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Luxembourg are transposing EU Law.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="608"
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="372" valign="top" {{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2002/10/17/n1/jo Grand-Ducal Regulation:]

[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2002/10/17/n1/jo Contained use of genetically modified organisms (transposing EU Directive 1998/81)]
{{!}} width="372" valign="top" {{!}}It sets the criteria for classifying genetically modified organisms and their uses. It also defines the security measures and the containment procedures relating to these uses.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2005/05/30/n5/jo Clinical trials in human medicines (transposing EU Directive 2001/20/CE)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top" {{!}}Lays down specific provisions concerning the conduct of clinical trials, including multicentre trials, carried out on human being and relating to medicinal products as defined by the law of 1993 regulating the placing on the market and advertising of medicinal products.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2013/01/11/n2/jo Protection of animals used in scientific research (transposing EU Directive 2010/63/UE)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes measures for the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}[https://deiereschutzgesetz.lu/la-loi/chapitre-8-protection-des-animaux-utilises-a-des-fins-scientifiques/ Law on the protection of animal life, security and welfare (Chapter 8, Article 13)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top" {{!}}Limits animal experiments and experiences which can cause pain, aliments or damage to animals to what is strictly necessary.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2001/04/18/n2/jo Law of 18 April 2001 on copyright, neighboring rights and databases (transposing EU Directive 2001/84)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes rules on copyright, neighbouring rights and databases.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top" {{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2002/08/02/n2/jo Law of 2 August 2002 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data (transposing EU Directive 1995/46/CE)]
 
{{!}} width="372" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes rules for protection of personal data.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

LARI provides research ethics and integrity training via the CAPRI (Creative Approaches Promoting Research Integrity) program. It also has a program of Peer Coaching which guides researchers in designing, conducting, recording, monitoring, auditing, analysis, and reporting of research (20).

Within its doctoral education framework, the University of Luxembourg organizes training courses aiming at acquiring Transferable Skills (21). The offer in Transferable Skills training includes courses in research ethics in science and principles of good research practice as well as training activities aiming at increasing employability.

Luxembourg Institute of Health has doctoral training and among others, it covers an area of good research practice. Moreover, the Institute of Health provides training and workshops for early staged researchers to help them develop skills for their future career (22).

At LIST, rising awareness on good research practices, ethics and research integrity is part of the onboarding programme for new employees. For Q4 2021, specific training will be defined on Ethics in Research and Research Integrity providing targeted content for the different audiences: researchers, PhD candidates, administrative staff and others.

Several research institutions have developed their guidelines for RE+RI training:

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/O4DDe2SgEL0N9J5#pdfviewer National Policy on Open Access]

[https://laridotlu.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/univofluxresearch-guidelineserp2018.pdf The University of Luxembourg – Research Ethics Guidelines]

[https://wwwen.uni.lu/media/files/university_of_luxembourg_policy_on_ethics_in_research_1020123 The University of Luxembourg – Policy on Ethics in Research]

[https://wwwen.uni.lu/university/official_documents/code_of_conduct The University of Luxembourg – Code of Conduct]

[https://wwwfr.uni.lu/formations/doctoral_education/doctoral_education_agreement The University of Luxembourg – Doctoral Education Agreement (DEA)]

[https://www.powtoon.com/online-presentation/efqEXYBPR48/?utm_medium=SocialShare&utm_campaign=copy%2Bshare%2Bby%2Bowner&utm_source=player-page-social-share&utm_content=efqEXYBPR48&utm_po=21868619&mode=movie LARI - 10 Tips for Robust and Ethical Research]

[https://lari.lu/best-practice-useful-links/research-ethics-faq/ LARI Research Ethics FAQ]

[https://laridotlu.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/coachhandbookoct2018.pdf LARI Coach Handbook]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/bfSqYc8bLBAJrjz#pdfviewer FNR Policy on Open Access]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/E5PEHgLc0hcOnXE#pdfviewer FNR Research Integrity Guidelines]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/iFJGbUlpQEtvWRg#pdfviewer FNR Ethics Charter and Code of Conduct for Research Assessment]

[https://www.fnr.lu/nqfdt-assessment-report/ FNR National Quality Framework for Doctoral Training]

LIST Code of Ethics (publicly available in 2021 Q4), currently available on LIST Intranet.

RI dialogue and communication

There is a cooperation between various institutions for RE+RI in Luxembourg. The National Ethics Committee (CNER) cooperates with the National Data Protection Commission (CNPD) which has one member attending the national ethics committee meeting as an observer. Also, members of CNER cooperate with LARI in the cases of research misconduct. LARI organises training courses for coaches at different research institutions (23,24).

Through the Secretary of State for Higher Education and Research, there has been strong support for research integrity, including “fostering a culture of the integrity of research.” Public trust in science in Luxembourg is high. Moreover, according to a 2011 EU competitiveness report, “the highest trust in science and technology can be found in Malta, Iceland, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg and Norway” (20).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/lari-services/researcher-training/ CAPRI program]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/lari-services/lari-peer-coaching/ LARI Peer Coaching]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}}
}}

Report:A46cd7d4-4270-4d14-8501-26f9acbb39a8

2021-10-22T07:55:06Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Luxembourg
|Has Location=Luxembourg
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019 there were 3,158 full-time researchers in Luxembourg (1). The Luxembourg research ecosystem comprises the University of Luxembourg, including 3 faculties and 3 interdisciplinary research centres, 4 public research institutes (2) and other public and private research organisations (3).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="756"
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}'''University'''
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://wwwen.uni.lu/ University of Luxembourg]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.list.lu/fr/ LIST]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.liser.lu/ LISER]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Esch-sur-Alzette
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lih.lu/ LIH]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Luxembourg, Strassen, Esch-sur-Alzette, Dudelange
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €704.5 million (4) which comprises 1.2% of the country’s GDP (5). Most funding was spent in the business sector (53.24%), government (26.04%) and higher education sector (20.7%) (4).

In 2020, Luxembourg had 509 signed grants in H2020 projects, receiving €189,1 million funding from H2020 (6). It also had 16 signed grants receiving €24,05 million from H2020 (6).
|Research Strategy=The Luxembourg Government has launched the “National Research and Innovation Strategy”. The Strategy aims to provide the general framework that will allow for a targeted development of Luxembourg’s research ecosystem in the future. In addition, the government intends to maximise the impact of research on the country’s progress, and to position Luxembourg as a major international player visible through its research activities (7).
|Research Governance=Luxembourg has four national bodies for research ethics and research integrity: The National Research Ethics Committee (CNER) (8), National Data Protection Commission (CNPD) (9), National Consultative Ethics Committee for Life Sciences and Health (CNE) (10) and National Commission for Research Integrity - The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI) (11).

Luxembourg does not have a national code of research conduct, but all research institutions have developed guidelines and policies for good research practice, research integrity, and ethics in research. In most cases, Luxembourg follows the guidelines of the [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity] and of the League of European Research Universities “Towards a Research Integrity Culture at Universities: from recommendation to implementation” (12).

The University of Luxembourg has established several committees for handling questions in the field of research ethics.

- The Ethics Advisory Committee provides advice on ethical issues involved in the activities of the university’ community, addresses complaints, and conducts investigations regarding alleged discrimination at the university. The investigation and advice are provided upon request of the University Council or the Rectorate (12).

- The ombudsman's office offers conflict management coaching, shuttle diplomacy, mediation, restorative circles and conferences to mitigate workplace conflicts (13).

- The Ethics Review Panel is responsible for providing ethics reviews of research proposals and publications regarding human participants, human biological material, animals, or potentially harmful changes to the environment (14).

- The Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee (AEEC) is responsible for ensuring, on behalf of the University of Luxembourg, that care and use of animals for research and teaching are conducted in compliance with the law regulating the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (14).

- The Biosafety Committee is responsible for ensuring compliance with the biosafety policies and measures at the University of Luxembourg (15).

- The doctoral education agreement (DEA) defines the role and duties of the supervisee and the supervisor and describes the tasks foreseen in the doctoral thesis work plan. It also provides information and contacts related to data protection, intellectual property, ethics and research integrity. Should a conflict persist, an escalation path is proposed (16).

- The University hosts a Dispute Committee is an independent administrative body, yet internal to the institution, whose mission is to decide, in law, according to an adversarial (quasi-judicial) procedure, certain categories of disputes between, on the one hand, the “users” of the University (ie current students, former students and / or potential students of the University of Luxembourg) and, on the other hand, the decision-making bodies of the University of Luxembourg (17).

The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI) is responsible for handling alleged cases of research misconduct. The cases are investigated by the Commission for the Research Integrity (CRI) which is a part of LARI (18). The Commission may be called upon by any person or organisation with a legal capacity which has knowledge of suspected scientific misconduct occurring in LARI member organisations. Moreover, the Commission may also investigate cases of suspected scientific misconduct on their own initiative. If the case of alleged misconduct has happened more than 10 years ago, the Commission can refuse to handle the cases. After reviewing the case, the commission will take the decision to conduct an investigation, not to initiate an investigation, or suspend the case (18).

If the Commission decides to initiate the investigation, its decision will be sent to the person or organisation that has reported the case, the person(s) to whom the allegations refer to, the head of the affected research institution, and the National Research Fund (FNR) if the case occurs in relation with the FNR funded project or researcher. In exceptional cases, the Commission can decide not to communicate the decision to abovementioned parties due to the higher priority of protecting the accused person. Upon completion of the investigation, the Commission member leading the investigation shall compose a summary opinion which contains an assessment of the results of the investigation. This will be presented to other members for approval. The opinion is further sent to the person or institution which called upon Commission if it is directly affected by allegations, and to the person to whom the allegation referred. The opinion is also sent to the LARI Board for information purposes (18).

Luxembourg law does not have a formal definition of the term “whistleblowing”. There are specific provisions in the Labour Code designed to protect public and private sector employees who report alleged corruption or abuse of influence in their workplace. The employees are protected if the reports are made in good faith. These provisions protect employees from employment agreement reprisals and terminations due to whistleblowing (19).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/about/about-lari/ The Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI)]
 
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}Provides free research ethics consultations for researchers. It is also responsible for addressing cases of alleged research misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cner.lu/en-gb/About-us National Research Ethics Committee (CNER)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}It is responsible for the protection of participants in clinical trials involving experimental drugs, therapies and medical devices. Besides clinical trials, CNER protects people included in different research studies, e.g. academic research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://cne.public.lu/fr/commission.html The National Consultative Commission of Ethics for Life Sciences and Health (CNE)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}It is responsible for addressing ethical concerns in the fields of biology, medicine, and health. The Committee can address concerns on its own initiative or at the request of Government and respective European Directives.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="297" valign="top"{{!}}[https://cnpd.public.lu/en/commission-nationale/missions.html National Data Protection Commission (CNPD)]
{{!}} width="455" valign="top"{{!}}CNPD verifies the legality of the processing of personal data and ensures that the personal freedom and rights regarding data protection are respected. Research projects involving humans also have to be notified to or authorized by the CNPD.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Luxembourg are transposing EU Law.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="760"
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="465" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2002/10/17/n1/jo Grand-Ducal Regulation:]

[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2002/10/17/n1/jo Contained use of genetically modified organisms (transposing EU Directive 1998/81)]
{{!}} width="465" valign="top"{{!}}It sets the criteria for classifying genetically modified organisms and their uses. It also defines the security measures and the containment procedures relating to these uses.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2005/05/30/n5/jo Clinical trials in human medicines (transposing EU Directive 2001/20/CE)]
 
{{!}} width="465" valign="top"{{!}}Lays down specific provisions concerning the conduct of clinical trials, including multicentre trials, carried out on human being and relating to medicinal products as defined by the law of 1993 regulating the placing on the market and advertising of medicinal products.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2013/01/11/n2/jo Protection of animals used in scientific research (transposing EU Directive 2010/63/UE)]
 
{{!}} width="465" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes measures for the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[https://deiereschutzgesetz.lu/la-loi/chapitre-8-protection-des-animaux-utilises-a-des-fins-scientifiques/ Law on the protection of animal life, security and welfare (Chapter 8, Article 13)]
 
{{!}} width="465" valign="top"{{!}}Limits animal experiments and experiences which can cause pain, aliments or damage to animals to what is strictly necessary.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2001/04/18/n2/jo Law of 18 April 2001 on copyright, neighboring rights and databases (transposing EU Directive 2001/84)]
 
{{!}} width="465" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes rules on copyright, neighbouring rights and databases.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2002/08/02/n2/jo Law of 2 August 2002 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data (transposing EU Directive 1995/46/CE)]
 
{{!}} width="465" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes rules for protection of personal data.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

LARI provides research ethics and integrity training via the CAPRI (Creative Approaches Promoting Research Integrity) program. It also has a program of Peer Coaching which guides researchers in designing, conducting, recording, monitoring, auditing, analysis, and reporting of research (20).

Within its doctoral education framework, the University of Luxembourg organizes training courses aiming at acquiring Transferable Skills (21). The offer in Transferable Skills training includes courses in research ethics in science and principles of good research practice as well as training activities aiming at increasing employability.

Luxembourg Institute of Health has doctoral training and among others, it covers an area of good research practice. Moreover, the Institute of Health provides training and workshops for early staged researchers to help them develop skills for their future career (22).

At LIST, rising awareness on good research practices, ethics and research integrity is part of the onboarding programme for new employees. For Q4 2021, specific training will be defined on Ethics in Research and Research Integrity providing targeted content for the different audiences: researchers, PhD candidates, administrative staff and others.

Several research institutions have developed their guidelines for RE+RI training:

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/O4DDe2SgEL0N9J5#pdfviewer National Policy on Open Access]

[https://laridotlu.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/univofluxresearch-guidelineserp2018.pdf The University of Luxembourg – Research Ethics Guidelines]

[https://wwwen.uni.lu/media/files/university_of_luxembourg_policy_on_ethics_in_research_1020123 The University of Luxembourg – Policy on Ethics in Research]

[https://wwwen.uni.lu/university/official_documents/code_of_conduct The University of Luxembourg – Code of Conduct]

[https://wwwfr.uni.lu/formations/doctoral_education/doctoral_education_agreement The University of Luxembourg – Doctoral Education Agreement (DEA)]

[https://www.powtoon.com/online-presentation/efqEXYBPR48/?utm_medium=SocialShare&utm_campaign=copy%2Bshare%2Bby%2Bowner&utm_source=player-page-social-share&utm_content=efqEXYBPR48&utm_po=21868619&mode=movie LARI - 10 Tips for Robust and Ethical Research]

[https://lari.lu/best-practice-useful-links/research-ethics-faq/ LARI Research Ethics FAQ]

[https://laridotlu.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/coachhandbookoct2018.pdf LARI Coach Handbook]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/bfSqYc8bLBAJrjz#pdfviewer FNR Policy on Open Access]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/E5PEHgLc0hcOnXE#pdfviewer FNR Research Integrity Guidelines]

[https://storage.fnr.lu/index.php/s/iFJGbUlpQEtvWRg#pdfviewer FNR Ethics Charter and Code of Conduct for Research Assessment]

[https://www.fnr.lu/nqfdt-assessment-report/ FNR National Quality Framework for Doctoral Training]

LIST Code of Ethics (publicly available in 2021 Q4), currently available on LIST Intranet.

RI dialogue and communication

There is a cooperation between various institutions for RE+RI in Luxembourg. The National Ethics Committee (CNER) cooperates with the National Data Protection Commission (CNPD) which has one member attending the national ethics committee meeting as an observer. Also, members of CNER cooperate with LARI in the cases of research misconduct. LARI organises training courses for coaches at different research institutions (23,24).

Through the Secretary of State for Higher Education and Research, there has been strong support for research integrity, including “fostering a culture of the integrity of research.” Public trust in science in Luxembourg is high. Moreover, according to a 2011 EU competitiveness report, “the highest trust in science and technology can be found in Malta, Iceland, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg and Norway” (20).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/lari-services/researcher-training/ CAPRI program]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lari.lu/lari-services/lari-peer-coaching/ LARI Peer Coaching]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}}
}}

Report:8ebf742d-a3d3-4453-86b4-b5d90ab9eeb8

2021-10-22T07:53:45Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Lithuania
|Has Location=Lithuania
|Research Infrastructure=According to the preliminary data, there were 9,538 full-time researchers in Lithuania in 2019 <ref>OECD.Stat. R&D personnel by sector and function. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=PERS_FUNC</ref>. In 2021 Lithuania has 18 universities – 11 public and 7 private; 22 colleges – 12 public and 10 private; 17 research institutes – 11 public and 6 private; and 5 Integrated Science, Studies and Business Centres (Valleys) <ref>Register of Educational Institutions AIKOS. [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from: https://www.aikos.smm.lt/Registrai/Svietimo-ir-mokslo-institucijos/SitePages/Pagrindinis.aspx?ss=c64f41ac-3196-44ff-95f5-a9204dd727de</ref>.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lka.lt/index.php/en/ General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.ktu.edu/ Kaunas University of Technology]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ku.lt/en/ Klaipėda University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Klaipėda
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lmta.lt/lt/english-3rd-international-conference-music-and-sound-design-in-film-new-media/ Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[[wikipedia:Lithuanian_Sports_University|Lithuanian Sports University]]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lsmuni.lt/ Lithuanian University of Health Sciences]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mruni.eu/ Mykolas Romeris University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vda.lt/ Vilnius Academy of Arts]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vilniustech.lt/index.php?lang=2 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vu.lt/en/ Vilnius University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vdu.lt/en/ Vytautas Magnus University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.ehu.lt/ European Humanities University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ism.lt/ ISM University of Management and Economics]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ksu.lt/ Kazimieras Simonavičius University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lcc.lt/ LCC International University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Klaipėda
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tks.lt/ Telšiai Bishop Vincentas Borisevičius Priest Seminary]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Telšiai
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uwb.edu.pl/ University of Białystok]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.seminarija.lt/index.php?id=35 Vilnius St. Joseph Seminary]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €483.868 million, which comprises 1% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">Official Statistics Portal. R&D expenditure. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://osp.stat.gov.lt/web/guest/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?hash=dddf03e8-3dce-49f2-bfb7-1a0eca718e4c#/</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (43%), higher education (36.53%) and government sector (20,47%) <ref name=":0" />.

In 2020, Lithuania had 476 grants in H2020 projects, receiving €89.1 million funding from H2020 <ref name=":1">H2020 Country Profile. Key Figures – Lithuania. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Lithuania</ref>. It also had 1 ERC signed grant receiving €2.5 million from H2020 <ref name=":1" />.
|Research Strategy=The Lithuania’s Progress Strategy “Lithuania 2030” reflects a national vision and priorities for development and guidelines for their implementation by 2030. It emphasizes that the Strategy was built on the principles of sustainable development, tangible and intangible national resources and social development, but it also points out the significant problems Lithuania has been facing, such as “identity crisis, the power of stereotypes, emigration, closed society, lack of tolerance and trust, lack of concern for one another and the environment, as well as fragile faith in country’s success”. Therefore, the Strategy aims to address these issues. Some of the key issues concern public approval and participation, so the engagement of the public is necessary for the Strategy to reach its objectives <ref>One Planet Network. Lithuania – Progress Strategy “Lithuania 2030” (incl. SCP). 2012. . [cited 2021 May 10]. Available from:

https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/resource/lithuania-progress-strategy-lithuania-2030-incl-scp</ref>. At the end of 2020 the Lithuanian government approved the National Progress Program for 2021-2030, which aims to identify the main changes to be achieved in the country in the next decade, ensuring progress in the science, social, economic and security fields, and to mobilize the sources of financing for the implementation of these changes. The program sets out 10 long-term strategic goals, progress targets and quantified indicators to measure progress with targets for 2030. The strategic goals are implemented in accordance with three horizontal principles: innovation, sustainable development and equal opportunities for all, which aim to consistently form the values important for the progress of society and to promote the desired changes in attitudes and behaviour <ref>Savickad L. 2021-2030 National Progress Program: strategic goals and tasks. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė. [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from:

https://www.esinvesticijos.lt/uploads/main/documents/files/Post%202020/2_%20LRVK_NPP.pdf</ref>.
|Research Governance=Lithuania has several national bodies for research integrity: The Lithuanian Committee for Medical Ethics, established under the Ministry of Health in 1995 and later renamed to the Lithuanian Bioethics Committee <ref name=":0">Lithuanian Bioethics Committee. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: http://bioetika.sam.lt/index.php?1608991497</ref>, the Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures <ref>Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures of the Republic of Lithuania. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://etikostarnyba.lt/en/main/</ref>, the Pharmaceutical Marketing Ethics Commission and Research Council of Lithuania <ref>Research Council of Lithuania. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://www.lmt.lt/en</ref>.

Regional research ethics committees are based at the universities with the tertiary medical education level. For the ethical supervision of biomedical research in the Kaunas region, the Kaunas Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee was established at the Kaunas Medical University in 2001. The Vilnius Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee was established at Vilnius University in 2008. Since 1997, hospital ethics committees have been established in most healthcare institutions <ref>EUREC. National Information: Lithuania. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/lithuania.html</ref>.

The State Medicines Control Agency (SMCA) is Lithuanian governmental body responsible for approval of clinical trials regarding medicinal products <ref>The State Medicines Control Agency. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://www.vvkt.lt/index.php?2380224066</ref>.

Lithuania does not have a national code of research conduct, but it has several codes of ethics related to professional ethics in the medical field <ref name=":0" />. Higher education institutions have their codes of academic ethics that encompass research ethics too. This approach allowed to ensure the autonomy of higher education institutions in developing and specifying their code of academic ethics. Furthermore, higher education institutions are encouraged to implement Guidelines for Ethical Review <ref>Guidelines for Ethical Review, approved by Order No V-60 of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures of the Republic of Lithuania of 10 December 2020 (amendment by Order No V-24 of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures of the Republic of Lithuania of 10 May 2021). [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from: https://etikostarnyba.lt/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Guidelines-for-Ethical-Review-incl-amendment.pdf</ref>, developed and approved by the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures. Codes of ethics of all higher education institutions are publicly available on their websites. Also, the Lithuanian University Rectors’ Conference took the lead to develop Guidelines for Publication Ethics which were publicized in 2019 <ref>LURK (2019). Publikavimo etikos gairės. [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from: https://lurk.lt/index.php/dokumentai/publikavimo-etika/publikavimo-etikos-gaires/</ref>.

Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures is responsible for handling allegations related to academic ethics and procedures in academia. The Office encourages higher education institutions to adhere to academic ethics and procedures, monitors their compliance with recommendations for approval, implementation, and monitoring codes of academic ethics, and cooperates in solving problems related to violations of academic ethics and procedures. The investigation is conducted upon received complaints or at the own motion. All [https://etikostarnyba.lt/en/decisions/ decisions] of the Ombudsperson are anonymised and publicly available online for a year within one month if they are not appealed to court <ref>ENRIO. Country Report Lithuania. Last updated 2016 Dec 16. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/lithuania/</ref>.

The new Law on Protection of Whistle-blowers entered into force in 2019. The Law applies to both public and private sectors. Its aim is to create conditions for individuals, including employees, to confidentially provide information about a suspected infringement and to avoid negative consequences related to whistleblowing. Individuals can disclose information about a criminal or administrative violation, inappropriate conduct by a colleague and other infringements that might affect the public interest. According to this Law, a whistle-blower does not have to be sure that the information is correct or to have evidence. The whistle-blower will still be legally protected <ref>New Law on Protection of Whistle-blowers: what should employers know? [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from:

https://www.sorainen.com/UserFiles/File/Publications/en%5B1%5D36.html</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[http://bioetika.sam.lt/index.php?1608991497 The Lithuanian Bioethics Committee (LBC)]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice to the governmental bodies, informs the general public about bioethical issues, and coordinates activities of the regional ethics committees. It issues approvals to conduct biomedical research and opinions for clinical trials on medicinal products, prepares legal documents related to the ethical review of research, submits amendments to them and consults on ethical and legal aspects of biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://etikostarnyba.lt/en/main Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}}Responsible for the handling of complaints and initiation of investigations on higher education institutions’ violations related to academic ethics and procedures. The Office is also responsible for undertaking preventive actions (e.g., training, consultancy).
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vaistukodeksas.lt/en/pharmaceutical-marketing-ethics-commission/ The Pharmaceutical Marketing Ethics Commission]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Supervises companies’ compliance with the Code of Ethics for governing pharmaceutical marketing and relations with health care professionals as well as relations between the pharmaceutical industry and patient organisations.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lmt.lt/en The Ethics Commission of the Scientific Council (Research Council of Lithuania)]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Oversees research and knowledge exchange functions in relation to universities and institutes which includes providing block grant funding to the national research and education institutions, for research and development, developing and implementing national funding streams, supporting, and encouraging academic participation in EU Framework Programmes, overseeing the sustainability of the Higher Education research base in Lithuania, and promoting international collaborations.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Lithuania.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/LAW%20ON%20HEALTH%20SYSTEM.pdf The Republic of Lithuania Law on Health System]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the national health system in Lithuania, its structure, limits of legal regulation of health care, health strengthening and health recovery, fundamentals of establishment of the scope of health activities, organization and management of individual and public health care, health promotion, conclusion of contracts regarding health activities, fundamentals of the liability for violations of legal norms of health activities, rights and duties of the residents and subjects of health activities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalActPrint/lt?jfwid=5w7avz05m&documentId=TAIS.377604&category=TAD Law on Health Care Institutions]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the classification of healthcare institutions, principles of their founding, reorganisation, liquidation, operation, state regulation thereof, control measures, special features of administration and financing thereof, the nomenclature of institutions of the National Healthcare System of Lithuania, relations between healthcare institutions and patients and the principles of liability for violations of this Law.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/LAW%20ON%20MEDICAL%20PRACTICE.pdf Law on Medical Practice of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates conditions related to the medical practice of doctor of medicine, doctor resident, family physician and a doctor specialist in the Republic of Lithuania.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/76582f93e9c811e59b76f36d7fa634f8?jfwid=-ji9gt0req Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes requirements for biomedical research, terms and conditions of processing of human biological samples and managing personal health information for the purposes of biomedical research and activities of biobanks, terms and conditions of issuance of approvals to conduct biomedical research, supervision of conducting of biomedical research and liability of sponsors of biomedical research and investigators for damage resulting from the subject’s health impairment or death.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/rs/legalact/TAD/TAIS.296798/format/ISO_PDF/ Pharmaceutical Law (2006, last amended in 2017)]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates pharmaceutical and other activity related to medicinal investigational products, veterinary pharmaceuticals, active and other medicinal substances as well as medicinal purpose products, veterinary pharmaceutical activity and also state management and control of the activity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/rs/legalact/TAD/TAIS.39603/ Republic of Lithuania Law on Dental Care (Assistance)]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the right to engage in practice of doctor of dentistry, dental technician, oral hygienist and dental assistant professions, the procedure and control of performance of dental care (rendering of assistance), obligations and rights of dentists and dentist specialists, state regulation measures and grounds of liability.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/THE%20LAW%20ON%20NURSING%20PRACTICE%20AND%20MIDWIFERY%20PRACTICE.pdf The Law on Nursing Practice and Midwifery Practice of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the acquisition of professional qualification of the nurses responsible for general care and midwives, their practice conditions, rights, duties, and responsibilities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/81a7b822444a11e68f45bcf65e0a17ee Republic of Lithuania Law on Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes state regulation of higher education and research, principles of quality assurance in higher education and research, legal basis of establishment, termination and restructuring of higher education and research institutions, awarding and recognition of higher education qualifications and scientific degrees, management of higher education and research institutions, organization and supervision of their activities, rights and duties of the academic staff, research staff and students of higher education and research institutions, funding of higher education and research, principles of management, use and disposal of the assets of state higher education institutions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/5f13b560b2b511e59010bea026bdb259?jfwid=9tq147ogj Republic of Lithuania Law on Copyright and Related Rights]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates copyright in literary, scientific, and artistic works (copyright), the rights of performers, producers of phonograms, broadcasting organisations and producers of the first fixation of an audio-visual work (film) (related rights), the rights of makers of databases (sui generis rights), exercise, collective administration, and enforcement of copyright and related rights, as well as the exercise and enforcement of sui generis rights.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top"{{!}}[https://europam.eu/data/mechanisms/PF/PF%20Laws/Lithuania/Lithuania_Code%20of%20administrative%20offences_1985_amended2016_eng.pdf The Republic of Lithuania Code of Administrative Offences]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top"{{!}}Protects the Republic of Lithuania social order, property, social, economic, political, and individual citizens' rights, and freedoms, as well as companies, institutions and organizations rights and legitimate interests of the established order of administration, the state and public order. It also focuses on contract cheating.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

No consistent training for all academia in this regard is provided; however, research ethics/integrity is encouraged to be taught for all doctoral students due to amended national regulation on doctoral studies <ref>Minister of Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of Lithuania. Order. Approval of the Provisions for Doctoral Studies. 2020 May 18 No. V-739 Vilnius. [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from:

https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/08504a3098df11ea9515f752ff221ec9</ref>. In addition to this, only a few initiatives are known. For example, Vilnius University offers General Competence Skills Training. The part of the training considers publication of scientific results and publication ethics as part of it <ref>Vilniaus universitetas. General competence skills training. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://www.vu.lt/mokslas/mokymai</ref>. There was also an annual international conference ‘Shaping Ethics in Academia and Society’, organised during the period of 2016-2018, that served as an open arena for informal education of academia <ref>Shaping Ethics in Academia and Society, 2nd International Conference. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: http://etika2018.mruni.eu/</ref>. Furthermore, the Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures annually delivers customized training.

RI dialogue and communication

The National Bioethics committee is responsible for coordination and methodological assistance to Hospital Ethics Committees and to Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committees <ref name=":0">Lithuanian Bioethics Committee. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: http://bioetika.sam.lt/index.php?1608991497</ref>. The Committee organises annual meetings with regional ethics committees to discuss current issues regarding academic ethics and ethics in science in Lithuania <ref name=":0" />.

The Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures organises twice per year a meeting with Committees of Academic Ethics to discuss their concerns and issues, e.g., while handling allegations within their higher education institutions, implementing the Office’s/Ombudsperson’s recommendations and guidelines <ref>Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures: Activity Report for 2020. 2021 February 26 No TS-11 Vilnius. [cited 2021 May 13]. Available from: https://etikostarnyba.lt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Activity-Report-for-2020_final.pdf</ref>.

Trust in Lithuanian public institutions is low due to corruptive practices. However, there is no evidence how the public perceives research integrity and whether they (mis)trust in science <ref>Universiteit Van Amsterdam European Policy Studies. Country Report on Lithuania. A country report on Lithuania’s position in the EU. 2013 June. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from:

http://www.uva.nl/binaries/content/assets/faculteiten/faculteit-der-geesteswetenschappen/disciplines/europese-studies/rapporten-landenpracticum-europees-beleid/corereport-vi_lithuania2013.pdf</ref>. Nevertheless, academia’s knowledge on research ethics is yet to be developed <ref>Ozolinčiūtė E, Židonė G, Tauginienė L. 2020. Responsible Research Barometer 2020, Vilnius: Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures. https://etikostarnyba.lt/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Atsakingo-mokslo-barometras-2020-tyrimo-ataskaita_LT_EN.pdf</ref>.

Within the period of 2013-2017, the news portal [http://www.delfi.lt/ www.delfi.lt] published around 40 press articles about ethical infringements. Regarding (self-)plagiarism, authorship, contract cheating, fraud and conflict of interest.

RI incentives

The Ministry of Education and Science has signed 15 agreements with Lithuanian associations, companies, various institutions and higher education institutions to support student internship model in companies and institutions. In order to encourage companies to employ (more) scientists, the Ministry of Higher Education and Science in 2010 allocated EUR 17.4 million to support employment in enterprises <ref>Deloitte. Researchers’ Report 2014 Country Profile: Lithuania. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from:

https://cdn5.euraxess.org/sites/default/files/policy_library/lithuania_country_profile_rr2014_final.pdf</ref>.

Lithuania also offers Income Tax Relief for Investing in research and development <ref>Ministry of Education, Science and Sports. Tax incentives for R&D. Last updated 2017 July 12. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://www.smm.lt/web/lt/mokslas/mokestines-mtep-lengvatos</ref>. There is also Baltic Bonus - a scheme created to promote cooperation between the three Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) to participate in joint projects of Horizon 2020 <ref>Ministry of Education, Science and Sports. International cooperation. Last updated: 2019 April 12. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from:

https://www.smm.lt/web/en/science1/international-cooperation</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vu.lt/mokslas/tyrejo-karjera-vu/mokymai-tyrejams General competence skills training]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://norric.org/nordbalt/lithuania/ Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education (SKVC)]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.lma.lt/prizes-and-scholarships The Lithuanian Academy of Science awards]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lb.lt/en/bank-of-lithuania-awards-for-scientific-activities Bank of Lithuania awards for scientific activities]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lrp.lt/en/media-center/photos/21462/presentation-of-awards-to-winners-of-the-best-dissertation-2011-competition-organized-by-the-lithuanian-society-of-young-researchers/a843 Best PhD thesis awards by Lithuanian Society of Young Researchers]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:8ebf742d-a3d3-4453-86b4-b5d90ab9eeb8

2021-10-22T07:41:10Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Lithuania
|Has Location=Lithuania
|Research Infrastructure=According to the preliminary data, there were 9,538 full-time researchers in Lithuania in 2019 (1). In 2021 Lithuania has 18 universities – 11 public and 7 private; 22 colleges – 12 public and 10 private; 17 research institutes – 11 public and 6 private; and 5 Integrated Science, Studies and Business Centres (Valleys) (2).

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.lka.lt/index.php/en/ General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://en.ktu.edu/ Kaunas University of Technology]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ku.lt/en/ Klaipėda University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Klaipėda
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://lmta.lt/lt/english-3rd-international-conference-music-and-sound-design-in-film-new-media/ Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[[wikipedia:Lithuanian_Sports_University|Lithuanian Sports University]]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://lsmuni.lt/ Lithuanian University of Health Sciences]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.mruni.eu/ Mykolas Romeris University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.vda.lt/ Vilnius Academy of Arts]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://vilniustech.lt/index.php?lang=2 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.vu.lt/en/ Vilnius University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.vdu.lt/en/ Vytautas Magnus University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://en.ehu.lt/ European Humanities University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ism.lt/ ISM University of Management and Economics]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://ksu.lt/ Kazimieras Simonavičius University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://lcc.lt/ LCC International University]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Klaipėda
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tks.lt/ Telšiai Bishop Vincentas Borisevičius Priest Seminary]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Telšiai
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://uwb.edu.pl/ University of Białystok]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.seminarija.lt/index.php?id=35 Vilnius St. Joseph Seminary]
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €483.868 million, which comprises 1% of the country’s GDP (3). Most funding was spent in the business sector (43%), higher education (36.53%) and government sector (20,47%) (3).

In 2020, Lithuania had 476 grants in H2020 projects, receiving €89.1 million funding from H2020 (4). It also had 1 ERC signed grant receiving €2.5 million from H2020 (4).
|Research Strategy=The Lithuania’s Progress Strategy “Lithuania 2030” reflects a national vision and priorities for development and guidelines for their implementation by 2030. It emphasizes that the Strategy was built on the principles of sustainable development, tangible and intangible national resources and social development, but it also points out the significant problems Lithuania has been facing, such as “identity crisis, the power of stereotypes, emigration, closed society, lack of tolerance and trust, lack of concern for one another and the environment, as well as fragile faith in country’s success”. Therefore, the Strategy aims to address these issues. Some of the key issues concern public approval and participation, so the engagement of the public is necessary for the Strategy to reach its objectives (5). At the end of 2020 the Lithuanian government approved the National Progress Program for 2021-2030, which aims to identify the main changes to be achieved in the country in the next decade, ensuring progress in the science, social, economic and security fields, and to mobilize the sources of financing for the implementation of these changes. The program sets out 10 long-term strategic goals, progress targets and quantified indicators to measure progress with targets for 2030. The strategic goals are implemented in accordance with three horizontal principles: innovation, sustainable development and equal opportunities for all, which aim to consistently form the values important for the progress of society and to promote the desired changes in attitudes and behaviour (6).
|Research Governance=Lithuania has several national bodies for research integrity: The Lithuanian Committee for Medical Ethics, established under the Ministry of Health in 1995 and later renamed to the Lithuanian Bioethics Committee (7), the Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures (8), the Pharmaceutical Marketing Ethics Commission and Research Council of Lithuania (9).

Regional research ethics committees are based at the universities with the tertiary medical education level. For the ethical supervision of biomedical research in the Kaunas region, the Kaunas Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee was established at the Kaunas Medical University in 2001. The Vilnius Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee was established at Vilnius University in 2008. Since 1997, hospital ethics committees have been established in most healthcare institutions (10).

The State Medicines Control Agency (SMCA) is Lithuanian governmental body responsible for approval of clinical trials regarding medicinal products (11).

Lithuania does not have a national code of research conduct, but it has several codes of ethics related to professional ethics in the medical field (7). Higher education institutions have their codes of academic ethics that encompass research ethics too. This approach allowed to ensure the autonomy of higher education institutions in developing and specifying their code of academic ethics. Furthermore, higher education institutions are encouraged to implement Guidelines for Ethical Review (12), developed and approved by the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures. Codes of ethics of all higher education institutions are publicly available on their websites. Also, the Lithuanian University Rectors’ Conference took the lead to develop Guidelines for Publication Ethics which were publicized in 2019 (13).

Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures is responsible for handling allegations related to academic ethics and procedures in academia. The Office encourages higher education institutions to adhere to academic ethics and procedures, monitors their compliance with recommendations for approval, implementation, and monitoring codes of academic ethics, and cooperates in solving problems related to violations of academic ethics and procedures. The investigation is conducted upon received complaints or at the own motion. All [https://etikostarnyba.lt/en/decisions/ decisions] of the Ombudsperson are anonymised and publicly available online for a year within one month if they are not appealed to court (14).

The new Law on Protection of Whistle-blowers entered into force in 2019. The Law applies to both public and private sectors. Its aim is to create conditions for individuals, including employees, to confidentially provide information about a suspected infringement and to avoid negative consequences related to whistleblowing. Individuals can disclose information about a criminal or administrative violation, inappropriate conduct by a colleague and other infringements that might affect the public interest. According to this Law, a whistle-blower does not have to be sure that the information is correct or to have evidence. The whistle-blower will still be legally protected (15).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[http://bioetika.sam.lt/index.php?1608991497 The Lithuanian Bioethics Committee (LBC)]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice to the governmental bodies, informs the general public about bioethical issues, and coordinates activities of the regional ethics committees. It issues approvals to conduct biomedical research and opinions for clinical trials on medicinal products, prepares legal documents related to the ethical review of research, submits amendments to them and consults on ethical and legal aspects of biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://etikostarnyba.lt/en/main Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}}Responsible for the handling of complaints and initiation of investigations on higher education institutions’ violations related to academic ethics and procedures. The Office is also responsible for undertaking preventive actions (e.g., training, consultancy).
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vaistukodeksas.lt/en/pharmaceutical-marketing-ethics-commission/ The Pharmaceutical Marketing Ethics Commission]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Supervises companies’ compliance with the Code of Ethics for governing pharmaceutical marketing and relations with health care professionals as well as relations between the pharmaceutical industry and patient organisations.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lmt.lt/en The Ethics Commission of the Scientific Council (Research Council of Lithuania)]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Oversees research and knowledge exchange functions in relation to universities and institutes which includes providing block grant funding to the national research and education institutions, for research and development, developing and implementing national funding streams, supporting, and encouraging academic participation in EU Framework Programmes, overseeing the sustainability of the Higher Education research base in Lithuania, and promoting international collaborations.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Lithuania.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="217" valign="top" {{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="387" valign="top" {{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top" {{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/LAW%20ON%20HEALTH%20SYSTEM.pdf The Republic of Lithuania Law on Health System]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top" {{!}}Regulates the national health system in Lithuania, its structure, limits of legal regulation of health care, health strengthening and health recovery, fundamentals of establishment of the scope of health activities, organization and management of individual and public health care, health promotion, conclusion of contracts regarding health activities, fundamentals of the liability for violations of legal norms of health activities, rights and duties of the residents and subjects of health activities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top" {{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalActPrint/lt?jfwid=5w7avz05m&documentId=TAIS.377604&category=TAD Law on Health Care Institutions]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes the classification of healthcare institutions, principles of their founding, reorganisation, liquidation, operation, state regulation thereof, control measures, special features of administration and financing thereof, the nomenclature of institutions of the National Healthcare System of Lithuania, relations between healthcare institutions and patients and the principles of liability for violations of this Law.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top" {{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/LAW%20ON%20MEDICAL%20PRACTICE.pdf Law on Medical Practice of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top" {{!}}Regulates conditions related to the medical practice of doctor of medicine, doctor resident, family physician and a doctor specialist in the Republic of Lithuania.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top" {{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/76582f93e9c811e59b76f36d7fa634f8?jfwid=-ji9gt0req Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes requirements for biomedical research, terms and conditions of processing of human biological samples and managing personal health information for the purposes of biomedical research and activities of biobanks, terms and conditions of issuance of approvals to conduct biomedical research, supervision of conducting of biomedical research and liability of sponsors of biomedical research and investigators for damage resulting from the subject’s health impairment or death.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top" {{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/rs/legalact/TAD/TAIS.296798/format/ISO_PDF/ Pharmaceutical Law (2006, last amended in 2017)]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top" {{!}}Regulates pharmaceutical and other activity related to medicinal investigational products, veterinary pharmaceuticals, active and other medicinal substances as well as medicinal purpose products, veterinary pharmaceutical activity and also state management and control of the activity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top" {{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/rs/legalact/TAD/TAIS.39603/ Republic of Lithuania Law on Dental Care (Assistance)]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top" {{!}}Regulates the right to engage in practice of doctor of dentistry, dental technician, oral hygienist and dental assistant professions, the procedure and control of performance of dental care (rendering of assistance), obligations and rights of dentists and dentist specialists, state regulation measures and grounds of liability.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top" {{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/THE%20LAW%20ON%20NURSING%20PRACTICE%20AND%20MIDWIFERY%20PRACTICE.pdf The Law on Nursing Practice and Midwifery Practice of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes the acquisition of professional qualification of the nurses responsible for general care and midwives, their practice conditions, rights, duties, and responsibilities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top" {{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/81a7b822444a11e68f45bcf65e0a17ee Republic of Lithuania Law on Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top" {{!}}Establishes state regulation of higher education and research, principles of quality assurance in higher education and research, legal basis of establishment, termination and restructuring of higher education and research institutions, awarding and recognition of higher education qualifications and scientific degrees, management of higher education and research institutions, organization and supervision of their activities, rights and duties of the academic staff, research staff and students of higher education and research institutions, funding of higher education and research, principles of management, use and disposal of the assets of state higher education institutions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top" {{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/5f13b560b2b511e59010bea026bdb259?jfwid=9tq147ogj Republic of Lithuania Law on Copyright and Related Rights]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top" {{!}}Regulates copyright in literary, scientific, and artistic works (copyright), the rights of performers, producers of phonograms, broadcasting organisations and producers of the first fixation of an audio-visual work (film) (related rights), the rights of makers of databases (sui generis rights), exercise, collective administration, and enforcement of copyright and related rights, as well as the exercise and enforcement of sui generis rights.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="217" valign="top" {{!}}[https://europam.eu/data/mechanisms/PF/PF%20Laws/Lithuania/Lithuania_Code%20of%20administrative%20offences_1985_amended2016_eng.pdf The Republic of Lithuania Code of Administrative Offences]
{{!}} width="387" valign="top" {{!}}Protects the Republic of Lithuania social order, property, social, economic, political, and individual citizens' rights, and freedoms, as well as companies, institutions and organizations rights and legitimate interests of the established order of administration, the state and public order. It also focuses on contract cheating.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

No consistent training for all academia in this regard is provided; however, research ethics/integrity is encouraged to be taught for all doctoral students due to amended national regulation on doctoral studies (16). In addition to this, only a few initiatives are known. For example, Vilnius University offers General Competence Skills Training. The part of the training considers publication of scientific results and publication ethics as part of it (17). There was also an annual international conference ‘Shaping Ethics in Academia and Society’, organised during the period of 2016-2018, that served as an open arena for informal education of academia (18). Furthermore, the Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures annually delivers customized training.

RI dialogue and communication

The National Bioethics committee is responsible for coordination and methodological assistance to Hospital Ethics Committees and to Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committees (7). The Committee organises annual meetings with regional ethics committees to discuss current issues regarding academic ethics and ethics in science in Lithuania (7).

The Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures organises twice per year a meeting with Committees of Academic Ethics to discuss their concerns and issues, e.g., while handling allegations within their higher education institutions, implementing the Office’s/Ombudsperson’s recommendations and guidelines (19).

Trust in Lithuanian public institutions is low due to corruptive practices. However, there is no evidence how the public perceives research integrity and whether they (mis)trust in science (20). Nevertheless, academia’s knowledge on research ethics is yet to be developed (21).

Within the period of 2013-2017, the news portal [http://www.delfi.lt/ www.delfi.lt] published around 40 press articles about ethical infringements. Regarding (self-)plagiarism, authorship, contract cheating, fraud and conflict of interest.

RI incentives

The Ministry of Education and Science has signed 15 agreements with Lithuanian associations, companies, various institutions and higher education institutions to support student internship model in companies and institutions. In order to encourage companies to employ (more) scientists, the Ministry of Higher Education and Science in 2010 allocated EUR 17.4 million to support employment in enterprises (22).

Lithuania also offers Income Tax Relief for Investing in research and development (23). There is also Baltic Bonus - a scheme created to promote cooperation between the three Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) to participate in joint projects of Horizon 2020 (24).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vu.lt/mokslas/tyrejo-karjera-vu/mokymai-tyrejams General competence skills training]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://norric.org/nordbalt/lithuania/ Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education (SKVC)]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.lma.lt/prizes-and-scholarships The Lithuanian Academy of Science awards]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lb.lt/en/bank-of-lithuania-awards-for-scientific-activities Bank of Lithuania awards for scientific activities]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lrp.lt/en/media-center/photos/21462/presentation-of-awards-to-winners-of-the-best-dissertation-2011-competition-organized-by-the-lithuanian-society-of-young-researchers/a843 Best PhD thesis awards by Lithuanian Society of Young Researchers]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:8ebf742d-a3d3-4453-86b4-b5d90ab9eeb8

2021-10-22T07:40:10Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Lithuania
|Has Location=Lithuania
|Research Infrastructure=According to the preliminary data, there were 9,538 full-time researchers in Lithuania in 2019 (1). In 2021 Lithuania has 18 universities – 11 public and 7 private; 22 colleges – 12 public and 10 private; 17 research institutes – 11 public and 6 private; and 5 Integrated Science, Studies and Business Centres (Valleys) (2).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="756"
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lka.lt/index.php/en/ General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.ktu.edu/ Kaunas University of Technology]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ku.lt/en/ Klaipėda University]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Klaipėda
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lmta.lt/lt/english-3rd-international-conference-music-and-sound-design-in-film-new-media/ Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[[wikipedia:Lithuanian_Sports_University|Lithuanian Sports University]]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lsmuni.lt/ Lithuanian University of Health Sciences]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mruni.eu/ Mykolas Romeris University]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vda.lt/ Vilnius Academy of Arts]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vilniustech.lt/index.php?lang=2 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vu.lt/en/ Vilnius University]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vdu.lt/en/ Vytautas Magnus University]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Kaunas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.ehu.lt/ European Humanities University]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ism.lt/ ISM University of Management and Economics]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ksu.lt/ Kazimieras Simonavičius University]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lcc.lt/ LCC International University]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Klaipėda
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tks.lt/ Telšiai Bishop Vincentas Borisevičius Priest Seminary]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Telšiai
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://uwb.edu.pl/ University of Białystok]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.seminarija.lt/index.php?id=35 Vilnius St. Joseph Seminary]
{{!}} width="402" valign="top"{{!}}Vilnius
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €483.868 million, which comprises 1% of the country’s GDP (3). Most funding was spent in the business sector (43%), higher education (36.53%) and government sector (20,47%) (3).

In 2020, Lithuania had 476 grants in H2020 projects, receiving €89.1 million funding from H2020 (4). It also had 1 ERC signed grant receiving €2.5 million from H2020 (4).
|Research Strategy=The Lithuania’s Progress Strategy “Lithuania 2030” reflects a national vision and priorities for development and guidelines for their implementation by 2030. It emphasizes that the Strategy was built on the principles of sustainable development, tangible and intangible national resources and social development, but it also points out the significant problems Lithuania has been facing, such as “identity crisis, the power of stereotypes, emigration, closed society, lack of tolerance and trust, lack of concern for one another and the environment, as well as fragile faith in country’s success”. Therefore, the Strategy aims to address these issues. Some of the key issues concern public approval and participation, so the engagement of the public is necessary for the Strategy to reach its objectives (5). At the end of 2020 the Lithuanian government approved the National Progress Program for 2021-2030, which aims to identify the main changes to be achieved in the country in the next decade, ensuring progress in the science, social, economic and security fields, and to mobilize the sources of financing for the implementation of these changes. The program sets out 10 long-term strategic goals, progress targets and quantified indicators to measure progress with targets for 2030. The strategic goals are implemented in accordance with three horizontal principles: innovation, sustainable development and equal opportunities for all, which aim to consistently form the values important for the progress of society and to promote the desired changes in attitudes and behaviour (6).
|Research Governance=Lithuania has several national bodies for research integrity: The Lithuanian Committee for Medical Ethics, established under the Ministry of Health in 1995 and later renamed to the Lithuanian Bioethics Committee (7), the Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures (8), the Pharmaceutical Marketing Ethics Commission and Research Council of Lithuania (9).

Regional research ethics committees are based at the universities with the tertiary medical education level. For the ethical supervision of biomedical research in the Kaunas region, the Kaunas Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee was established at the Kaunas Medical University in 2001. The Vilnius Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee was established at Vilnius University in 2008. Since 1997, hospital ethics committees have been established in most healthcare institutions (10).

The State Medicines Control Agency (SMCA) is Lithuanian governmental body responsible for approval of clinical trials regarding medicinal products (11).

Lithuania does not have a national code of research conduct, but it has several codes of ethics related to professional ethics in the medical field (7). Higher education institutions have their codes of academic ethics that encompass research ethics too. This approach allowed to ensure the autonomy of higher education institutions in developing and specifying their code of academic ethics. Furthermore, higher education institutions are encouraged to implement Guidelines for Ethical Review (12), developed and approved by the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures. Codes of ethics of all higher education institutions are publicly available on their websites. Also, the Lithuanian University Rectors’ Conference took the lead to develop Guidelines for Publication Ethics which were publicized in 2019 (13).

Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures is responsible for handling allegations related to academic ethics and procedures in academia. The Office encourages higher education institutions to adhere to academic ethics and procedures, monitors their compliance with recommendations for approval, implementation, and monitoring codes of academic ethics, and cooperates in solving problems related to violations of academic ethics and procedures. The investigation is conducted upon received complaints or at the own motion. All [https://etikostarnyba.lt/en/decisions/ decisions] of the Ombudsperson are anonymised and publicly available online for a year within one month if they are not appealed to court (14).

The new Law on Protection of Whistle-blowers entered into force in 2019. The Law applies to both public and private sectors. Its aim is to create conditions for individuals, including employees, to confidentially provide information about a suspected infringement and to avoid negative consequences related to whistleblowing. Individuals can disclose information about a criminal or administrative violation, inappropriate conduct by a colleague and other infringements that might affect the public interest. According to this Law, a whistle-blower does not have to be sure that the information is correct or to have evidence. The whistle-blower will still be legally protected (15).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[http://bioetika.sam.lt/index.php?1608991497 The Lithuanian Bioethics Committee (LBC)]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice to the governmental bodies, informs the general public about bioethical issues, and coordinates activities of the regional ethics committees. It issues approvals to conduct biomedical research and opinions for clinical trials on medicinal products, prepares legal documents related to the ethical review of research, submits amendments to them and consults on ethical and legal aspects of biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://etikostarnyba.lt/en/main Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}}Responsible for the handling of complaints and initiation of investigations on higher education institutions’ violations related to academic ethics and procedures. The Office is also responsible for undertaking preventive actions (e.g., training, consultancy).
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vaistukodeksas.lt/en/pharmaceutical-marketing-ethics-commission/ The Pharmaceutical Marketing Ethics Commission]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Supervises companies’ compliance with the Code of Ethics for governing pharmaceutical marketing and relations with health care professionals as well as relations between the pharmaceutical industry and patient organisations.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="295" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lmt.lt/en The Ethics Commission of the Scientific Council (Research Council of Lithuania)]
{{!}} width="456" valign="top"{{!}}Oversees research and knowledge exchange functions in relation to universities and institutes which includes providing block grant funding to the national research and education institutions, for research and development, developing and implementing national funding streams, supporting, and encouraging academic participation in EU Framework Programmes, overseeing the sustainability of the Higher Education research base in Lithuania, and promoting international collaborations.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Lithuania.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="756"
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="484" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/LAW%20ON%20HEALTH%20SYSTEM.pdf The Republic of Lithuania Law on Health System]
{{!}} width="484" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the national health system in Lithuania, its structure, limits of legal regulation of health care, health strengthening and health recovery, fundamentals of establishment of the scope of health activities, organization and management of individual and public health care, health promotion, conclusion of contracts regarding health activities, fundamentals of the liability for violations of legal norms of health activities, rights and duties of the residents and subjects of health activities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalActPrint/lt?jfwid=5w7avz05m&documentId=TAIS.377604&category=TAD Law on Health Care Institutions]
{{!}} width="484" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the classification of healthcare institutions, principles of their founding, reorganisation, liquidation, operation, state regulation thereof, control measures, special features of administration and financing thereof, the nomenclature of institutions of the National Healthcare System of Lithuania, relations between healthcare institutions and patients and the principles of liability for violations of this Law.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/LAW%20ON%20MEDICAL%20PRACTICE.pdf Law on Medical Practice of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="484" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates conditions related to the medical practice of doctor of medicine, doctor resident, family physician and a doctor specialist in the Republic of Lithuania.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/76582f93e9c811e59b76f36d7fa634f8?jfwid=-ji9gt0req Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research]
{{!}} width="484" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes requirements for biomedical research, terms and conditions of processing of human biological samples and managing personal health information for the purposes of biomedical research and activities of biobanks, terms and conditions of issuance of approvals to conduct biomedical research, supervision of conducting of biomedical research and liability of sponsors of biomedical research and investigators for damage resulting from the subject’s health impairment or death.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/rs/legalact/TAD/TAIS.296798/format/ISO_PDF/ Pharmaceutical Law (2006, last amended in 2017)]
{{!}} width="484" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates pharmaceutical and other activity related to medicinal investigational products, veterinary pharmaceuticals, active and other medicinal substances as well as medicinal purpose products, veterinary pharmaceutical activity and also state management and control of the activity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/rs/legalact/TAD/TAIS.39603/ Republic of Lithuania Law on Dental Care (Assistance)]
{{!}} width="484" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the right to engage in practice of doctor of dentistry, dental technician, oral hygienist and dental assistant professions, the procedure and control of performance of dental care (rendering of assistance), obligations and rights of dentists and dentist specialists, state regulation measures and grounds of liability.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://vaspvt.gov.lt/files/EN/THE%20LAW%20ON%20NURSING%20PRACTICE%20AND%20MIDWIFERY%20PRACTICE.pdf The Law on Nursing Practice and Midwifery Practice of the Republic of Lithuania]
{{!}} width="484" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes the acquisition of professional qualification of the nurses responsible for general care and midwives, their practice conditions, rights, duties, and responsibilities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/81a7b822444a11e68f45bcf65e0a17ee Republic of Lithuania Law on Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="484" valign="top"{{!}}Establishes state regulation of higher education and research, principles of quality assurance in higher education and research, legal basis of establishment, termination and restructuring of higher education and research institutions, awarding and recognition of higher education qualifications and scientific degrees, management of higher education and research institutions, organization and supervision of their activities, rights and duties of the academic staff, research staff and students of higher education and research institutions, funding of higher education and research, principles of management, use and disposal of the assets of state higher education institutions.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/5f13b560b2b511e59010bea026bdb259?jfwid=9tq147ogj Republic of Lithuania Law on Copyright and Related Rights]
{{!}} width="484" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates copyright in literary, scientific, and artistic works (copyright), the rights of performers, producers of phonograms, broadcasting organisations and producers of the first fixation of an audio-visual work (film) (related rights), the rights of makers of databases (sui generis rights), exercise, collective administration, and enforcement of copyright and related rights, as well as the exercise and enforcement of sui generis rights.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://europam.eu/data/mechanisms/PF/PF%20Laws/Lithuania/Lithuania_Code%20of%20administrative%20offences_1985_amended2016_eng.pdf The Republic of Lithuania Code of Administrative Offences]
{{!}} width="484" valign="top"{{!}}Protects the Republic of Lithuania social order, property, social, economic, political, and individual citizens' rights, and freedoms, as well as companies, institutions and organizations rights and legitimate interests of the established order of administration, the state and public order. It also focuses on contract cheating.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

No consistent training for all academia in this regard is provided; however, research ethics/integrity is encouraged to be taught for all doctoral students due to amended national regulation on doctoral studies (16). In addition to this, only a few initiatives are known. For example, Vilnius University offers General Competence Skills Training. The part of the training considers publication of scientific results and publication ethics as part of it (17). There was also an annual international conference ‘Shaping Ethics in Academia and Society’, organised during the period of 2016-2018, that served as an open arena for informal education of academia (18). Furthermore, the Office of the Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures annually delivers customized training.

RI dialogue and communication

The National Bioethics committee is responsible for coordination and methodological assistance to Hospital Ethics Committees and to Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committees (7). The Committee organises annual meetings with regional ethics committees to discuss current issues regarding academic ethics and ethics in science in Lithuania (7).

The Ombudsperson for Academic Ethics and Procedures organises twice per year a meeting with Committees of Academic Ethics to discuss their concerns and issues, e.g., while handling allegations within their higher education institutions, implementing the Office’s/Ombudsperson’s recommendations and guidelines (19).

Trust in Lithuanian public institutions is low due to corruptive practices. However, there is no evidence how the public perceives research integrity and whether they (mis)trust in science (20). Nevertheless, academia’s knowledge on research ethics is yet to be developed (21).

Within the period of 2013-2017, the news portal [http://www.delfi.lt/ www.delfi.lt] published around 40 press articles about ethical infringements. Regarding (self-)plagiarism, authorship, contract cheating, fraud and conflict of interest.

RI incentives

The Ministry of Education and Science has signed 15 agreements with Lithuanian associations, companies, various institutions and higher education institutions to support student internship model in companies and institutions. In order to encourage companies to employ (more) scientists, the Ministry of Higher Education and Science in 2010 allocated EUR 17.4 million to support employment in enterprises (22).

Lithuania also offers Income Tax Relief for Investing in research and development (23). There is also Baltic Bonus - a scheme created to promote cooperation between the three Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) to participate in joint projects of Horizon 2020 (24).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vu.lt/mokslas/tyrejo-karjera-vu/mokymai-tyrejams General competence skills training]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://norric.org/nordbalt/lithuania/ Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education (SKVC)]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.lma.lt/prizes-and-scholarships The Lithuanian Academy of Science awards]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lb.lt/en/bank-of-lithuania-awards-for-scientific-activities Bank of Lithuania awards for scientific activities]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="342" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lrp.lt/en/media-center/photos/21462/presentation-of-awards-to-winners-of-the-best-dissertation-2011-competition-organized-by-the-lithuanian-society-of-young-researchers/a843 Best PhD thesis awards by Lithuanian Society of Young Researchers]
{{!}} width="409" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:Db983ac5-8f74-4fbf-9579-25947c22b16c

2021-10-21T21:22:45Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Ireland
|Has Location=Ireland
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 37,310 full-time researchers in Ireland in 2019 <ref>Eurostat. R&D personnel by sector of performance, professional position and sex. Last update 2021 March 10. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/rd_p_persocc/default/table?lang=en</ref>. Ireland has 8 universities, 2 technological universities 3 colleges and 9 institutes of technology <ref>HEA Higher Education Authority. Higher Education Institutions. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://hea.ie/higher-education-institutions/?v=l</ref>. In 2019, Technological University Dublin was established by merging 3 institutes of technology <ref>HEA Higher Education Authority. Higher Education Institutions. TU Dublin. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://hea.ie/higher-education-institutions/tu-dublin/</ref>. Similarly, Munster Technological University was established in 2021 by merging 2 institutes of technology. Other institutes of technology are planning to merge in the coming years <ref>HEA Higher Education Authority. New Technological Universities will be created under the reforms set out in Ireland’s National Strategy for Higher Education. [cited 2021 May 20]. Available from: https://hea.ie/policy/he-reform/technological-universities/</ref>. Ireland also has 8 Technology Centres <ref>Enterprise Ireland. Research & Innovation. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://www.enterprise-ireland.com/en/research-innovation/companies/collaborate-with-companies-research-institutes/technology-centres.html</ref>; 7 of these are located within the higher education institutions.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City/Town'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dcu.ie/ Dublin City University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucc.ie/en/ University College Cork]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Cork
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nuigalway.ie/ National University of Ireland Galway]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Galway
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/ Maynooth University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Maynooth
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tcd.ie/ Trinity College Dublin]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucd.ie/ University College Dublin]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ul.ie/ University of Limerick]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Limerick
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tudublin.ie/ Technological University Dublin]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mtu.ie/ Munster Technological University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Cork and Tralee
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rcsi.com/dublin Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Institutes of Technology'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ait.ie/ Athlone Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Athlone
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dkit.ie/ Dundalk Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dundalk
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://iadt.ie/ Dun Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dun Laoghaire
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.gmit.ie/ Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Five campuses across counties Galway and Mayo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.itcarlow.ie/ Institute of Technology Carlow]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Carlow
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.itsligo.ie/ Institute of Technology Sligo]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Sligo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lit.ie/ Limerick Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Limerick
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lyit.ie/ Letterkenny Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Letterkenny
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wit.ie/ Waterford Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Waterford
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Colleges'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.stangelas.nuigalway.ie/ St. Angela’s College]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Sligo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ncad.ie/ National College of Art & Design]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mic.ul.ie/ Mary Immaculate College]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Limerick
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €4.027 million, which comprises 1.13 % of the country’s GDP. Most funding was spent in the business sector (75%), higher education (20.73%) and government sector (4.29%) <ref>Government of Ireland. The Research and Development Budget (R&D) 2019-2020. Government Budget Allocations for R&D. [cited 2021 May 11]. Available from: <nowiki>https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/Publications/Publication-files/The-R-D-Budget-2019-2020.pdf</nowiki></ref>.

Ireland had 2008 grants receiving €1.12 billion funding from H2020 (6). It also had 111 ERC signed grants receiving €154.7 million from H2020 <ref>H2020 Projects. [cited 2021 April 27]. Available from:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref>.
|Research Strategy=The Irish Government launched the five-year strategy on research and development, science and technology, entitled Innovation 2020. The Strategy’s vision is for Ireland to become a Global Innovation Leader with a sustainable, high employment economy and “a better society enjoying a good quality of life” <ref>Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment. Innovation 2020. 2015 Dec 8. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://enterprise.gov.ie/Djei/en/Publications/Innovation-2020.html</ref>. The focus is on innovation as a focal point in driving productivity growth and encouraging competitiveness.
|Research Governance=Ireland has two national bodies for research ethics and research integrity – the National Forum on Research Integrity <ref name=":0">IUA Irish Universities Association. Research Integrity. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://www.iua.ie/for-researchers/research-integrity/</ref> and the National Office for Research Ethics Committees <ref>National Office for Research Ethics Committees [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from:

[http://www.bioethics.gov.cy/Moh/cnbc/cnbc.nsf/All/E67706820F4D0CDDC2257CB7003814B2/$file/Bioethics%20and%20Research%20Landscape%20in%20Ireland_Mr%20Ivory.pdf https://www.nrecoffice.ie]</ref>. The National Forum on Research Integrity, established in June 2015, is coordinated by the Irish Universities Association (IUA) and the Technological Higher Education Association (THEA). One of its goals is to support the implementation of research integrity policies. To that end, it has released a National [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/IUA_Research_Integrity_in_Ireland_Report_2019.pdf Policy Statement on Ensuring Research Integrity in Ireland], revised in 2019 to align with the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity <ref>National Research Integrity Forum (2019). Policy Statement on Ensuring Research Integrity in Ireland. [cited 2021 April 27]. Available from: https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/IUA_Research_Integrity_in_Ireland_Report_2019.pdf</ref>. It has also developed guidelines for HEIs on improving their research integrity processes and will publish a Framework for ensuring Research Integrity in Collaborative Agreements in 2021. The National Research Integrity Forum has a broad membership, including representation from all publicly funded higher education institutions, government research institutions, research funders and the state agencies responsible for quality and regulation of the higher education system <ref>Eurec. National information: Ireland. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/information/ireland.html</ref>. While the Health Research Board (HRB), one of the members of the National Forum, was the first to develop policies and guidelines for the promotion of research integrity, all funding agency members now have these in place. In addition, the Higher Education Authority, who provide core funding and governance oversight for the higher education sector in Ireland issued its own principles of good research practice for the HE Sector in 2020 <ref>Higher Education Authority (2020) HEA Principles of Good Practice in Research within Irish Higher Education Institutions. [cited 2021 May 11]. Available from: https://hea.ie/assets/uploads/2017/04/HEA-Principles-of-Good-Practice-in-Research-in-Irish-HEIs-2020.pdf</ref>.

There are numerous research ethics committees in higher education institutions and hospitals/healthcare settings of which 12, based in hospitals, were recognised by the Department of Health for the purpose of providing ethics approval for regulated clinical trials <ref>European Medicines Agency (2021) Clinical Trial Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 536/2014. [Cited 2021 May 11]. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/clinical-trials/clinical-trial-regulation</ref>. However, with the advent of the National Research Ethics Committees, approval for multicentre regulated clinical trials, and trials involving medical devices will in future be provided centrally through the relevant National Research Ethics Committee <ref>Nation Office for Research Ethics Committees. [cited 2021 May 11]. Available from: https://www.nrecoffice.ie/committees/</ref>. The National Office for Research Ethics Committees is an important new addition to the research environment in Ireland. While they dealt exclusively with Covid-19 projects in 2020, in 2021 and beyond they will establish National Research Ethics Committees (NRECs) in prescribed areas of multi-site health research and absorb the currently recognised committees.

In addition, there are many research ethics committees in universities and other research institutions that provide approval for non-regulated healthcare interventions and experimentation involving human subjects and tissue, and animals. It is hoped that, in the case of multicentre research studies requiring this type of ethics approval, the development of future committees by the NREC will harmonise and centralise this activity to some extent.

When it comes to handling allegations of research misconduct, the National Forum has established guidelines for their members to make uniform their policies and practices. [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Guidelines-for-RI-investigations-FINAL-17-08-16-1.pdf The Guidelines for the Investigation of Misconduct in Research] do not oblige adoption of a single standardised procedure but provide principles and guidelines. According to these guidelines, allegations of misconduct should be sent to the Research Integrity Officer (RIO) anonymously and backed up by any available evidence. Then, the research institution where the researcher is employed or is a registered research student performs the investigation. The National Forum also collects and publishes data on misconduct investigations in member organisations on an annual basis <ref name=":0" />.

The Protected Disclosures Act 2014 aims to protect people who raise concerns about possible wrongdoing in the workplace (including, but not limited to, research misconduct). The Act, which came into effect on 15 July 2014, is often called the whistleblower legislation. It provides for redress for employees who are dismissed or otherwise penalised for having reported possible wrongdoing in the workplace <ref>Protected Disclosures Act 2014. [cited 2021 April 16]. Available from: http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/14/enacted/en/html</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/National-Policy-Statement-on-Ensuring-Research-Integrity-in-Ireland-2014.pdf The National Forum on Research Integrity]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to support the implementation of research integrity policies, including training, and to ensure alignment with international and best practices for research integrity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}

[https://www.nrecoffice.ie/ The National Office for Research Ethics Committees]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Working alongside local research ethics committees and supported by the National Office team, the NRECs will work in a mixed-model system to support research ethics across the spectrum of health research in Ireland.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Ireland.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1997/act/24/enacted/en/html?q=Universities Universities Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Sets out the objects and functions of the University, the structure and role of the Governing Authority, staffing arrangements, composition and role of the Academic Council and settings related to property, finance and reporting.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2006/act/25/enacted/en/html?q=institutes+of+technology Institutes of Technology Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Sets out the objects and functions of Institutes of Technology, the structure and role of the governing bodies, staffing arrangements, composition and role of the Academic Council and settings related to property, finance and reporting.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/3/enacted/en/html Technological Universities Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Allows for the merges of two or more Institutes of technology to create a new Technological University.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/30/section/6/enacted/en/html#part2 Freedom of Information Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Gives each individual legal rights to access both personal and non-personal (corporate) records, to have personal records amended or deleted where the information is incorrect or misleading and the right to seek reasons for decisions that affect them.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/7/enacted/en/html?q=data+protection+act Data Protection Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Confers rights on individuals in relation to the privacy of their personal data as well as responsibilities on those persons holding and processing such data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.hpra.ie/homepage/medicines/regulatory-information/clinical-trials/clinical-trial-regulation-(regulation-(eu)-no-536-2014) Clinical Trial Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 536/2014)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the clinical trials on medicinal products for human use.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2007/si/539/made/en/print Medicinal Products (Control of Manufacture) Regulations]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulatory framework for medicinal products in Ireland.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/si/314/made/en/pdf Data Protection Act 2018]

[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/si/314/made/en/pdf (Section 36(2)) (Health Research) Regulations 2018]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulatory framework for processing or further processing personal data for the purposes of health research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/14/enacted/en/html The Protected Disclosures Act 2014]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to protect people who raise concerns about possible wrongdoing in the workplace. This Act is also known as the whistleblower legislation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

The National Forum has prepared several position papers and guideline documents to assist research institutions:

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Research-Integrity-Officer-Role-Reporting-Structure-FINAL-April-2016-1.pdf Research Integrity Officer Role and Reporting Structure]

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Research-Ethics-Integrity-FINAL-April-2016-1.pdf Interface between Research Integrity and Research Ethics]

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Guidelines-for-RI-investigations-FINAL-17-08-16-1.pdf Guidelines for the Investigation of Misconduct in Research]

Since January 2018, online research integrity training (commercial product) is available to researchers at every publicly funded higher education institution and government research institution in Ireland. The National Forum on Research Integrity has put this training in place <ref>IUA Irish Universities Association. Research Integrity. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://www.iua.ie/for-researchers/research-integrity/</ref>, initially for a three-year pilot which provided access to research integrity training for up to 15,000 researchers. The Forum has recently made arrangements to continue access to the training for a further three years (2021-2023), but now without limits on the number of researchers who can complete the training. The training has been fully updated to take into account the Irish context, and individual institutions can add details of their own policies and procedures if required.

RI dialogue and communication

Research integrity is discussed in the lay press. The print media has given coverage to research integrity in the past number of years, both the positive and the negative <ref>O'Connell C. Promoting integrity in science research. The Irish Times. 2009 Sep 18. [cited 2021 April 16]. Available from: https://www.irishtimes.com/business/promoting-integrity-in-science-research-1.740363</ref><ref>Network for Irish Educational Standards. Irish Science Ethics: Poachers and Gamekeepers. 2014 June 19. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from:

https://educationalstandards.wordpress.com/2014/06/19/irish-science-ethics-poachers-and-gamekeepers/</ref><ref>Geoghegan P. Irish-funded scientist under investigation over his research. The Irish Times. 2016 Aug 29. [cited 2021 April 16]. Available from:

https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/irish-funded-scientist-under-investigation-over-his-research-1.2771359</ref>. In 2020, Science Foundation Ireland made a report “Science in Ireland Barometer”, an analysis of the Irish public’s perceptions and awareness of STEM in society. According to the report, majority of the Irish public showed high level of trust in “science” (89%) and “scientists” (81%). The public had the strongest level of trust in “medical health professionals” (87%) and “scientists” (84%) compared to other Irish professionals <ref>Science Foundation Ireland. SFI Science in Ireland Barometer 2020. Research Report. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://www.sfi.ie/research-news/publications/SFI-Science-in-Ireland-Barometer-2020-Research-Report.pdf</ref>.

RI incentives

There are some programmes where researchers are encouraged to link their research with industry <ref>Science Foundation Ireland. Schemes for Industry. [cited 2021 May 15]. Available from https://www.sfi.ie/funding/industry-collaboration/</ref><ref>Enterprise Ireland. Research and Innovation Funding. [cited 2021 May 15]. Available from https://www.enterprise-ireland.com/en/Research-Innovation/</ref><ref>Irish Research Council. Enterprise Partnership Scheme (Postgraduate). [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: http://research.ie/funding/eps-postgrad/</ref><ref>Enterprise Ireland. Funding Supports. [cited 2021 April 26]. Available from: https://www.enterprise-ireland.com/en/funding-supports/company/esetablish-sme-funding/innovation-partnerships.html</ref>. Some organisations in Ireland provide awards for researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.iua.ie/for-researchers/research-integrity/ The National Forum for Research Integrity Training]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.qqi.ie/ Quality and Qualifications Ireland]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://research.ie/what-we-do/researcher-of-the-year-awards/ Irish Research Council Researcher of the Year Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sfi.ie/research-news/news/science-irish-research/ Science Foundation Ireland Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:Db983ac5-8f74-4fbf-9579-25947c22b16c

2021-10-21T21:06:32Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Ireland
|Has Location=Ireland
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 37,310 full-time researchers in Ireland in 2019 (1). Ireland has 8 universities, 2 technological universities 3 colleges and 9 institutes of technology (2). In 2019, Technological University Dublin was established by merging 3 institutes of technology (3). Similarly, Munster Technological University was established in 2021 by merging 2 institutes of technology. Other institutes of technology are planning to merge in the coming years (4). Ireland also has 8 Technology Centres (5); 7 of these are located within the higher education institutions.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}'''City/Town'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.dcu.ie/ Dublin City University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ucc.ie/en/ University College Cork]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Cork
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[http://www.nuigalway.ie/ National University of Ireland Galway]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Galway
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/ Maynooth University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Maynooth
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tcd.ie/ Trinity College Dublin]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ucd.ie/ University College Dublin]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ul.ie/ University of Limerick]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Limerick
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tudublin.ie/ Technological University Dublin]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.mtu.ie/ Munster Technological University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Cork and Tralee
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.rcsi.com/dublin Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''Institutes of Technology'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ait.ie/ Athlone Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Athlone
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.dkit.ie/ Dundalk Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Dundalk
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://iadt.ie/ Dun Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Dun Laoghaire
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.gmit.ie/ Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Five campuses across counties Galway and Mayo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.itcarlow.ie/ Institute of Technology Carlow]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Carlow
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.itsligo.ie/ Institute of Technology Sligo]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Sligo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://lit.ie/ Limerick Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Limerick
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.lyit.ie/ Letterkenny Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Letterkenny
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.wit.ie/ Waterford Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Waterford
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''Colleges'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[http://www.stangelas.nuigalway.ie/ St. Angela’s College]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Sligo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ncad.ie/ National College of Art & Design]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.mic.ul.ie/ Mary Immaculate College]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Limerick
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €4.027 million, which comprises 1.13 % of the country’s GDP. Most funding was spent in the business sector (75%), higher education (20.73%) and government sector (4.29%) (6).

Ireland had 2008 grants receiving €1.12 billion funding from H2020 (6). It also had 111 ERC signed grants receiving €154.7 million from H2020 (7).
|Research Strategy=The Irish Government launched the five-year strategy on research and development, science and technology, entitled Innovation 2020. The Strategy’s vision is for Ireland to become a Global Innovation Leader with a sustainable, high employment economy and “a better society enjoying a good quality of life” (8). The focus is on innovation as a focal point in driving productivity growth and encouraging competitiveness.
|Research Governance=Ireland has two national bodies for research ethics and research integrity – the National Forum on Research Integrity (9) and the National Office for Research Ethics Committees (10). The National Forum on Research Integrity, established in June 2015, is coordinated by the Irish Universities Association (IUA) and the Technological Higher Education Association (THEA). One of its goals is to support the implementation of research integrity policies. To that end, it has released a National [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/IUA_Research_Integrity_in_Ireland_Report_2019.pdf Policy Statement on Ensuring Research Integrity in Ireland], revised in 2019 to align with the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (11). It has also developed guidelines for HEIs on improving their research integrity processes and will publish a Framework for ensuring Research Integrity in Collaborative Agreements in 2021. The National Research Integrity Forum has a broad membership, including representation from all publicly funded higher education institutions, government research institutions, research funders and the state agencies responsible for quality and regulation of the higher education system (12). While the Health Research Board (HRB), one of the members of the National Forum, was the first to develop policies and guidelines for the promotion of research integrity, all funding agency members now have these in place. In addition, the Higher Education Authority, who provide core funding and governance oversight for the higher education sector in Ireland issued its own principles of good research practice for the HE Sector in 2020 (13).

There are numerous research ethics committees in higher education institutions and hospitals/healthcare settings of which 12, based in hospitals, were recognised by the Department of Health for the purpose of providing ethics approval for regulated clinical trials (14). However, with the advent of the National Research Ethics Committees, approval for multicentre regulated clinical trials, and trials involving medical devices will in future be provided centrally through the relevant National Research Ethics Committee (15). The National Office for Research Ethics Committees is an important new addition to the research environment in Ireland. While they dealt exclusively with Covid-19 projects in 2020, in 2021 and beyond they will establish National Research Ethics Committees (NRECs) in prescribed areas of multi-site health research and absorb the currently recognised committees.

In addition, there are many research ethics committees in universities and other research institutions that provide approval for non-regulated healthcare interventions and experimentation involving human subjects and tissue, and animals. It is hoped that, in the case of multicentre research studies requiring this type of ethics approval, the development of future committees by the NREC will harmonise and centralise this activity to some extent.

When it comes to handling allegations of research misconduct, the National Forum has established guidelines for their members to make uniform their policies and practices. [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Guidelines-for-RI-investigations-FINAL-17-08-16-1.pdf The Guidelines for the Investigation of Misconduct in Research] do not oblige adoption of a single standardised procedure but provide principles and guidelines. According to these guidelines, allegations of misconduct should be sent to the Research Integrity Officer (RIO) anonymously and backed up by any available evidence. Then, the research institution where the researcher is employed or is a registered research student performs the investigation. The National Forum also collects and publishes data on misconduct investigations in member organisations on an annual basis (9).

The Protected Disclosures Act 2014 aims to protect people who raise concerns about possible wrongdoing in the workplace (including, but not limited to, research misconduct). The Act, which came into effect on 15 July 2014, is often called the whistleblower legislation. It provides for redress for employees who are dismissed or otherwise penalised for having reported possible wrongdoing in the workplace (16).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/National-Policy-Statement-on-Ensuring-Research-Integrity-in-Ireland-2014.pdf The National Forum on Research Integrity]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to support the implementation of research integrity policies, including training, and to ensure alignment with international and best practices for research integrity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}

[https://www.nrecoffice.ie/ The National Office for Research Ethics Committees]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Working alongside local research ethics committees and supported by the National Office team, the NRECs will work in a mixed-model system to support research ethics across the spectrum of health research in Ireland.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Ireland.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1997/act/24/enacted/en/html?q=Universities Universities Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Sets out the objects and functions of the University, the structure and role of the Governing Authority, staffing arrangements, composition and role of the Academic Council and settings related to property, finance and reporting.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2006/act/25/enacted/en/html?q=institutes+of+technology Institutes of Technology Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Sets out the objects and functions of Institutes of Technology, the structure and role of the governing bodies, staffing arrangements, composition and role of the Academic Council and settings related to property, finance and reporting.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/3/enacted/en/html Technological Universities Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Allows for the merges of two or more Institutes of technology to create a new Technological University.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/30/section/6/enacted/en/html#part2 Freedom of Information Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Gives each individual legal rights to access both personal and non-personal (corporate) records, to have personal records amended or deleted where the information is incorrect or misleading and the right to seek reasons for decisions that affect them.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/7/enacted/en/html?q=data+protection+act Data Protection Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Confers rights on individuals in relation to the privacy of their personal data as well as responsibilities on those persons holding and processing such data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.hpra.ie/homepage/medicines/regulatory-information/clinical-trials/clinical-trial-regulation-(regulation-(eu)-no-536-2014) Clinical Trial Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 536/2014)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the clinical trials on medicinal products for human use.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2007/si/539/made/en/print Medicinal Products (Control of Manufacture) Regulations]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulatory framework for medicinal products in Ireland.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/si/314/made/en/pdf Data Protection Act 2018]

[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/si/314/made/en/pdf (Section 36(2)) (Health Research) Regulations 2018]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulatory framework for processing or further processing personal data for the purposes of health research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/14/enacted/en/html The Protected Disclosures Act 2014]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to protect people who raise concerns about possible wrongdoing in the workplace. This Act is also known as the whistleblower legislation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

The National Forum has prepared several position papers and guideline documents to assist research institutions:

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Research-Integrity-Officer-Role-Reporting-Structure-FINAL-April-2016-1.pdf Research Integrity Officer Role and Reporting Structure]

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Research-Ethics-Integrity-FINAL-April-2016-1.pdf Interface between Research Integrity and Research Ethics]

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Guidelines-for-RI-investigations-FINAL-17-08-16-1.pdf Guidelines for the Investigation of Misconduct in Research]

Since January 2018, online research integrity training (commercial product) is available to researchers at every publicly funded higher education institution and government research institution in Ireland. The National Forum on Research Integrity has put this training in place (9), initially for a three-year pilot which provided access to research integrity training for up to 15,000 researchers. The Forum has recently made arrangements to continue access to the training for a further three years (2021-2023), but now without limits on the number of researchers who can complete the training. The training has been fully updated to take into account the Irish context, and individual institutions can add details of their own policies and procedures if required.

RI dialogue and communication

Research integrity is discussed in the lay press. The print media has given coverage to research integrity in the past number of years, both the positive and the negative (17, 18, 19). In 2020, Science Foundation Ireland made a report “Science in Ireland Barometer”, an analysis of the Irish public’s perceptions and awareness of STEM in society. According to the report, majority of the Irish public showed high level of trust in “science” (89%) and “scientists” (81%). The public had the strongest level of trust in “medical health professionals” (87%) and “scientists” (84%) compared to other Irish professionals (20).

RI incentives

There are some programmes where researchers are encouraged to link their research with industry (21, 22, 23, 24). Some organisations in Ireland provide awards for researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.iua.ie/for-researchers/research-integrity/ The National Forum for Research Integrity Training]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.qqi.ie/ Quality and Qualifications Ireland]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://research.ie/what-we-do/researcher-of-the-year-awards/ Irish Research Council Researcher of the Year Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sfi.ie/research-news/news/science-irish-research/ Science Foundation Ireland Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:Db983ac5-8f74-4fbf-9579-25947c22b16c

2021-10-21T21:00:13Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Ireland
|Has Location=Ireland
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 37,310 full-time researchers in Ireland in 2019 (1). Ireland has 8 universities, 2 technological universities 3 colleges and 9 institutes of technology (2). In 2019, Technological University Dublin was established by merging 3 institutes of technology (3). Similarly, Munster Technological University was established in 2021 by merging 2 institutes of technology. Other institutes of technology are planning to merge in the coming years (4). Ireland also has 8 Technology Centres (5); 7 of these are located within the higher education institutions.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="756"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}'''City/Town'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dcu.ie/ Dublin City University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucc.ie/en/ University College Cork]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Cork
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nuigalway.ie/ National University of Ireland Galway]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Galway
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/ Maynooth University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Maynooth
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tcd.ie/ Trinity College Dublin]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ucd.ie/ University College Dublin]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ul.ie/ University of Limerick]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Limerick
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tudublin.ie/ Technological University Dublin]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mtu.ie/ Munster Technological University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Cork and Tralee
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rcsi.com/dublin Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Institutes of Technology'''
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ait.ie/ Athlone Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Athlone
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dkit.ie/ Dundalk Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Dundalk
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://iadt.ie/ Dun Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Dun Laoghaire
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.gmit.ie/ Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Five campuses across counties Galway and Mayo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.itcarlow.ie/ Institute of Technology Carlow]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Carlow
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.itsligo.ie/ Institute of Technology Sligo]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Sligo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://lit.ie/ Limerick Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Limerick
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lyit.ie/ Letterkenny Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Letterkenny
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wit.ie/ Waterford Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Waterford
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Colleges'''
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.stangelas.nuigalway.ie/ St. Angela’s College]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Sligo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ncad.ie/ National College of Art & Design]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Dublin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mic.ul.ie/ Mary Immaculate College]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Limerick
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €4.027 million, which comprises 1.13 % of the country’s GDP. Most funding was spent in the business sector (75%), higher education (20.73%) and government sector (4.29%) (6).

Ireland had 2008 grants receiving €1.12 billion funding from H2020 (6). It also had 111 ERC signed grants receiving €154.7 million from H2020 (7).
|Research Strategy=The Irish Government launched the five-year strategy on research and development, science and technology, entitled Innovation 2020. The Strategy’s vision is for Ireland to become a Global Innovation Leader with a sustainable, high employment economy and “a better society enjoying a good quality of life” (8). The focus is on innovation as a focal point in driving productivity growth and encouraging competitiveness.
|Research Governance=Ireland has two national bodies for research ethics and research integrity – the National Forum on Research Integrity (9) and the National Office for Research Ethics Committees (10). The National Forum on Research Integrity, established in June 2015, is coordinated by the Irish Universities Association (IUA) and the Technological Higher Education Association (THEA). One of its goals is to support the implementation of research integrity policies. To that end, it has released a National [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/IUA_Research_Integrity_in_Ireland_Report_2019.pdf Policy Statement on Ensuring Research Integrity in Ireland], revised in 2019 to align with the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (11). It has also developed guidelines for HEIs on improving their research integrity processes and will publish a Framework for ensuring Research Integrity in Collaborative Agreements in 2021. The National Research Integrity Forum has a broad membership, including representation from all publicly funded higher education institutions, government research institutions, research funders and the state agencies responsible for quality and regulation of the higher education system (12). While the Health Research Board (HRB), one of the members of the National Forum, was the first to develop policies and guidelines for the promotion of research integrity, all funding agency members now have these in place. In addition, the Higher Education Authority, who provide core funding and governance oversight for the higher education sector in Ireland issued its own principles of good research practice for the HE Sector in 2020 (13).

There are numerous research ethics committees in higher education institutions and hospitals/healthcare settings of which 12, based in hospitals, were recognised by the Department of Health for the purpose of providing ethics approval for regulated clinical trials (14). However, with the advent of the National Research Ethics Committees, approval for multicentre regulated clinical trials, and trials involving medical devices will in future be provided centrally through the relevant National Research Ethics Committee (15). The National Office for Research Ethics Committees is an important new addition to the research environment in Ireland. While they dealt exclusively with Covid-19 projects in 2020, in 2021 and beyond they will establish National Research Ethics Committees (NRECs) in prescribed areas of multi-site health research and absorb the currently recognised committees.

In addition, there are many research ethics committees in universities and other research institutions that provide approval for non-regulated healthcare interventions and experimentation involving human subjects and tissue, and animals. It is hoped that, in the case of multicentre research studies requiring this type of ethics approval, the development of future committees by the NREC will harmonise and centralise this activity to some extent.

When it comes to handling allegations of research misconduct, the National Forum has established guidelines for their members to make uniform their policies and practices. [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Guidelines-for-RI-investigations-FINAL-17-08-16-1.pdf The Guidelines for the Investigation of Misconduct in Research] do not oblige adoption of a single standardised procedure but provide principles and guidelines. According to these guidelines, allegations of misconduct should be sent to the Research Integrity Officer (RIO) anonymously and backed up by any available evidence. Then, the research institution where the researcher is employed or is a registered research student performs the investigation. The National Forum also collects and publishes data on misconduct investigations in member organisations on an annual basis (9).

The Protected Disclosures Act 2014 aims to protect people who raise concerns about possible wrongdoing in the workplace (including, but not limited to, research misconduct). The Act, which came into effect on 15 July 2014, is often called the whistleblower legislation. It provides for redress for employees who are dismissed or otherwise penalised for having reported possible wrongdoing in the workplace (16).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/National-Policy-Statement-on-Ensuring-Research-Integrity-in-Ireland-2014.pdf The National Forum on Research Integrity]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to support the implementation of research integrity policies, including training, and to ensure alignment with international and best practices for research integrity.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}

[https://www.nrecoffice.ie/ The National Office for Research Ethics Committees]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Working alongside local research ethics committees and supported by the National Office team, the NRECs will work in a mixed-model system to support research ethics across the spectrum of health research in Ireland.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Ireland.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1997/act/24/enacted/en/html?q=Universities Universities Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Sets out the objects and functions of the University, the structure and role of the Governing Authority, staffing arrangements, composition and role of the Academic Council and settings related to property, finance and reporting.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2006/act/25/enacted/en/html?q=institutes+of+technology Institutes of Technology Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Sets out the objects and functions of Institutes of Technology, the structure and role of the governing bodies, staffing arrangements, composition and role of the Academic Council and settings related to property, finance and reporting.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/3/enacted/en/html Technological Universities Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Allows for the merges of two or more Institutes of technology to create a new Technological University.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/30/section/6/enacted/en/html#part2 Freedom of Information Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Gives each individual legal rights to access both personal and non-personal (corporate) records, to have personal records amended or deleted where the information is incorrect or misleading and the right to seek reasons for decisions that affect them.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/7/enacted/en/html?q=data+protection+act Data Protection Act]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Confers rights on individuals in relation to the privacy of their personal data as well as responsibilities on those persons holding and processing such data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.hpra.ie/homepage/medicines/regulatory-information/clinical-trials/clinical-trial-regulation-(regulation-(eu)-no-536-2014) Clinical Trial Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 536/2014)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the clinical trials on medicinal products for human use.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2007/si/539/made/en/print Medicinal Products (Control of Manufacture) Regulations]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulatory framework for medicinal products in Ireland.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/si/314/made/en/pdf Data Protection Act 2018]

[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/si/314/made/en/pdf (Section 36(2)) (Health Research) Regulations 2018]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides regulatory framework for processing or further processing personal data for the purposes of health research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/14/enacted/en/html The Protected Disclosures Act 2014]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to protect people who raise concerns about possible wrongdoing in the workplace. This Act is also known as the whistleblower legislation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

The National Forum has prepared several position papers and guideline documents to assist research institutions:

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Research-Integrity-Officer-Role-Reporting-Structure-FINAL-April-2016-1.pdf Research Integrity Officer Role and Reporting Structure]

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Research-Ethics-Integrity-FINAL-April-2016-1.pdf Interface between Research Integrity and Research Ethics]

- [https://www.iua.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Guidelines-for-RI-investigations-FINAL-17-08-16-1.pdf Guidelines for the Investigation of Misconduct in Research]

Since January 2018, online research integrity training (commercial product) is available to researchers at every publicly funded higher education institution and government research institution in Ireland. The National Forum on Research Integrity has put this training in place (9), initially for a three-year pilot which provided access to research integrity training for up to 15,000 researchers. The Forum has recently made arrangements to continue access to the training for a further three years (2021-2023), but now without limits on the number of researchers who can complete the training. The training has been fully updated to take into account the Irish context, and individual institutions can add details of their own policies and procedures if required.

RI dialogue and communication

Research integrity is discussed in the lay press. The print media has given coverage to research integrity in the past number of years, both the positive and the negative (17, 18, 19). In 2020, Science Foundation Ireland made a report “Science in Ireland Barometer”, an analysis of the Irish public’s perceptions and awareness of STEM in society. According to the report, majority of the Irish public showed high level of trust in “science” (89%) and “scientists” (81%). The public had the strongest level of trust in “medical health professionals” (87%) and “scientists” (84%) compared to other Irish professionals (20).

RI incentives

There are some programmes where researchers are encouraged to link their research with industry (21, 22, 23, 24). Some organisations in Ireland provide awards for researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.iua.ie/for-researchers/research-integrity/ The National Forum for Research Integrity Training]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.qqi.ie/ Quality and Qualifications Ireland]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://research.ie/what-we-do/researcher-of-the-year-awards/ Irish Research Council Researcher of the Year Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sfi.ie/research-news/news/science-irish-research/ Science Foundation Ireland Awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:005904b0-5cb1-4bfa-865c-308af21258ad

2021-10-21T20:52:55Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Greece
|Has Location=Greece
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 40,084 full-time researchers in Greece in 2019 <ref>EKT National Documentation Centre.Research & Development Expenditures in 2019 in Greece rises to 1.27% of GDP. 2020 Dec 14. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://www.ekt.gr/en/news/25197</ref>. There are 24 universities. All the Higher Tertiary state-accredited universities and technological educational institutes in Greece are public <ref>D.O.A.T.A.P. – Hellenic NARIC. Accredited Higher Education Institutes. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:http://www.doatap.gr/en/rechei.php</ref>. There are also 40 public research centres including institutes and units that they are comprised of <ref>OpenAIRE. Greece. Last updated 2020 April 27. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:https://www.openaire.eu/os-greece</ref>. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!'''Organisation'''
!'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.asfa.gr/ Athens School of Fine Arts]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.auth.gr/ Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.ihu.gr/en/enhome International Hellenic University]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.ntua.gr/ National Technical University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.hmu.gr/en Hellenic Mediterranean University]
{{!}}Agios Nikolaos, Heraklion, Ierapetra, Rethymno, Sitia, Chania
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www2.aua.gr/en Agricultural University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoa.gr/ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uniwa.gr/en/ University of West Attica]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.upatras.gr/el University of Patras]
{{!}}Patras
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoc.gr/ University of Crete]
{{!}}Rethymnon
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.tuc.gr/index.php?id=5397 Technical University of Crete]
{{!}}Chania
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoi.gr/ University of Ioannina]
{{!}}Ioannina
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://duth.gr/ Democritus University of Thrace]
{{!}}Komotini
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.uth.gr/ University of Thessaly]
{{!}}Volos
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.aueb.gr/en Athens University of Economics and Business]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.panteion.gr/ Panteion University]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.unipi.gr/unipi/en/ University of Piraeus]
{{!}}Piraeus (Attica)
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uom.gr/en University of Macedonia]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uowm.gr/en/ University of Western Macedonia]
{{!}}Kozani
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uop.gr/en/ University of the Peloponnese]
{{!}}Tripoli
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.aegean.gr/ University of the Aegean]
{{!}}Mytilene
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://ionio.gr/en/ Ionian University]
{{!}}Corfu
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.hua.gr/ Harokopio University]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.eap.gr/ The Greek Open University]
{{!}}Patras
{{!}}}
 
|Research Funding=According to preliminary data, the gross expenditures on research and development were €2.336.58 million in 2019 <ref>Eurostat. GERD by sector of performance. Last updated 2021 March 10. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:

https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=rd_e_gerdtot&lang=en</ref><ref name=":0">H2020 Projects. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref>, which comprises 1.27% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":1">EKT National Documentation Centre.Research & Development Expenditures in 2019 in Greece rises to 1.27% of GDP. 2020 Dec 14. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://www.ekt.gr/en/news/25197</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (45.9%), higher education (30.7%), public sector (22.56%) and private non-profit organisations (0.84%) <ref name=":1" />.

Greece had 2706 grants receiving €1.55 billion funding from H2020 <ref name=":0" />. It also had 40 ERC signed grants receiving €44.21 million from H2020 <ref name=":0" />.
|Research Strategy=In 2013, General Secretariat for Research and Technology launched [http://www.gsrt.gr/Financing/Files/ProPeFiles19/Executive%20Summary-2015-09-17-v04.pdf National Research and Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialization 2014-2020]. The Strategy presented a SWOT analysis of the Greek RD&I system. Based on main challenges identified in the analysis, the main objective of the National Research & Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialization (RIS3) was a transformation of the productive sector through research, technological development and innovation while mitigating regional disparities and creating sustainable employment. Specific priorities were identified within these eight fields: Agrofood, Life Sciences & Health – Pharma, Information and Communication Technologies, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Transport and Logistics, Material – Construction, Culture – Tourism – Cultural & Creative Industries.
|Research Governance=There are two national bodies for research ethics and research integrity in Greece – the National Bioethics & Technoethics Committee (which replaced National Bioethics Commission), having consultative role, and the National Ethics Committee for Clinical Trials of the Ministry of Health at the National Organization for Medicines, the only relevant organisation with legal mandate in Greece <ref>Eurec European Network of Research Ethics Committees. National Information: Greece. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/greece.html</ref>. Apart from those, the National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes (NCPASC) was established in 2013 as an entity of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food and advisory body regarding matters related to research with animals <ref>NCPASC National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes. [cited 2021 April 23]. Available from: http://anilab.decentral.minagric.gr/index.php/en/</ref>.

Besides the national organisations, there are local institutional research ethics committees in all Universities and Research Centres with the task of dealing with issues of research integrity as well <ref name=":0">Enrio. Country Report Greece. Last updated 2019 May. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/greece/</ref>.

All Greek Universities must have a Deontology Committee (DC). DCs are manned by the Deans and the vice-Rector responsible for Academic Affairs, Student Care and Lifelong Education. Their responsibilities include drafting a Code of Conduct (CoC) for academic, administrative and research issues, safeguarding the application of the CoC and pinpoint research misconduct, preparing an annual report concerning the application of the CoC and suggest any needed additions and examining allegation of research misconduct coming from the institute's community. If such an allegation has a basis a report is sent to the Rector to proceed with a formal investigation <ref name=":0" />. From March 2018, a Research Ethics and Deontology Committee (REDC) is active in each RPO. Their main task is to apply ethical assessment in research proposals <ref name=":0" />. All Greek Research Performing Organisations must also have Research Ethics and Deontology Committee (REDC) <ref name=":0" />.

[http://139.91.151.169/index_main.php?c=46&l=e FORTH Ethics Committee (FEC)], created in 2005, is an advisory body for the research personnel of FORTH. FEC provides ethical review of research proposals submitted by the researchers.

There are also two networks regarding research integrity, which work on the promotion and training to help scientists comply with the highest standards of research ethics and research integrity <ref name=":0" />.

[http://earthnet.ntua.gr/description/?lang=en Ethical Aspects in Research and Technology for Human (EARTHnet)] is a leading network regarding RE+RI. The network works on raising awareness among Greek academic community on research ethics and research integrity issues, promotes the institutionalisation of a national code of conduct for research and the establishment of a national research ethics and research integrity committee.

[http://www.rcr.gr/index.php/en/ The Network of Responsible Conduct of Research in Greece (RCR-Greece)] was founded by researchers, professors, scientists and professionals to promote research integrity and for the purpose of education and training for scientists in the field of research integrity.

Greece does not have a national code of conduct for research integrity but most universities have developed their codes, together with the code of research ethics. One of the priorities of the EARTHnet is to promote the establishment of the national research ethics and research integrity committee and drafting the National Code of Conduct for Research <ref>Kavouras P, Koumoulos E, Foeger N, Lanzerath D, Kritikos M, Charitidis CA. EARTHnet: An initiative to promote a Research Integrity framework in Greece. 5th World Conference on Research Integrity. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://wcrif.org/images/2017/documents/1.%20Monday%20May%2029,%202017/5.%205A-00/P.%20Kavouras%20-%20EARTHnet;%20an%20initiative%20to%20promote%20a%20Research%20Integrity%20Framework%20in%20Greece.pdf</ref>. Ad-hoc committees or Research Performing Organisations, for example universities and research institutions, cope with cases of research misconduct. The procedures are described by the internal Code of Conduct of each institution <ref name=":0" />. The publication of cases of misconduct depends on each institution. For example, the Technological Educational Institute of Crete in its Code of Ethics states that sharing information with the community will be discussed in each case and then decided whether to publish information or not <ref>Tei of Crete Technological Educational Institute of Crete. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://www.teicrete.gr/el/tei/12624</ref>.

Greece does not have a law or a provision on whistleblower protection, so it is obliged to comply with the 2019 EU Directive to implement an ad-hoc legislation by the end of 2021 <ref>Ethicontrol. When does whistleblowing start in Greece? [cited 2021 April 14]. Available from: https://ethicontrol.com/en/blog/greece-whistleblower-law</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/en National Bioethics Commission]

[https://www.thenationalherald.com/greece_sciences/arthro/greece_establishes_a_national_bioethics_and_technoethics_committee-2214392/ (National Bioethics and Technoethics Committee)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates the ethical, social and legal aspects arising from research advances in biology, biotechnology, medicine genetics as well as those related to the development and social integration of new and emerging technologies. It also provides recommendations to the Prime Minister and the Parliament, collaborates with international organizations and related bodies, represents Greece to international fora, and informs the public on issues regarding biotechnological advances and the impact of their applications. It publishes the e-journal “[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/journal-bio-ethica BIOETHICA]” and it organises educational activities for [http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/enimerosi schools].
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eof.gr/web/guest National Organization for Medicines]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to promote and regulate good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials. Moreover, it issues approval for clinical trials.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://anilab.decentral.minagric.gr/index.php/en/ National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes (NCPASC)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advices to the competent authorities, to the animal welfare bodies as well as to the Protocol Evaluation Committees on matters relating to the acquisition, breeding, accommodation, care and use of animals in procedures, for issues of the continuing education and training of persons who are involved in the implementation of the P.D. 56/2013 and also ensures the exchange and communication of best practices. It exchanges information on the functioning of the animal welfare bodies and the evaluation of projects by the competent central authority, as well as on best practices within the European Union.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Greece.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mindbank.info/item/2070 Act on the establishment of National Council of Medical Ethics and Deontology]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Addresses the rights of hospital patients and provides greater protection for people admitted compulsorily.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679&from=EN Regulation (EU) 2016/679]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to protect natural persons with regard to processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ey.com/en_gr/tax/tax-alerts/ey-law-alert-law-4624-2019-protection-of-personal-data-and-measures-for-the-implementation-of-the-gdpr Law 4624/2019: Protection of Personal Data and Measures for the Implementation of the GDPR]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Enacts supplemental measures for the application of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and incorporates Directive (EU) 2016/680.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3295632 Act 2619/1998: ratification of the Oviedo Convention]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}This act implemented the Oviedo Convention in Greece.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=&p_isn=89616&p_classification=09 Law No. 4009 of 2011 concerning the Structure, Function, and Quality of Studies, and the Internationalization of Higher Educational Institutions]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides organizational structure for the universities.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training

RCR-Greece has started to educate the Master’s students of two Greek Universities in Research Integrity by offering relevant lectures <ref>RCR-Greece Responsible Conduct of Research. About RCR – Greece. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:http://www.rcr.gr/index.php/en/</ref>. The Hellenic National Bioethics & Technoethics Commission and the Laboratory for the Research of Medical Law and Ethics organise seminars for postgraduate students of all the Schools of Positive and Theoretical Sciences, as well as professional lawyers, judges, doctors, educators and others. The seminars cover a wide range of critical issues including human reproduction, applications of genetics, clinical studies, euthanasia, cloning and nanotechnology. Moreover, the Commission is organising open, monthly seminars with various subjects including in vitro fertilization, gene therapy, medical errors, mental health etc. <ref>Hellenic Republic National Bioethics Commission. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/el/seminaria/139-eleythera-seminaria</ref>.

EARTHnet/NTUA has prepared and is organizing training courses on Research Ethics and Research Integrity for Postgraduate students and PhD candidates <ref>ESA Earth Oline. LTC 2013 Web Streaming Programme. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/landtrainingcourse2013/webstreaming</ref>.

The courses have been customized for Engineers and graduates from Natural Sciences. The materials mainly used for RI trainings are:

[http://www.bioethics.gr/images/pdf/Booklet_for_schools_final.pdf What I Know about Bioethics -National Bioethics Committee] (T. Vidalis, V. Mollaki)

[http://earthnet.ntua.gr/research-ethicsresearch-integrity-committees-in-greece/?lang=en The University of the Aegean – Code of Conduct]

[http://rc.uowm.gr/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/AUTH_research_deontology_principles.pdf The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Code of Conduct in Research]

[https://www.ehde.uoc.gr/index.php/en/agglika-arthra/351-kwdikas-en The University of Crete - Code of Ethics]

[http://old.uth.gr/en/research/ethics-committee The University of Thessaly - Ethics Code]

[http://www.teiath.gr/userfiles/khitas/documents/2013/anakoinoseis/kvdikas_ithikis__deontologias_EEE.pdf The Athens University of Applied Sciences – Code of Ethics]

[https://www.teicrete.gr/el/tei/12624 The Technological Educational Institute of Crete – Code of Ethics]

RI dialogue and communication

The members of EARTHnet work on the promotion of research ethics and research integrity and on raising awareness on issues regarding RE and RI. The network has 15 members, from universities and research institutions <ref>Erhanet. Participants. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from:http://earthnet.ntua.gr/participants/?lang=en</ref>. The [https://www.athens-science-festival.gr/en/festival/ Athens Science Festival] is organised since 2014 to bring closer science to the society. [https://www.thessaly-science-festival.gr/en/festival-2018/ Thessaly Science Festival] aims to present high-quality research in Greece to the general public and explain complicated scientific subjects in fun and creative ways.

Public awareness of research integrity needs to be boosted. The EARTHnet initiative works on the dissemination of its activities and promotion of research integrity through various newspapers <ref>Kavouras P, Koumoulos E, Foeger N, Lanzerath D, Kritikos M, Charitidis CA. EARTHnet: An initiative to promote a Research Integrity framework in Greece. 5th World Conference on Research Integrity. [cited 2021 April 13]. Available from: https://wcrif.org/images/2017/documents/1.%20Monday%20May%2029,%202017/5.%205A-00/P.%20Kavouras%20-%20EARTHnet;%20an%20initiative%20to%20promote%20a%20Research%20Integrity%20Framework%20in%20Greece.pdf</ref>. Research integrity is occasionally discussed in press and is usually related to corruption or fraud.

RI incentives

There are several awards for outstanding and innovative researchers.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.rcr.gr/index.php/en/ RCR-Greece trainings]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/el/seminaria/139-eleythera-seminaria Hellenic Republic National Bioethics Commission seminars]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ethaae.gr/en/ Hellenic Authority for Higher Education]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bodossaki.gr/en/the-foundation/vision-mission/ Bodossaki Foundation – Awards for Scientific Excellence]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.galienfoundation.org/index.php/prix-galien/ Prix Galien Award]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.athens-science-festival.gr/en/vravia-epi-2/ Science Communication Awards –ΕΠΙ2]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:005904b0-5cb1-4bfa-865c-308af21258ad

2021-10-21T20:34:26Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Greece
|Has Location=Greece
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 40,084 full-time researchers in Greece in 2019 (1). There are 24 universities. All the Higher Tertiary state-accredited universities and technological educational institutes in Greece are public (2). There are also 40 public research centres including institutes and units that they are comprised of (3).
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!'''Organisation'''
!'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.asfa.gr/ Athens School of Fine Arts]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.auth.gr/ Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.ihu.gr/en/enhome International Hellenic University]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.ntua.gr/ National Technical University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.hmu.gr/en Hellenic Mediterranean University]
{{!}}Agios Nikolaos, Heraklion, Ierapetra, Rethymno, Sitia, Chania
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www2.aua.gr/en Agricultural University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoa.gr/ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uniwa.gr/en/ University of West Attica]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.upatras.gr/el University of Patras]
{{!}}Patras
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoc.gr/ University of Crete]
{{!}}Rethymnon
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.tuc.gr/index.php?id=5397 Technical University of Crete]
{{!}}Chania
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoi.gr/ University of Ioannina]
{{!}}Ioannina
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://duth.gr/ Democritus University of Thrace]
{{!}}Komotini
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.uth.gr/ University of Thessaly]
{{!}}Volos
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.aueb.gr/en Athens University of Economics and Business]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.panteion.gr/ Panteion University]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.unipi.gr/unipi/en/ University of Piraeus]
{{!}}Piraeus (Attica)
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uom.gr/en University of Macedonia]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uowm.gr/en/ University of Western Macedonia]
{{!}}Kozani
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uop.gr/en/ University of the Peloponnese]
{{!}}Tripoli
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.aegean.gr/ University of the Aegean]
{{!}}Mytilene
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://ionio.gr/en/ Ionian University]
{{!}}Corfu
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.hua.gr/ Harokopio University]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.eap.gr/ The Greek Open University]
{{!}}Patras
{{!}}}
 
|Research Funding=According to preliminary data, the gross expenditures on research and development were €2.336.58 million in 2019 (4,5), which comprises 1.27% of the country’s GDP (1). Most funding was spent in the business sector (45.9%), higher education (30.7%), public sector (22.56%) and private non-profit organisations (0.84%) (1).

Greece had 2706 grants receiving €1.55 billion funding from H2020 (5). It also had 40 ERC signed grants receiving €44.21 million from H2020 (5).
|Research Strategy=In 2013, General Secretariat for Research and Technology launched [http://www.gsrt.gr/Financing/Files/ProPeFiles19/Executive%20Summary-2015-09-17-v04.pdf National Research and Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialization 2014-2020]. The Strategy presented a SWOT analysis of the Greek RD&I system. Based on main challenges identified in the analysis, the main objective of the National Research & Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialization (RIS3) was a transformation of the productive sector through research, technological development and innovation while mitigating regional disparities and creating sustainable employment. Specific priorities were identified within these eight fields: Agrofood, Life Sciences & Health – Pharma, Information and Communication Technologies, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Transport and Logistics, Material – Construction, Culture – Tourism – Cultural & Creative Industries.
|Research Governance=There are two national bodies for research ethics and research integrity in Greece – the National Bioethics & Technoethics Committee (which replaced National Bioethics Commission), having consultative role, and the National Ethics Committee for Clinical Trials of the Ministry of Health at the National Organization for Medicines, the only relevant organisation with legal mandate in Greece (6). Apart from those, the National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes (NCPASC) was established in 2013 as an entity of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food and advisory body regarding matters related to research with animals (7).

Besides the national organisations, there are local institutional research ethics committees in all Universities and Research Centres with the task of dealing with issues of research integrity as well (8).

All Greek Universities must have a Deontology Committee (DC). DCs are manned by the Deans and the vice-Rector responsible for Academic Affairs, Student Care and Lifelong Education. Their responsibilities include drafting a Code of Conduct (CoC) for academic, administrative and research issues, safeguarding the application of the CoC and pinpoint research misconduct, preparing an annual report concerning the application of the CoC and suggest any needed additions and examining allegation of research misconduct coming from the institute's community. If such an allegation has a basis a report is sent to the Rector to proceed with a formal investigation (8). From March 2018, a Research Ethics and Deontology Committee (REDC) is active in each RPO. Their main task is to apply ethical assessment in research proposals (8). All Greek Research Performing Organisations must also have Research Ethics and Deontology Committee (REDC) (8).

[http://139.91.151.169/index_main.php?c=46&l=e FORTH Ethics Committee (FEC)], created in 2005, is an advisory body for the research personnel of FORTH. FEC provides ethical review of research proposals submitted by the researchers.

There are also two networks regarding research integrity, which work on the promotion and training to help scientists comply with the highest standards of research ethics and research integrity (8).

[http://earthnet.ntua.gr/description/?lang=en Ethical Aspects in Research and Technology for Human (EARTHnet)] is a leading network regarding RE+RI. The network works on raising awareness among Greek academic community on research ethics and research integrity issues, promotes the institutionalisation of a national code of conduct for research and the establishment of a national research ethics and research integrity committee.

[http://www.rcr.gr/index.php/en/ The Network of Responsible Conduct of Research in Greece (RCR-Greece)] was founded by researchers, professors, scientists and professionals to promote research integrity and for the purpose of education and training for scientists in the field of research integrity.

Greece does not have a national code of conduct for research integrity but most universities have developed their codes, together with the code of research ethics. One of the priorities of the EARTHnet is to promote the establishment of the national research ethics and research integrity committee and drafting the National Code of Conduct for Research (9). Ad-hoc committees or Research Performing Organisations, for example universities and research institutions, cope with cases of research misconduct. The procedures are described by the internal Code of Conduct of each institution (8). The publication of cases of misconduct depends on each institution. For example, the Technological Educational Institute of Crete in its Code of Ethics states that sharing information with the community will be discussed in each case and then decided whether to publish information or not (10).

Greece does not have a law or a provision on whistleblower protection, so it is obliged to comply with the 2019 EU Directive to implement an ad-hoc legislation by the end of 2021 (11).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/en National Bioethics Commission]

[https://www.thenationalherald.com/greece_sciences/arthro/greece_establishes_a_national_bioethics_and_technoethics_committee-2214392/ (National Bioethics and Technoethics Committee)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates the ethical, social and legal aspects arising from research advances in biology, biotechnology, medicine genetics as well as those related to the development and social integration of new and emerging technologies. It also provides recommendations to the Prime Minister and the Parliament, collaborates with international organizations and related bodies, represents Greece to international fora, and informs the public on issues regarding biotechnological advances and the impact of their applications. It publishes the e-journal “[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/journal-bio-ethica BIOETHICA]” and it organises educational activities for [http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/enimerosi schools].
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eof.gr/web/guest National Organization for Medicines]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to promote and regulate good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials. Moreover, it issues approval for clinical trials.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://anilab.decentral.minagric.gr/index.php/en/ National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes (NCPASC)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advices to the competent authorities, to the animal welfare bodies as well as to the Protocol Evaluation Committees on matters relating to the acquisition, breeding, accommodation, care and use of animals in procedures, for issues of the continuing education and training of persons who are involved in the implementation of the P.D. 56/2013 and also ensures the exchange and communication of best practices. It exchanges information on the functioning of the animal welfare bodies and the evaluation of projects by the competent central authority, as well as on best practices within the European Union.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Greece.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mindbank.info/item/2070 Act on the establishment of National Council of Medical Ethics and Deontology]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Addresses the rights of hospital patients and provides greater protection for people admitted compulsorily.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679&from=EN Regulation (EU) 2016/679]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to protect natural persons with regard to processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ey.com/en_gr/tax/tax-alerts/ey-law-alert-law-4624-2019-protection-of-personal-data-and-measures-for-the-implementation-of-the-gdpr Law 4624/2019: Protection of Personal Data and Measures for the Implementation of the GDPR]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Enacts supplemental measures for the application of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and incorporates Directive (EU) 2016/680.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3295632 Act 2619/1998: ratification of the Oviedo Convention]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}This act implemented the Oviedo Convention in Greece.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=&p_isn=89616&p_classification=09 Law No. 4009 of 2011 concerning the Structure, Function, and Quality of Studies, and the Internationalization of Higher Educational Institutions]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides organizational structure for the universities.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training

RCR-Greece has started to educate the Master’s students of two Greek Universities in Research Integrity by offering relevant lectures (12). The Hellenic National Bioethics & Technoethics Commission and the Laboratory for the Research of Medical Law and Ethics organise seminars for postgraduate students of all the Schools of Positive and Theoretical Sciences, as well as professional lawyers, judges, doctors, educators and others. The seminars cover a wide range of critical issues including human reproduction, applications of genetics, clinical studies, euthanasia, cloning and nanotechnology. Moreover, the Commission is organising open, monthly seminars with various subjects including in vitro fertilization, gene therapy, medical errors, mental health etc. (13).

EARTHnet/NTUA has prepared and is organizing training courses on Research Ethics and Research Integrity for Postgraduate students and PhD candidates (14).

The courses have been customized for Engineers and graduates from Natural Sciences. The materials mainly used for RI trainings are:

[http://www.bioethics.gr/images/pdf/Booklet_for_schools_final.pdf What I Know about Bioethics -National Bioethics Committee] (T. Vidalis, V. Mollaki)

[http://earthnet.ntua.gr/research-ethicsresearch-integrity-committees-in-greece/?lang=en The University of the Aegean – Code of Conduct]

[http://rc.uowm.gr/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/AUTH_research_deontology_principles.pdf The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Code of Conduct in Research]

[https://www.ehde.uoc.gr/index.php/en/agglika-arthra/351-kwdikas-en The University of Crete - Code of Ethics]

[http://old.uth.gr/en/research/ethics-committee The University of Thessaly - Ethics Code]

[http://www.teiath.gr/userfiles/khitas/documents/2013/anakoinoseis/kvdikas_ithikis__deontologias_EEE.pdf The Athens University of Applied Sciences – Code of Ethics]

[https://www.teicrete.gr/el/tei/12624 The Technological Educational Institute of Crete – Code of Ethics]

RI dialogue and communication

The members of EARTHnet work on the promotion of research ethics and research integrity and on raising awareness on issues regarding RE and RI. The network has 15 members, from universities and research institutions (15). The [https://www.athens-science-festival.gr/en/festival/ Athens Science Festival] is organised since 2014 to bring closer science to the society. [https://www.thessaly-science-festival.gr/en/festival-2018/ Thessaly Science Festival] aims to present high-quality research in Greece to the general public and explain complicated scientific subjects in fun and creative ways.

Public awareness of research integrity needs to be boosted. The EARTHnet initiative works on the dissemination of its activities and promotion of research integrity through various newspapers (9). Research integrity is occasionally discussed in press and is usually related to corruption or fraud.

RI incentives

There are several awards for outstanding and innovative researchers.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="293" valign="top" {{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="312" valign="top" {{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top" {{!}}[http://www.rcr.gr/index.php/en/ RCR-Greece trainings]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top" {{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top" {{!}}[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/el/seminaria/139-eleythera-seminaria Hellenic Republic National Bioethics Commission seminars]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top" {{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ethaae.gr/en/ Hellenic Authority for Higher Education]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top" {{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.bodossaki.gr/en/the-foundation/vision-mission/ Bodossaki Foundation – Awards for Scientific Excellence]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top" {{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.galienfoundation.org/index.php/prix-galien/ Prix Galien Award]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top" {{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="293" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.athens-science-festival.gr/en/vravia-epi-2/ Science Communication Awards –ΕΠΙ2]
{{!}} width="312" valign="top" {{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:005904b0-5cb1-4bfa-865c-308af21258ad

2021-10-21T20:33:19Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Greece
|Has Location=Greece
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 40,084 full-time researchers in Greece in 2019 (1). There are 24 universities. All the Higher Tertiary state-accredited universities and technological educational institutes in Greece are public (2). There are also 40 public research centres including institutes and units that they are comprised of (3).
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!'''Organisation'''
!'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.asfa.gr/ Athens School of Fine Arts]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.auth.gr/ Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.ihu.gr/en/enhome International Hellenic University]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.ntua.gr/ National Technical University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.hmu.gr/en Hellenic Mediterranean University]
{{!}}Agios Nikolaos, Heraklion, Ierapetra, Rethymno, Sitia, Chania
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www2.aua.gr/en Agricultural University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoa.gr/ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uniwa.gr/en/ University of West Attica]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.upatras.gr/el University of Patras]
{{!}}Patras
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoc.gr/ University of Crete]
{{!}}Rethymnon
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.tuc.gr/index.php?id=5397 Technical University of Crete]
{{!}}Chania
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uoi.gr/ University of Ioannina]
{{!}}Ioannina
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://duth.gr/ Democritus University of Thrace]
{{!}}Komotini
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.uth.gr/ University of Thessaly]
{{!}}Volos
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.aueb.gr/en Athens University of Economics and Business]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.panteion.gr/ Panteion University]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.unipi.gr/unipi/en/ University of Piraeus]
{{!}}Piraeus (Attica)
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uom.gr/en University of Macedonia]
{{!}}Thessaloniki
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uowm.gr/en/ University of Western Macedonia]
{{!}}Kozani
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.uop.gr/en/ University of the Peloponnese]
{{!}}Tripoli
{{!}}-
{{!}}[http://www.aegean.gr/ University of the Aegean]
{{!}}Mytilene
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://ionio.gr/en/ Ionian University]
{{!}}Corfu
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.hua.gr/ Harokopio University]
{{!}}Athens
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://www.eap.gr/ The Greek Open University]
{{!}}Patras
{{!}}}
 
|Research Funding=According to preliminary data, the gross expenditures on research and development were €2.336.58 million in 2019 (4,5), which comprises 1.27% of the country’s GDP (1). Most funding was spent in the business sector (45.9%), higher education (30.7%), public sector (22.56%) and private non-profit organisations (0.84%) (1).

Greece had 2706 grants receiving €1.55 billion funding from H2020 (5). It also had 40 ERC signed grants receiving €44.21 million from H2020 (5).
|Research Strategy=In 2013, General Secretariat for Research and Technology launched [http://www.gsrt.gr/Financing/Files/ProPeFiles19/Executive%20Summary-2015-09-17-v04.pdf National Research and Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialization 2014-2020]. The Strategy presented a SWOT analysis of the Greek RD&I system. Based on main challenges identified in the analysis, the main objective of the National Research & Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialization (RIS3) was a transformation of the productive sector through research, technological development and innovation while mitigating regional disparities and creating sustainable employment. Specific priorities were identified within these eight fields: Agrofood, Life Sciences & Health – Pharma, Information and Communication Technologies, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Transport and Logistics, Material – Construction, Culture – Tourism – Cultural & Creative Industries.
|Research Governance=There are two national bodies for research ethics and research integrity in Greece – the National Bioethics & Technoethics Committee (which replaced National Bioethics Commission), having consultative role, and the National Ethics Committee for Clinical Trials of the Ministry of Health at the National Organization for Medicines, the only relevant organisation with legal mandate in Greece (6). Apart from those, the National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes (NCPASC) was established in 2013 as an entity of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food and advisory body regarding matters related to research with animals (7).

Besides the national organisations, there are local institutional research ethics committees in all Universities and Research Centres with the task of dealing with issues of research integrity as well (8).

All Greek Universities must have a Deontology Committee (DC). DCs are manned by the Deans and the vice-Rector responsible for Academic Affairs, Student Care and Lifelong Education. Their responsibilities include drafting a Code of Conduct (CoC) for academic, administrative and research issues, safeguarding the application of the CoC and pinpoint research misconduct, preparing an annual report concerning the application of the CoC and suggest any needed additions and examining allegation of research misconduct coming from the institute's community. If such an allegation has a basis a report is sent to the Rector to proceed with a formal investigation (8). From March 2018, a Research Ethics and Deontology Committee (REDC) is active in each RPO. Their main task is to apply ethical assessment in research proposals (8). All Greek Research Performing Organisations must also have Research Ethics and Deontology Committee (REDC) (8).

[http://139.91.151.169/index_main.php?c=46&l=e FORTH Ethics Committee (FEC)], created in 2005, is an advisory body for the research personnel of FORTH. FEC provides ethical review of research proposals submitted by the researchers.

There are also two networks regarding research integrity, which work on the promotion and training to help scientists comply with the highest standards of research ethics and research integrity (8).

[http://earthnet.ntua.gr/description/?lang=en Ethical Aspects in Research and Technology for Human (EARTHnet)] is a leading network regarding RE+RI. The network works on raising awareness among Greek academic community on research ethics and research integrity issues, promotes the institutionalisation of a national code of conduct for research and the establishment of a national research ethics and research integrity committee.

[http://www.rcr.gr/index.php/en/ The Network of Responsible Conduct of Research in Greece (RCR-Greece)] was founded by researchers, professors, scientists and professionals to promote research integrity and for the purpose of education and training for scientists in the field of research integrity.

Greece does not have a national code of conduct for research integrity but most universities have developed their codes, together with the code of research ethics. One of the priorities of the EARTHnet is to promote the establishment of the national research ethics and research integrity committee and drafting the National Code of Conduct for Research (9). Ad-hoc committees or Research Performing Organisations, for example universities and research institutions, cope with cases of research misconduct. The procedures are described by the internal Code of Conduct of each institution (8). The publication of cases of misconduct depends on each institution. For example, the Technological Educational Institute of Crete in its Code of Ethics states that sharing information with the community will be discussed in each case and then decided whether to publish information or not (10).

Greece does not have a law or a provision on whistleblower protection, so it is obliged to comply with the 2019 EU Directive to implement an ad-hoc legislation by the end of 2021 (11).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/en National Bioethics Commission]

[https://www.thenationalherald.com/greece_sciences/arthro/greece_establishes_a_national_bioethics_and_technoethics_committee-2214392/ (National Bioethics and Technoethics Committee)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates the ethical, social and legal aspects arising from research advances in biology, biotechnology, medicine genetics as well as those related to the development and social integration of new and emerging technologies. It also provides recommendations to the Prime Minister and the Parliament, collaborates with international organizations and related bodies, represents Greece to international fora, and informs the public on issues regarding biotechnological advances and the impact of their applications. It publishes the e-journal “[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/journal-bio-ethica BIOETHICA]” and it organises educational activities for [http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/enimerosi schools].
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eof.gr/web/guest National Organization for Medicines]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to promote and regulate good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials. Moreover, it issues approval for clinical trials.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://anilab.decentral.minagric.gr/index.php/en/ National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes (NCPASC)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advices to the competent authorities, to the animal welfare bodies as well as to the Protocol Evaluation Committees on matters relating to the acquisition, breeding, accommodation, care and use of animals in procedures, for issues of the continuing education and training of persons who are involved in the implementation of the P.D. 56/2013 and also ensures the exchange and communication of best practices. It exchanges information on the functioning of the animal welfare bodies and the evaluation of projects by the competent central authority, as well as on best practices within the European Union.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Greece.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mindbank.info/item/2070 Act on the establishment of National Council of Medical Ethics and Deontology]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Addresses the rights of hospital patients and provides greater protection for people admitted compulsorily.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679&from=EN Regulation (EU) 2016/679]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to protect natural persons with regard to processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ey.com/en_gr/tax/tax-alerts/ey-law-alert-law-4624-2019-protection-of-personal-data-and-measures-for-the-implementation-of-the-gdpr Law 4624/2019: Protection of Personal Data and Measures for the Implementation of the GDPR]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Enacts supplemental measures for the application of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and incorporates Directive (EU) 2016/680.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3295632 Act 2619/1998: ratification of the Oviedo Convention]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}This act implemented the Oviedo Convention in Greece.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=&p_isn=89616&p_classification=09 Law No. 4009 of 2011 concerning the Structure, Function, and Quality of Studies, and the Internationalization of Higher Educational Institutions]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides organizational structure for the universities.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training

RCR-Greece has started to educate the Master’s students of two Greek Universities in Research Integrity by offering relevant lectures (12). The Hellenic National Bioethics & Technoethics Commission and the Laboratory for the Research of Medical Law and Ethics organise seminars for postgraduate students of all the Schools of Positive and Theoretical Sciences, as well as professional lawyers, judges, doctors, educators and others. The seminars cover a wide range of critical issues including human reproduction, applications of genetics, clinical studies, euthanasia, cloning and nanotechnology. Moreover, the Commission is organising open, monthly seminars with various subjects including in vitro fertilization, gene therapy, medical errors, mental health etc. (13).

EARTHnet/NTUA has prepared and is organizing training courses on Research Ethics and Research Integrity for Postgraduate students and PhD candidates (14).

The courses have been customized for Engineers and graduates from Natural Sciences. The materials mainly used for RI trainings are:

[http://www.bioethics.gr/images/pdf/Booklet_for_schools_final.pdf What I Know about Bioethics -National Bioethics Committee] (T. Vidalis, V. Mollaki)

[http://earthnet.ntua.gr/research-ethicsresearch-integrity-committees-in-greece/?lang=en The University of the Aegean – Code of Conduct]

[http://rc.uowm.gr/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/AUTH_research_deontology_principles.pdf The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Code of Conduct in Research]

[https://www.ehde.uoc.gr/index.php/en/agglika-arthra/351-kwdikas-en The University of Crete - Code of Ethics]

[http://old.uth.gr/en/research/ethics-committee The University of Thessaly - Ethics Code]

[http://www.teiath.gr/userfiles/khitas/documents/2013/anakoinoseis/kvdikas_ithikis__deontologias_EEE.pdf The Athens University of Applied Sciences – Code of Ethics]

[https://www.teicrete.gr/el/tei/12624 The Technological Educational Institute of Crete – Code of Ethics]

RI dialogue and communication

The members of EARTHnet work on the promotion of research ethics and research integrity and on raising awareness on issues regarding RE and RI. The network has 15 members, from universities and research institutions (15). The [https://www.athens-science-festival.gr/en/festival/ Athens Science Festival] is organised since 2014 to bring closer science to the society. [https://www.thessaly-science-festival.gr/en/festival-2018/ Thessaly Science Festival] aims to present high-quality research in Greece to the general public and explain complicated scientific subjects in fun and creative ways.

Public awareness of research integrity needs to be boosted. The EARTHnet initiative works on the dissemination of its activities and promotion of research integrity through various newspapers (9). Research integrity is occasionally discussed in press and is usually related to corruption or fraud.

RI incentives

There are several awards for outstanding and innovative researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="756"
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.rcr.gr/index.php/en/ RCR-Greece trainings]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bioethics.gr/index.php/el/seminaria/139-eleythera-seminaria Hellenic Republic National Bioethics Commission seminars]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ethaae.gr/en/ Hellenic Authority for Higher Education]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bodossaki.gr/en/the-foundation/vision-mission/ Bodossaki Foundation – Awards for Scientific Excellence]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.galienfoundation.org/index.php/prix-galien/ Prix Galien Award]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="366" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.athens-science-festival.gr/en/vravia-epi-2/ Science Communication Awards –ΕΠΙ2]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:E25203e2-0465-4272-9f37-1f299810864b

2021-10-21T17:41:54Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=France
|Has Location=France
|Research Infrastructure=In 2016, there were 431,000 full-time researchers in France <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref>. France has three types of higher education institutions: Universities, Grandes écoles, and specialized schools <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref>. There are 27 COMUEs – public institutions that bring together and coordinate higher education and research institutions in the same academic or inter-academic area <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref>.

Apart from that, France has 34 public institutions of scientific and technological character, public industrial and commercial establishments, foundations and special institutes in France <ref>République Française Campus France. Research and Development Spending France in 5th Place Among OECD Countries. 2019 April 2. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/depenses-recherche-developpement-france-5-position-dird</ref> as well as 4 National Research Alliances, thematic groupings of research organizations and higher education institutions <ref>Alliance nationale de recherche pour l’environnement. Other national research alliances. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from: https://www.allenvi.fr/allenvi/autres-alliances-de-recherche</ref>.

Higher education institutions that provide university degrees, including a doctorate <ref>Ministère de L’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de L’Innovation. Higher education institutions accredited to award the doctorate. Last updated 2020 May 24. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from:

https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid148415/etablissements-enseignement-superieur-francais-accredites-delivrer-doctorat.html</ref>, are listed below in the table.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation '''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}'''City '''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public higher education institutions'''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://agrosupdijon.fr/ AgroSup Dijon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Dijon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-amu.fr/en/public/presentation-university Aix-Marseille University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marseille
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://artsetmetiers.fr/ Arts and Métiers Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://univ-avignon.fr/site-institutionnel-de-l-universite-d-avignon-859.kjsp Avignon University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Avignon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bordeaux-inp.fr/en Bordeaux INP]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://centralelille.fr/centrale-lille/ Centrale Lille Institute]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villeneuve-d'Ascq
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ec-lyon.fr/ Central Lyon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.centrale-marseille.fr/en Marseille Central]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marseille,
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ec-nantes.fr/english-version Central Nantes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cnam.eu/site-en/ National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cyu.fr/ CY Cergy Paris University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehesp.fr/en/the-school/organisation/ School of Advanced Studies in Public Health]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes, Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehess.fr/en/en/ehess-glance School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences (Ehess)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ecoledesponts.fr/en/welcome-school ParisTech Bridge School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enib.fr/en/ National Engineering School of Brest (ENIB)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Plouzané
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enise.fr/ National Engineering School of Saint-Etienne (ENISE)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Etienne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enac.fr/en National School of Civil Aviation]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Biscarrosse, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Grenoble, Melun, Montpellier, Muret, Saint-Yan, Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rennes.archi.fr/ Brittany National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Ecole, Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enscm.fr/en/ Montpellier National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Grande ecole
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nantes.archi.fr/ Nantes National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.toulouse.archi.fr/fr Toulouse National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bordeaux.archi.fr/ Bordeaux National School of Architecture and Landscape]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Talence
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enscm.fr/fr/ Montpellier National School of Chemistry (ENSCM)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensc-rennes.fr/ Rennes National School of Chemistry]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ens-lyon.fr/en/ Lyon Higher Normal School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ens-rennes.fr/ Rennes Higher Normal School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensicaen.fr/ ENSICaen (National School of Engineers of Caen)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Caen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ens2m.fr/ ENSMM (National School of Mechanics and Microengineering of Besançon)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Besançon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://ensai.fr/en/ GENES - ENSAI (Group of National Schools of Economics and Statistics - National School of Statistics and Information Analysis)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Palaiseau
 
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ifp-school.com/ IFPEN - IFP School (French Institute of New Energy Petroleum)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rueil-Malmaison
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.inalco.fr/ INALCO (National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.inp-toulouse.fr/en/index.html INP Toulouse]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-centrevaldeloire.fr/en/ INSA Center Val-de-Loire]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Blois, Bourges
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-lyon.fr/en/discover-insa-lyon INSA Lyon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villeurbanne, Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-rennes.fr/en.html INSA Rennes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-rouen.fr/ INSA Rouen]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rouen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-toulouse.fr/fr/index.html INSA Toulouse]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.institut-agro.fr/fr Agro Institute]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.imt.fr/en/ Institut Mines Telecom (for its 4 internal schools: Mines Albi-Carmaux, Mines d'Alès, Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, IMT Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Albi, Alès, Brest, Douai, Evry, Lille, Nancy, Nantes, Paris, Saint-Étienne,Sophia-Antipolis

{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ip-paris.fr/ Polytechnic Institute of Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensma.fr/ ISAE - ENSMA (National School of Mechanics and Aerotechnics)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Chasseneuil-du-Poitou
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.isae-supaero.fr/fr/ ISAE - SUPAERO]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-larochelle.fr/ La Rochelle University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}La Rochelle
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-lemans.fr/en/index.html Le Mans University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Le Mans
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mnhn.fr/fr National Museum of Natural History (MNHN)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oniris-nantes.fr/ ONIRIS Nantes (National Veterinary, Food and Food School)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/en Sorbonne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/fr/index.html Bordeaux Montaigne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon1.fr/ Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uca.fr/en Clermont Auvergne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Clermont-Ferrand
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://univ-cotedazur.fr/ Côte d'Azur University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nice
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-angers.fr/fr/index.html University of Angers]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Angers
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-artois.fr/artois-university University of Artois]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Arras
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-evry.fr/accueil.html University of Evry Val d'Essonne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Evry
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-orleans.fr/en University of Orleans]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Orléans
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bordeaux.com/ University of Bordeaux]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bourgogne.fr/ University of Burgundy]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Dijon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-brest.fr/GB University of Western Brittany]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Brest
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-ubs.fr/fr/index.html University of South Brittany]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lorient , Vannes,Pontivy
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unicaen.fr/ University of Caen Normandie]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Caen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universita.corsica/fr/ University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Corte
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-fcomte.fr/ University of Franche-Comté]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Besançon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-guyane.fr/ University of Guyana]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Cayenne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uha.fr/en/index.html University of Haute-Alsace]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Mulhouse, Colmar
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://unc.nc/en/ University of New Caledonia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nouméa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-reunion.fr/ University of Reunion]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Denis
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lille.fr/home/ University of Lille]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lille
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unilim.fr/ University of Limoges]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Limoges
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lorraine.fr/ University of Lorraine]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nancy, Metz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umontpellier.fr/en/ University of Montpellier]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.univ-nantes.fr/ University of Nantes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unimes.fr/en/come-and-study-at-unimes-nimes.html University of Nîmes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nîmes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://u-paris.fr/en/#pll_switcher University of Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-pau.fr/en/home.html University of Pau and the Pays de l'Adour]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Pau, Bayonne, Tarbes, Mont de Marsan
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-perp.fr/ University of Perpignan - Via Domitia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Perpignan
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-picardie.fr/university-of-picardy-jules-verne-110990.kjsp University of Picardy Jules Verne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Amiens
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-poitiers.fr/en/ University of Poitiers]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Poitiers
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upf.pf/fr University of French Polynesia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Puna'auia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-reims.fr/ University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Reims
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.univ-rennes1.fr/en University of Rennes 1]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-rouen.fr/ University of Rouen Normandy]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rouen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.unistra.fr/ University of Strasbourg]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Strasbourg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utbm.fr/ Belfort Montbéliard University of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Belfort, Sevenans, Montbéliard
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utc.fr/ University of Technology of Compiègne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Compiègne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utt.fr/ Troyes University of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Troyes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tln.fr/-University-of-Toulon-.html University of Toulon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.univ-tours.fr/ University of Tours]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Tours
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvsq.fr/ University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Versailles
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-ag.fr/ University of the West Indies]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Pointe-à-Pitre, Saint-Claude, Schœlcher
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-littoral.fr/en/ Coastal Opal Coast University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Boulogne sur Mer, Calais, Dunkerque, Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/english/ Grenoble Alpes University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Grenoble, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Gières
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-gustave-eiffel.fr/ Gustave Eiffel University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marne la Vallée
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-st-etienne.fr/fr/index.html Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Étienne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon3.fr/ Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lehavre.fr/?lang=en Le Havre Normandy University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Le Havre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon2.fr/ Lumière University - Lyon 2]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-paris2.fr/fr Panthéon-Assas University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/ Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-paris8.fr/ Paris 8 University - Vincennes - Saint-Denis]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Denis
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.parisnanterre.fr/ Paris Nanterre University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nanterre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://university.parisnanterre.fr/ Paris Sciences and Letters University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-pec.fr/ Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Créteil
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universite-paris-saclay.fr/ Paris-Saclay University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-montp3.fr/ Paul-Valéry University - Montpellier 3]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uphf.fr/ Hauts-de-France Polytechnic University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Valenciennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-rennes2.fr/ Rennes 2 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-smb.fr/ Savoie Mont Blanc University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Annecy, Chambéry
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-paris3.fr/ Sorbonne Nouvelle University - Paris 3]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-paris13.fr/ Sorbonne Paris North University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villetaneuse, Saint-Denis, Bobigny
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut-capitole.fr/ Toulouse-I Capitole University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tlse2.fr/home Toulouse-II Jean Jaurès University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tlse3.fr/ Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.vetagro-sup.fr/about-vetagro-sup/ VetAgro Sup (Institute of higher education and research in food, animal health, agronomic and environmental sciences)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private higher education institutions'''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://escp.eu/fr ESCP Europe Business School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hec.edu/en HEC Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Jouy-en-Josas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sciencespo.fr/en/home Sciences Po Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris, Nancy, Dijon, Poitiers, Menton, Le Havre, Reims
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €51.8 billion, which comprises 2.2% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">Unesco Institute for Statistics. Science, technology and innovation. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&lang=en</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (65.41%), higher education (20.5%), government (12.5%) and private non-profit organisations (1.59%) <ref name=":0" />.

France had 7 488 grants receiving €6.9 billion funding from H2020 <ref name=":1">H2020 Country Profile. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/France</ref>. It also had 878 ERC signed grants receiving €1.46 billion from H2020 <ref name=":1" />.
|Research Strategy=In 2013, France launched the research strategy France Europe 2020 A Strategic Agenda for Research, Technology Transfer and Innovation. The scope of the Strategy is to enable all areas of research in France better tackling on the scientific, technological, economic and societal challenges. It proposed nine lines of actions to achieve this scope: mobilise the research community around major societal challenges, reforge the research coordination and guidance system in France, promote technological research, develop digital training and infrastructures, foster innovation and technology transfer, ensure uptake on the scientific culture, develop programming suited to the major priorities in research and innovation, build consistency between sites and heighten the presence of French research in Europe and abroad <ref>Ministère de L’éducation Nationale, de L’enseignement Supérieur et de La Recherche. France Europe 2020. A Strategic Agenda for Research, Technology Transfer and Innovation. May 2013. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: https://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/France-Europe_2020/18/3/AgendaStategique02-07-2013-EnglishLight_262183.pdf</ref><ref>Ministère de L’éducation Nationale, de L’enseignement Supérieur et de La Recherche. Stratégie nationale de recherché. France Europe 2020. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from:

https://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Strategie_Recherche/26/9/strategie_nationale_recherche_397269.pdf</ref>.
|Research Governance=[https://www.inserm.fr/sites/default/files/2020-10/FrenchNationalCharterForResearchIntegrity2018.pdf National charter for research integrity] was introduces in 2015. It is aligned with [https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/jobs/charter/european-charter European Charter for Researchers], [https://wcrif.org/guidance/singapore-statement Singapore Statement on Research Integrity] and [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]. The Charter addresses compliance with legislative and regulatory requirements, reliability of research work, communication, responsibility in collective work, impartiality and independence in assessment and expertise, collaborative work and plurality of activities, and training. By the end of April 2019, more than 45 research institutions signed the Charter agreeing to abide by seven principles in the field of professional ethics <ref name=":0">Enrio. Country Report France. Last Update 2019 May. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/france/</ref>.

In 2017, the French [https://www.hceres.fr/en/french-office-research-integrity Office for Research Integrity (OFIS)] was established as a department of [https://www.hceres.fr/en/missions High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education]. Its purpose is threefold:

- Monitoring, particularly in the context of the new forms that research is taking (participatory science, big data, data reuse, open science);

- Observation of compliance with the code of ethics for research professions by the institutions that have adopted it since 2015;

- Coordination of national scientific communities on issues of scientific integrity, particularly through the network of advisers in the establishments that have signed the charter.

The OFIS benefits from the conditions to guarantee its independence to support, coordinate and facilitate the action of higher education and research establishments which have signed the charter <ref>Hcéres. Installation of the French Office for Scientific Integrity. 2017 Oct 26. [cited 2021 July 12]. Available from: https://www.hceres.fr/fr/actualites/installation-de-loffice-francais-de-lintegrite-scientifique</ref>.

It is the national advisory body on research integrity in France <ref name=":0" />. The French Advisory Board for Research Integrity guides and oversees the work of the OFIS <ref>Hcéres. Installation of the French Office for Scientific Integrity. 2017 Oct 26. [cited 2021 July 12]. Available from: https://www.hceres.fr/fr/actualites/installation-de-loffice-francais-de-lintegrite-scientifique</ref>. The [https://www.ccne-ethique.fr/en/pages/presenting-national-consultative-ethics-committee-health-and-life-sciences National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences] (CCNE) has an advisory role in dealing with ethical concerns in the community <ref name=":1">Eurec. National information: France. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/france.html</ref>. Further, the National Committee for Ethics in Animal Research brought up a [https://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Encadrement_des_pratiques_de_recherche/58/1/Charte_nationale_portant_sur_l_ethique_de_l_experimentation_animale-version_anglaise_243581.pdf National charter on the ethics of animal experimentation]. There are 39 Ethics Committees in France. These Committees of Protection of Persons (CPP) are divided up into 7 regions all over the country <ref name=":1" />.

Research institutions, such as universities, the [http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/le-cnrs National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)], [https://www.inserm.fr/en National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM)] and the [https://www.cirad.fr/en French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD)], are obliged to prevent and handle misconduct cases. Generally, these institutions have investigatory and decision-making authority <ref name=":0" />.

The French legal system provides protection for whistle-blowers. “Sapin II” law from 2016 requires that companies establish internal whistleblowing hotlines which would allow employees to report violations of the corporate code of conduct. Disclosure of confidential information about whistle-blowers or alleged violators may be punishable by two years of incarceration or a fine of €300,000 <ref>Neboga K, Gordienko N. France’s new Sapin-II anti-corruption law: recommendations for French companies operating in the CIS. Deloitte CIS Forensic 2017. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from:

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ru/Documents/finance/sapin_II_en.pdf</ref>. This can be applied in private companies with at least 50 employees <ref>Neboga K, Gordienko N. France’s new Sapin-II anti-corruption law: recommendations for French companies operating in the CIS. Deloitte CIS Forensic 2017. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from:

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ru/Documents/finance/sapin_II_en.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hceres.fr/fr/ofis The French Office for Scientific Integrity (OFIS)]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Provides support to higher education and research institutions, observes implementation of the National charter, contributes to the promotion of research integrity at the national and international level.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurecnet.org/information/france.html Ethics Committees (Committees for the Protection of Persons)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Have responsibility for decisions concerning interventional studies, standard of care studies, medical and other health products and further research areas.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ccne-ethique.fr/en/pages/presenting-national-consultative-ethics-committee-health-and-life-sciences The National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences (CCNE)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Has an advisory role in dealing with ethical concerns in the community. All issues of medically assisted procreation and experiments on humans have to be addressed by the CCNE.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.cnrs.fr/en/cnrs The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Conducts research, transfers research results, trains through research and contributes to scientific policy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.recherche-animale.org/sites/default/files/scientific_research_and_animal_experimentation_-_state_of_affairs.pdf The National Commission on Animal Experimentation (CNEA)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good practices in breeding, care and handling of laboratory animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/documents/index-oecst-gb.asp Parliamentary Office for evaluation]

[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/documents/index-oecst-gb.asp of scientific and technological options (OPECST)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Informs Parliament of scientific and technological options in order to make its decisions clear. It collects information, launches study programmes and carries out assessments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.hautconseildesbiotechnologies.fr/en/article/what-hcb-does The High Council on Biotechnology - Scientific Committee and Economic, Ethical and Social Committee]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Advises the French government on issues relating to GMOs and other types of biotechnology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/commissions/plaquette_opecst_anglais.pdf The Parliamentary Office for Scientific and Technological Assessment]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Collects information, launches study programmes and carries out assessments in order to inform Parliament of the consequences of the choice of scientific and technological options.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid138740/le-college-de-deontologie-de-l-enseignement-superieur-de-la-recherche-et-de-l-innovation.html Council of Deontology - French Ministry of Education, Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Takes part in a network of national bodies competent in matters of deontology, ethics and integrity.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in France.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.iforct.com/New-Jarde-decree-in-France-News/p/3/665/0/ New Jardé Decree Applying from 17 November 2016]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the methods of conducting research involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000027038013/ Order on the ethical evaluation and authorization of projects involving the use of animals in procedures]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the methods of conducting research involving animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGITEXT000006071367/ Rural and Maritime Fishing Code, Articles R214-117 to R214-127]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Supports research, innovation and development, especially the bio-based products and plant chemistry sectors. It aims to develop added value in agricultural and food sectors, strengthen France's export capacity, contribute to the protection of the public health and health of farmers and employees in the agricultural sector, etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000043136646/ Code of the Environment]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Provides rules concerning the preservation of natural resources, monitoring of hazardous activities, environmental assessment and public information on project.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000036684330?r=cHTkWm5iJL Order of March 1, 2018 relating to the College of Ethics within the Ministry of Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Gives opinion on the general issues relating to the application of the obligations and ethical principles in the services and establishments within the Ministry of Higher Education and Research. It recommends measures for enforcing ethical obligations and preventing or stopping a conflict of interest situation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

French Office for Research Integrity (OFIS) offers training to integrity officers (17)<ref name=":0">Enrio. France. French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD). [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/france/</ref>. Documents for RI training used in France are:

-[https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/FR_ALLEA_Code_de_conduite_europeen_pour_lintegrite_en_recherche.pdf European Code of Conduct]

-[https://www.inserm.fr/sites/default/files/2020-10/FrenchNationalCharterForResearchIntegrity2018.pdf National Charter for Research Integrity]

-[https://www.inserm.fr/professionnels-recherche/integrite-scientifique/signature-publications-scientifiques-bonnes-pratiques Signature of Scientific Publications: Good Practices (Inserm)]

-[https://anr.fr/fileadmin/documents/2019/ANR-Ethics-and-Scientific-Integrity-Charter-2019-v2.pdf Ethics and Scientific Integrity Charter] of the ANR

-[http://www.cpu.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/integrity-and-responsibility-in-research-practices-a-guide-19.11.16.pdf Integrity and responsibility in research practices (CNRS-CPU)]

-[http://www.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/download-file/rapport-integrite-scientifique.pdf Scientific integrity guideline (CNRS, 2018)]

-[https://www.hceres.fr/sites/default/files/media/downloads/2018_Guide-traitement-signalements-IS_RESINT.pdf Guide for collecting and processing reports relating to scientific integrity]

There are also training courses in research ethics and integrity – the MOOC “Research Integrity in Research Professions” (18)<ref>FUN MOOC. Research integrity in scientific professions. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from: https://www.fun-mooc.fr/en/courses/research-integrity-scientific-professions/</ref> and the MOOC centered on research ethics, mainly intended for doctoral students. It was designed within the Research Ethics Platform of the University of Lyon (19)<ref>FUN MOOC. Research integrity in scientific professions. [cited 2021 July 16]. Available from: https://www.fun-mooc.fr/en/courses/research-integrity-scientific-professions/</ref>.

RI dialogue and communication

The OFIS organizes the annual meeting of signatories of the French Charter of research deontology in which the universities and the other research institutions exchange policies, procedures and share their needs with OFIS (17)<ref name=":0" />.

Lay press occasionally discusses research integrity. News is usually related to cases of research fraud and academic corruption (''Le Monde'' and ''Les Echos''). Public perception of science was shaken and diminished when several cases of research fraud were published in the media (20)<ref>Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. Renforcer l’intégrité de la recherche en France. 2010 Sept 15. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://archeologie-copier-coller.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/J-P-ALIX.-RAPPORT-INTEGRITE.pdf</ref>. This brought up an initiative by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science to create the propositions for the implementation of the National Charter for the Research Integrity (21)<ref>Leduc M. Creation of the French Office for Integrity in Science (OFIS). Enrio. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/creation-french-office-integrity-science-ofis/</ref>. The document “Overview and propositions of implementation of the charter” by Pierre Corvol was also presented in the press by the Minister of Higher Education and Research in 2016 (enrio creation of the French office for integrity in science).

RI incentives

The High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres) is administrative authority responsible for the evaluation of higher education institutions and research institutes. There are numerous awards and prizes for researchers. France also has the research tax credit (CIR) which supports business research and development activities by providing tax assistance (22)<ref>Leduc M. Creation of the French Office for Integrity in Science (OFIS). Enrio. [cited 2021 April 8]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/creation-french-office-integrity-science-ofis/</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/france/ Research integrity training for PhD students]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/france/ OFIS training for research integrity officers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hceres.fr/en The High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.inserm.fr/en/about-inserm/inserm-prizes Inserm Prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.cnrs.fr/en/node/1968 CNRS awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.frm.org/nous-soutenir/batir-un-projet-philanthropique/prix FRM Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pasteur.fr/en The Sanofi-Pasteur Prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://portail.polytechnique.edu/informatique/en/la-recherche-magazine-prize-2019 The magazine La Recherche]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.institutdefrance.fr/les-fondations-et-prix/ Institute of France prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:E25203e2-0465-4272-9f37-1f299810864b

2021-10-21T17:15:17Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=France
|Has Location=France
|Research Infrastructure=In 2016, there were 431,000 full-time researchers in France (1). France has three types of higher education institutions: Universities, Grandes écoles, and specialized schools (2). There are 27 COMUEs – public institutions that bring together and coordinate higher education and research institutions in the same academic or inter-academic area (3).

Apart from that, France has 34 public institutions of scientific and technological character, public industrial and commercial establishments, foundations and special institutes in France (4) as well as 4 National Research Alliances, thematic groupings of research organizations and higher education institutions (5).

Higher education institutions that provide university degrees, including a doctorate (6), are listed below in the table.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation '''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}'''City '''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public higher education institutions'''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://agrosupdijon.fr/ AgroSup Dijon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Dijon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-amu.fr/en/public/presentation-university Aix-Marseille University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marseille
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://artsetmetiers.fr/ Arts and Métiers Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://univ-avignon.fr/site-institutionnel-de-l-universite-d-avignon-859.kjsp Avignon University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Avignon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bordeaux-inp.fr/en Bordeaux INP]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://centralelille.fr/centrale-lille/ Centrale Lille Institute]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villeneuve-d'Ascq
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ec-lyon.fr/ Central Lyon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.centrale-marseille.fr/en Marseille Central]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marseille,
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ec-nantes.fr/english-version Central Nantes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cnam.eu/site-en/ National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cyu.fr/ CY Cergy Paris University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehesp.fr/en/the-school/organisation/ School of Advanced Studies in Public Health]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes, Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehess.fr/en/en/ehess-glance School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences (Ehess)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ecoledesponts.fr/en/welcome-school ParisTech Bridge School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enib.fr/en/ National Engineering School of Brest (ENIB)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Plouzané
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enise.fr/ National Engineering School of Saint-Etienne (ENISE)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Etienne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enac.fr/en National School of Civil Aviation]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Biscarrosse, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Grenoble, Melun, Montpellier, Muret, Saint-Yan, Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rennes.archi.fr/ Brittany National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Ecole, Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enscm.fr/en/ Montpellier National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Grande ecole
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nantes.archi.fr/ Nantes National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.toulouse.archi.fr/fr Toulouse National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bordeaux.archi.fr/ Bordeaux National School of Architecture and Landscape]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Talence
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enscm.fr/fr/ Montpellier National School of Chemistry (ENSCM)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensc-rennes.fr/ Rennes National School of Chemistry]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ens-lyon.fr/en/ Lyon Higher Normal School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ens-rennes.fr/ Rennes Higher Normal School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensicaen.fr/ ENSICaen (National School of Engineers of Caen)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Caen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ens2m.fr/ ENSMM (National School of Mechanics and Microengineering of Besançon)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Besançon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://ensai.fr/en/ GENES - ENSAI (Group of National Schools of Economics and Statistics - National School of Statistics and Information Analysis)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Palaiseau
 
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ifp-school.com/ IFPEN - IFP School (French Institute of New Energy Petroleum)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rueil-Malmaison
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.inalco.fr/ INALCO (National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.inp-toulouse.fr/en/index.html INP Toulouse]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-centrevaldeloire.fr/en/ INSA Center Val-de-Loire]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Blois, Bourges
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-lyon.fr/en/discover-insa-lyon INSA Lyon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villeurbanne, Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-rennes.fr/en.html INSA Rennes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-rouen.fr/ INSA Rouen]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rouen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-toulouse.fr/fr/index.html INSA Toulouse]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.institut-agro.fr/fr Agro Institute]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.imt.fr/en/ Institut Mines Telecom (for its 4 internal schools: Mines Albi-Carmaux, Mines d'Alès, Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, IMT Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Albi, Alès, Brest, Douai, Evry, Lille, Nancy, Nantes, Paris, Saint-Étienne,Sophia-Antipolis

{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ip-paris.fr/ Polytechnic Institute of Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensma.fr/ ISAE - ENSMA (National School of Mechanics and Aerotechnics)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Chasseneuil-du-Poitou
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.isae-supaero.fr/fr/ ISAE - SUPAERO]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-larochelle.fr/ La Rochelle University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}La Rochelle
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-lemans.fr/en/index.html Le Mans University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Le Mans
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mnhn.fr/fr National Museum of Natural History (MNHN)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oniris-nantes.fr/ ONIRIS Nantes (National Veterinary, Food and Food School)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/en Sorbonne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/fr/index.html Bordeaux Montaigne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon1.fr/ Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uca.fr/en Clermont Auvergne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Clermont-Ferrand
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://univ-cotedazur.fr/ Côte d'Azur University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nice
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-angers.fr/fr/index.html University of Angers]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Angers
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-artois.fr/artois-university University of Artois]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Arras
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-evry.fr/accueil.html University of Evry Val d'Essonne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Evry
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-orleans.fr/en University of Orleans]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Orléans
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bordeaux.com/ University of Bordeaux]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bourgogne.fr/ University of Burgundy]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Dijon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-brest.fr/GB University of Western Brittany]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Brest
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-ubs.fr/fr/index.html University of South Brittany]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lorient , Vannes,Pontivy
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unicaen.fr/ University of Caen Normandie]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Caen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universita.corsica/fr/ University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Corte
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-fcomte.fr/ University of Franche-Comté]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Besançon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-guyane.fr/ University of Guyana]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Cayenne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uha.fr/en/index.html University of Haute-Alsace]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Mulhouse, Colmar
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://unc.nc/en/ University of New Caledonia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nouméa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-reunion.fr/ University of Reunion]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Denis
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lille.fr/home/ University of Lille]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lille
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unilim.fr/ University of Limoges]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Limoges
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lorraine.fr/ University of Lorraine]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nancy, Metz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umontpellier.fr/en/ University of Montpellier]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.univ-nantes.fr/ University of Nantes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unimes.fr/en/come-and-study-at-unimes-nimes.html University of Nîmes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nîmes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://u-paris.fr/en/#pll_switcher University of Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-pau.fr/en/home.html University of Pau and the Pays de l'Adour]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Pau, Bayonne, Tarbes, Mont de Marsan
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-perp.fr/ University of Perpignan - Via Domitia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Perpignan
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-picardie.fr/university-of-picardy-jules-verne-110990.kjsp University of Picardy Jules Verne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Amiens
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-poitiers.fr/en/ University of Poitiers]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Poitiers
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upf.pf/fr University of French Polynesia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Puna'auia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-reims.fr/ University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Reims
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.univ-rennes1.fr/en University of Rennes 1]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-rouen.fr/ University of Rouen Normandy]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rouen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.unistra.fr/ University of Strasbourg]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Strasbourg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utbm.fr/ Belfort Montbéliard University of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Belfort, Sevenans, Montbéliard
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utc.fr/ University of Technology of Compiègne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Compiègne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utt.fr/ Troyes University of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Troyes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tln.fr/-University-of-Toulon-.html University of Toulon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.univ-tours.fr/ University of Tours]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Tours
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvsq.fr/ University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Versailles
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-ag.fr/ University of the West Indies]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Pointe-à-Pitre, Saint-Claude, Schœlcher
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-littoral.fr/en/ Coastal Opal Coast University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Boulogne sur Mer, Calais, Dunkerque, Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/english/ Grenoble Alpes University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Grenoble, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Gières
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-gustave-eiffel.fr/ Gustave Eiffel University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marne la Vallée
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-st-etienne.fr/fr/index.html Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Étienne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon3.fr/ Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lehavre.fr/?lang=en Le Havre Normandy University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Le Havre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon2.fr/ Lumière University - Lyon 2]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-paris2.fr/fr Panthéon-Assas University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/ Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-paris8.fr/ Paris 8 University - Vincennes - Saint-Denis]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Denis
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.parisnanterre.fr/ Paris Nanterre University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nanterre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://university.parisnanterre.fr/ Paris Sciences and Letters University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-pec.fr/ Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Créteil
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universite-paris-saclay.fr/ Paris-Saclay University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-montp3.fr/ Paul-Valéry University - Montpellier 3]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uphf.fr/ Hauts-de-France Polytechnic University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Valenciennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-rennes2.fr/ Rennes 2 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-smb.fr/ Savoie Mont Blanc University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Annecy, Chambéry
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-paris3.fr/ Sorbonne Nouvelle University - Paris 3]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-paris13.fr/ Sorbonne Paris North University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villetaneuse, Saint-Denis, Bobigny
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut-capitole.fr/ Toulouse-I Capitole University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tlse2.fr/home Toulouse-II Jean Jaurès University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tlse3.fr/ Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.vetagro-sup.fr/about-vetagro-sup/ VetAgro Sup (Institute of higher education and research in food, animal health, agronomic and environmental sciences)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private higher education institutions'''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://escp.eu/fr ESCP Europe Business School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hec.edu/en HEC Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Jouy-en-Josas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sciencespo.fr/en/home Sciences Po Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris, Nancy, Dijon, Poitiers, Menton, Le Havre, Reims
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €51.8 billion, which comprises 2.2% of the country’s GDP (7). Most funding was spent in the business sector (65.41%), higher education (20.5%), government (12.5%) and private non-profit organisations (1.59%) (7).

France had 7 488 grants receiving €6.9 billion funding from H2020 (8). It also had 878 ERC signed grants receiving €1.46 billion from H2020 (8).
|Research Strategy=In 2013, France launched the research strategy France Europe 2020 A Strategic Agenda for Research, Technology Transfer and Innovation. The scope of the Strategy is to enable all areas of research in France better tackling on the scientific, technological, economic and societal challenges. It proposed nine lines of actions to achieve this scope: mobilise the research community around major societal challenges, reforge the research coordination and guidance system in France, promote technological research, develop digital training and infrastructures, foster innovation and technology transfer, ensure uptake on the scientific culture, develop programming suited to the major priorities in research and innovation, build consistency between sites and heighten the presence of French research in Europe and abroad (9,10).
|Research Governance=[https://www.inserm.fr/sites/default/files/2020-10/FrenchNationalCharterForResearchIntegrity2018.pdf National charter for research integrity] was introduces in 2015. It is aligned with [https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/jobs/charter/european-charter European Charter for Researchers], [https://wcrif.org/guidance/singapore-statement Singapore Statement on Research Integrity] and [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]. The Charter addresses compliance with legislative and regulatory requirements, reliability of research work, communication, responsibility in collective work, impartiality and independence in assessment and expertise, collaborative work and plurality of activities, and training. By the end of April 2019, more than 45 research institutions signed the Charter agreeing to abide by seven principles in the field of professional ethics (11).

In 2017, the French [https://www.hceres.fr/en/french-office-research-integrity Office for Research Integrity (OFIS)] was established as a department of [https://www.hceres.fr/en/missions High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education]. Its purpose is threefold:

- Monitoring, particularly in the context of the new forms that research is taking (participatory science, big data, data reuse, open science);

- Observation of compliance with the code of ethics for research professions by the institutions that have adopted it since 2015;

- Coordination of national scientific communities on issues of scientific integrity, particularly through the network of advisers in the establishments that have signed the charter.

The OFIS benefits from the conditions to guarantee its independence to support, coordinate and facilitate the action of higher education and research establishments which have signed the charter (12).

It is the national advisory body on research integrity in France (11). The French Advisory Board for Research Integrity guides and oversees the work of the OFIS (13). The [https://www.ccne-ethique.fr/en/pages/presenting-national-consultative-ethics-committee-health-and-life-sciences National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences] (CCNE) has an advisory role in dealing with ethical concerns in the community (14). Further, the National Committee for Ethics in Animal Research brought up a [https://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Encadrement_des_pratiques_de_recherche/58/1/Charte_nationale_portant_sur_l_ethique_de_l_experimentation_animale-version_anglaise_243581.pdf National charter on the ethics of animal experimentation]. There are 39 Ethics Committees in France. These Committees of Protection of Persons (CPP) are divided up into 7 regions all over the country (14).

Research institutions, such as universities, the [http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/le-cnrs National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)], [https://www.inserm.fr/en National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM)] and the [https://www.cirad.fr/en French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD)], are obliged to prevent and handle misconduct cases. Generally, these institutions have investigatory and decision-making authority (11).

The French legal system provides protection for whistle-blowers. “Sapin II” law from 2016 requires that companies establish internal whistleblowing hotlines which would allow employees to report violations of the corporate code of conduct. Disclosure of confidential information about whistle-blowers or alleged violators may be punishable by two years of incarceration or a fine of €300,000 (15). This can be applied in private companies with at least 50 employees (16).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hceres.fr/fr/ofis The French Office for Scientific Integrity (OFIS)]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Provides support to higher education and research institutions, observes implementation of the National charter, contributes to the promotion of research integrity at the national and international level.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurecnet.org/information/france.html Ethics Committees (Committees for the Protection of Persons)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Have responsibility for decisions concerning interventional studies, standard of care studies, medical and other health products and further research areas.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ccne-ethique.fr/en/pages/presenting-national-consultative-ethics-committee-health-and-life-sciences The National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences (CCNE)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Has an advisory role in dealing with ethical concerns in the community. All issues of medically assisted procreation and experiments on humans have to be addressed by the CCNE.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.cnrs.fr/en/cnrs The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Conducts research, transfers research results, trains through research and contributes to scientific policy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.recherche-animale.org/sites/default/files/scientific_research_and_animal_experimentation_-_state_of_affairs.pdf The National Commission on Animal Experimentation (CNEA)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes good practices in breeding, care and handling of laboratory animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/documents/index-oecst-gb.asp Parliamentary Office for evaluation]

[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/documents/index-oecst-gb.asp of scientific and technological options (OPECST)]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Informs Parliament of scientific and technological options in order to make its decisions clear. It collects information, launches study programmes and carries out assessments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.hautconseildesbiotechnologies.fr/en/article/what-hcb-does The High Council on Biotechnology - Scientific Committee and Economic, Ethical and Social Committee]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Advises the French government on issues relating to GMOs and other types of biotechnology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/commissions/plaquette_opecst_anglais.pdf The Parliamentary Office for Scientific and Technological Assessment]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Collects information, launches study programmes and carries out assessments in order to inform Parliament of the consequences of the choice of scientific and technological options.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid138740/le-college-de-deontologie-de-l-enseignement-superieur-de-la-recherche-et-de-l-innovation.html Council of Deontology - French Ministry of Education, Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Takes part in a network of national bodies competent in matters of deontology, ethics and integrity.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in France.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.iforct.com/New-Jarde-decree-in-France-News/p/3/665/0/ New Jardé Decree Applying from 17 November 2016]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the methods of conducting research involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000027038013/ Order on the ethical evaluation and authorization of projects involving the use of animals in procedures]
 
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the methods of conducting research involving animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGITEXT000006071367/ Rural and Maritime Fishing Code, Articles R214-117 to R214-127]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Supports research, innovation and development, especially the bio-based products and plant chemistry sectors. It aims to develop added value in agricultural and food sectors, strengthen France's export capacity, contribute to the protection of the public health and health of farmers and employees in the agricultural sector, etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000043136646/ Code of the Environment]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Provides rules concerning the preservation of natural resources, monitoring of hazardous activities, environmental assessment and public information on project.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000036684330?r=cHTkWm5iJL Order of March 1, 2018 relating to the College of Ethics within the Ministry of Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Gives opinion on the general issues relating to the application of the obligations and ethical principles in the services and establishments within the Ministry of Higher Education and Research. It recommends measures for enforcing ethical obligations and preventing or stopping a conflict of interest situation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

French Office for Research Integrity (OFIS) offers training to integrity officers (17). Documents for RI training used in France are:

-[https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/FR_ALLEA_Code_de_conduite_europeen_pour_lintegrite_en_recherche.pdf European Code of Conduct]

-[https://www.inserm.fr/sites/default/files/2020-10/FrenchNationalCharterForResearchIntegrity2018.pdf National Charter for Research Integrity]

-[https://www.inserm.fr/professionnels-recherche/integrite-scientifique/signature-publications-scientifiques-bonnes-pratiques Signature of Scientific Publications: Good Practices (Inserm)]

-[https://anr.fr/fileadmin/documents/2019/ANR-Ethics-and-Scientific-Integrity-Charter-2019-v2.pdf Ethics and Scientific Integrity Charter] of the ANR

-[http://www.cpu.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/integrity-and-responsibility-in-research-practices-a-guide-19.11.16.pdf Integrity and responsibility in research practices (CNRS-CPU)]

-[http://www.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/download-file/rapport-integrite-scientifique.pdf Scientific integrity guideline (CNRS, 2018)]

-[https://www.hceres.fr/sites/default/files/media/downloads/2018_Guide-traitement-signalements-IS_RESINT.pdf Guide for collecting and processing reports relating to scientific integrity]

There are also training courses in research ethics and integrity – the MOOC “Research Integrity in Research Professions” (18) and the MOOC centered on research ethics, mainly intended for doctoral students. It was designed within the Research Ethics Platform of the University of Lyon (19).

RI dialogue and communication

The OFIS organizes the annual meeting of signatories of the French Charter of research deontology in which the universities and the other research institutions exchange policies, procedures and share their needs with OFIS (17).

Lay press occasionally discusses research integrity. News is usually related to cases of research fraud and academic corruption (''Le Monde'' and ''Les Echos''). Public perception of science was shaken and diminished when several cases of research fraud were published in the media (20). This brought up an initiative by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science to create the propositions for the implementation of the National Charter for the Research Integrity (21). The document “Overview and propositions of implementation of the charter” by Pierre Corvol was also presented in the press by the Minister of Higher Education and Research in 2016 (enrio creation of the French office for integrity in science).

RI incentives

The High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres) is administrative authority responsible for the evaluation of higher education institutions and research institutes. There are numerous awards and prizes for researchers. France also has the research tax credit (CIR) which supports business research and development activities by providing tax assistance (22).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/france/ Research integrity training for PhD students]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/france/ OFIS training for research integrity officers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hceres.fr/en The High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.inserm.fr/en/about-inserm/inserm-prizes Inserm Prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.cnrs.fr/en/node/1968 CNRS awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.frm.org/nous-soutenir/batir-un-projet-philanthropique/prix FRM Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pasteur.fr/en The Sanofi-Pasteur Prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://portail.polytechnique.edu/informatique/en/la-recherche-magazine-prize-2019 The magazine La Recherche]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.institutdefrance.fr/les-fondations-et-prix/ Institute of France prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:2e3c5d2d-ea34-40f6-86ac-67fbc796919f

2021-10-21T17:08:46Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Finland
|Has Location=Finland
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 51,500 full-time researchers in Finland <ref>1. Statistics Finland. 1. Research and development 2019. 2020 Oct 29. [cited 2021 March 8]. Available from:

https://www.stat.fi/til/tkke/2019/tkke_2019_2020-10-29_kat_001_en.html</ref>. Finland has 14 universities, 22 universities of applied sciences, 12 state research institutes, 4 science agencies and research institutes under the steering of the Ministry of Education and Culture, 4 academic institutes abroad and non-profit limited company: CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd (owned by the State and higher education institutions) <ref name=":0">Ministry of Education and Culture. Higher education institutions, science agencies, research institutes and other public research organisations. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://minedu.fi/en/heis-and-science-agencies</ref>.

Finland has several research libraries: The National Library of Finland, the libraries of universities and universities of applied sciences, Library of Parliament, Library of Statistics and other specialised libraries at research institutes, government agencies and museums <ref name=":0" />.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aalto.fi/en Aalto University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Espoo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.helsinki.fi/en University of Helsinki]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uef.fi/en University of Eastern Finland]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Joensuu, Kuopio
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.jyu.fi/en University of Jyväskylä]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Jyväskylä
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ulapland.fi/EN University of Lapland]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Rovaniemi
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lut.fi/web/en/ LUT University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Lappeenranta, Lahti
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oulu.fi/university/ University of Oulu]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Oulu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hanken.fi/en Hanken School of Economics]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki, Vaasa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uniarts.fi/en/ University of the Arts Helsinki]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki, Kuopio, Seinäjoki
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tuni.fi/en Tampere University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Tampere
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utu.fi/en University of Turku]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Turku
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univaasa.fi/en University of Vaasa]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Vaasa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.abo.fi/en/?lang=en Åbo Akademi University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Turku
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu.fi/en/frontpage National Defence University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €6.7 billion, which comprises 2.79% of the country’s GDP <ref name=":0">1. Statistics Finland. 1. Research and development 2019. 2020 Oct 29. [cited 2021 March 8]. Available from:

https://www.stat.fi/til/tkke/2019/tkke_2019_2020-10-29_kat_001_en.html</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business enterprise sector (65.6%), higher education (25.4%) and government sector (9.0%) <ref name=":0" />. Finland had 2.067 signed grants receiving €1.42 billion and 149 ERC grants, receiving €225.5 million <ref>H2020 Country Profile. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Finland</ref>.
|Research Strategy=In 2013, Finnish government launched the Finland’s Strategy and Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2014-2020. The Strategy’s main scope was to be recognized for its “internationally competitive science and high-quality research infrastructures” by renewing teaching, society and the business sector using following measures: long-term development of research infrastructures, improvements to the access to and collaborative use of research infrastructures, supporting of the funding base of research infrastructures, provision of a basis for the methodological development of research infrastructures and evaluation of the significance and impact of research infrastructures <ref>Finland’s Strategy and Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2014-2020. The Finnish Infrastructure Committee. 2014. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.aka.fi/globalassets/2-suomen-akatemian-toiminta/4-julkaisut/webroadmap2014eng.pdf?_t_id=0_0szSg0ut6-HZKSE3qI6A%3D%3D&_t_uuid=KXU9ajPzQU6G-6JJwq_yJA&_t_q=roadmap&_t_tags=language%3Aen%2Csiteid%3A89e2ba17-5f81-4e18-a6e2-27ce1774d3e5%2Candquerymatch&_t_hit.id=AkaFi_Web_Models_Media_PdfFile/_26807aeb-59d9-45d6-991e-c28219d77720&_t_hit.pos=3</ref>.
|Research Governance=Finland has several national bodies for research ethics and research integrity. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK) is appointed by the Ministry of Education and Culture on the proposal of the scientific community. TENK monitors research integrity by following and compiling statistics on violations of responsible conduct of research and acting as an appeal body on RCR investigations. It has issued national guidelines on research integrity and on ethical review in the human sciences. All Finnish research organisations are committed to these guidelines <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. TENK. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://tenk.fi/en/tenk</ref>. Besides research integrity TENK also coordinates the ethical reviewing of the human sciences. Ethical review of non-medical research involving human participants is based on a set of guidelines drawn up by the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK - [https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2021-01/Ethical_review_in_human_sciences_2020.pdf The ethical principles of research with human participants and ethical review in the human sciences in Finland. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK guidelines 2019].

TENK has created a network of Research Integrity Advisers. It has trained more than 144 advisers in 74 research organisations that provide advices to researchers and other staff in their organisations <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. Research Integrity Advisers. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://tenk.fi/en/research-misconduct/research-integrity-advisers</ref>.

Finland has 9 regional research ethics committees established by the University hospital districts <ref name=":0">1. European Network of Research Ethics Committees Eurec. National information: Finland. [cited 2021 March 4].

Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/finland.html</ref>. There are independent and voluntary based research ethics committees for other fields, such as humanities or studies on national registers at universities and research centres <ref name=":0" />. There are also many local ethics committees in hospitals, research institutes and universities <ref>Ethics Committees in Finland. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

https://www.tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/Ethics_committees_in_Finland.pdf</ref>.

Finnish institutions have a high degree of cooperation when it comes to handling violations of research integrity and research ethics. Procedures for dealing with misconduct can be found in TENK guidelines which were signed by all universities, majority of universities of applied sciences and publicly funded research institutions. Guidelines suggest that each institution should deal with possible cases of misconduct <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. Organisations committed to the RCR guidelines. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

https://tenk.fi/en/research-misconduct/organisations-committed-rcr-guidelines</ref>. Research organisations who signed the agreement for adhering to TENK guidelines have taken the responsibility to follow the procedures named in guidelines when it comes to dealing with cases of alleged violations of the responsible conduct of research. The decision whether a violation of research integrity occurred is brought by the rector of the university, or if the university so decides, the chancellor, the rector of a university of applied sciences, or the director of the research organisation. The allegations of research misconduct and decision related to the allegations are reported to TENK for the purpose of monitoring the compliance with guidelines. If a party in the process is unsatisfied with the decision, the TENK statement regarding the case can be requested in the period of 6 months.

TENK does not publish its concrete decisions, but according to the Finnish law of general publicity, all official documents are available for stakeholders. Usually, rector investigates the alleged violations of research integrity upon the notification but in some cases, it can conduct the investigation of allegations that have come to his/her attention from other channels. Furthermore, TENK can also initiate the investigation if it has reasons to suspect misconduct occurred at the research organisation.

If the allegations of research misconduct are unfounded, the rector’s decision to stop the investigation process can be publicly announced. Moreover, if the investigation confirms the research misconduct the findings contained in the final report must be published at least in the publication channel where the fraudulent research findings or results based on fraudulent means have already been published. If the investigation finds that the person alleged of misconduct has not violated the responsible conduct of research, an effort must be made to publish the findings of the investigation in an appropriate publication channel if the person alleged of misconduct wants, or if there are other compelling reasons. TENK statements are publicly available and in its annual report cases of research misconduct are presented in the anonymous form <ref>Finnish National Board on Research Integrity Tenk. Investigation of allegations. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.tenk.fi/en/investigation-of-allegations</ref>.

According to TENK guidelines, the written allegation of research misconduct cannot be submitted anonymously. Moreover, in accordance with The Act on Openness of Government, the research organisation is when sending the documents to TENK, obliged to take into account the secrecy obligations that apply to the information included in the documents <ref>Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity. Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland. Guidelines of the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity 2012. 2021 Nov 14. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/HTK_ohje_2012.pdf</ref>.

Interventional clinical trials on medicinal products must be reported to the Finnish Medicine Agency (FIMEA). FIMEA does not need to be notified of investigations other than interventional trials <ref name=":1">Fimea. Clinical Drug Trials. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.fimea.fi/web/en/supervision/clinical_drug_trials</ref>. The sponsor or the person responsible for the trial must provide a report on the results of the trial to FIMEA, not later than one year after the trial ends. The report on the results must also be submitted to the EU Clinical Trials Register <ref name=":1" />.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tenk.fi/en Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes the responsible conduct of research, prevents research misconduct, promotes discussion and spreads information on research integrity in Finland. It has issued national guidelines on research integrity and on ethical review in the human sciences. It acts as an appeal body on RCR investigations, monitors RI by following and complying statistics on violations of RCR, coordinates the ethical reviewing of the human sciences and provides advice in problematic situations.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://etene.fi/en/frontpage National Advisory Board on Social Welfare and Health Care Ethics (ETENE)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Discusses general principles in ethical issues in the field of social welfare and health care.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tukija.fi/en/frontpage National Committee on Medical Research Ethics (TUKIJA)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Serves as an expert on research ethics, advises regional ethics committees in the matters of ethical principle related to medical research and provides training. It is responsible for issuing opinions on the ethics of clinical drug trials that are to be run in Finland unless this task is delegated to a regional ethics committee. The Committee also evaluates the conditions for establishing a biobank.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mmm.fi/en/laboratory-animals Council on the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Monitors and promotes the implementation of the principle of replacement, reduction and refinement (“3R principle”). It issues proposals and statements to promote the principle and gives statements on other important measures and proposals concerning the use and welfare of animals used for scientific or educational purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.btnk.fi/en/ National Advisory Board on Biotechnology]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes cooperation between authorities, researchers and operators in biotechnology, monitors developments and research in gene technology as well as its health and environmental impacts. In addition, the Board monitors and promotes international cooperation in biotechnology and takes into account the ethical considerations of gene technology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://geenitekniikanlautakunta.fi/en/frontpage Board for Gene Technology]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Acts as the authorising body regarding the use of genetically modified organisms in accordance with the Gene Technology Act (377/1995).
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Finland.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2010/en20100820_20100820.pdf Decree on the National Committee on Medical Research Ethics]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Supports and coordinates the activities of the regional ethics committees in connection with the procedures regarding requesting opinions, participates in international cooperation regarding research ethics issues and collects and conveys information on research ethics issues. It also conveys information on the international discussion on ethics in the field of medical research and promotes the public discussion on medical and biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990488_20100794.pdf Medical Research Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Provides basic rules for medical research with humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1995/en19950377_20100955.pdf Gene Technology Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes safe and ethical use and development of gene technology. It protects human and animal health and the environment when carrying out the contained use or deliberate release of genetically modified organisms into the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1992/en19920785 Act on the Status and Rights of Patients]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the patients’ status and rights in health care and medical care.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/2006/en20060062.pdf Act on the Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures keeping and using animals in experimental animal activities only for necessary and important reasons.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2001/en20010101_20130277.pdf Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Lays down provisions on the use of:

- human organs, tissues and cells for the treatment of human disease or injury

- organs intended for transplantation

- human embryos for a purpose other than fertility treatment or medical research-

- human organs, tissues, cells and tissue samples for a purpose other than that for which they were removed or retained

- cadaver for medical teaching and research etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990523_20000986.pdf Personal Data Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Implements the protection of private life and other basic rights which safeguard the right to privacy and in the processing of personal data. It also promotes the development of and compliance with good processing practice.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990621_20150907.pdf Act on the Openness of Government Activities]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Defines objectives of the right of access and the duties of the authorities regarding openness and good practice on information management in government.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

There are various resources for RE and RI training. TENK has issued several guidelines regarding

research misconduct:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/HTK_ohje_2012.pdf Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland. Guidelines of the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity 2012]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/RCR_notification_form.docx Template for reporting allegations of violation of the responsible conduct of research (DOCX)]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_Research_Integrity_Advisers_2018.pdf Recommendations of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK for Research Integrity Advisers]

ethical review in human sciences:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2021-01/Ethical_review_in_human_sciences_2020.pdf The ethical principles of research with human participants and ethical review in the human sciences in Finland. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK guidelines 2019]

curriculum Vitae:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_CV_template.pdf Researcher’s Curriculum Vitae Template. Recommendation of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK 2020]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_CV_template.docx Researcher's Curriculum Vitae Template. Recommendation of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK (DOCX)]

authorship:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_suositus_tekijyys.pdf Agreeing on authorship. Recommendation for research publications]

doctoral dissertations:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_UNIFI_recommendations_supervision_of_doctoral_dissertations.pdf Supervision of doctoral dissertations and their review process in Finland with a special emphasis on research integrity. Recommendations to universities by the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity and Universities Finland UNIFI.]

National Committee on Medical Research Ethics (TUKIJA) provides [https://tukija.fi/en/seminar-materials TUKIJA’s seminar materials] for RE and RI training.

RI dialogue and communication

A “Science Barometer” is published every third year. It reflects opinions of the public to on the impact of research to the society and credibility of universities and other research institutions in comparison to other societal institutions (church, parliament, court, police etc.). According to the Barometer, public perception of research integrity and trust in science in Finland is on a high level <ref>Summary of the Finnish Science Barometer 2019. A study of the Finns’ Attitudes towards Science and Their Opinions on Scientific and Technological Progress. 2019. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

http://www.tieteentiedotus.fi/files/Sciencebarometer_2019_23122019.pdf</ref>.

Research integrity is discussed in the lay press occasionally. The Finnish media wrote about scientific misconduct and TENK’s role and authority in the control of scientific misconduct <ref>Salminen A, Pitkänen L. Finnish Research Integrity Barometer 2018. The Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK 2/2020. [cited 2021 May 25]. Available from: https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2020-12/Finnish_Research_Integrity_Barometer_2018.pdf</ref>.

RI incentives

Research integrity is a party of institutional quality assessment in Finland <ref>Aalto University. Research Ethics and Research Integrity. 2020 Dec 9. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: [https://www.aalto.fi/services/research-ethics-and-research-integrity) https://www.aalto.fi/services/research-ethics-and-research-integrity]</ref>. The universities have a duty to organise an international research assessment every sixth year to measure the quality of research. The Academy of Finland conducts, coordinates and commissions evaluations of research with a view to improving both its performance and the quality and impact of Finnish science and research <ref>Academy of Finland. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://www.aka.fi/en/</ref>.

TENK provides annual training for advisers who are later appointed to research institutions to give advice concerning research integrity <ref>1. Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity. Action Plan: 1 February 2016-31 January 2019. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from:

https://www.tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/media/TENK_action_plan_2016_2018.pdf</ref>.

PhD programs at universities use online courses for the education on research integrity. There is also some training in research integrity for teachers at universities and universities of applied sciences regarding RI but it should be further developed and adapted in institutions <ref>Löfström, E. Teaching and learning Research Integrity. Responsible Research. 2018 May 19. [cited 2021 March 4]. Available from: https://vastuullinentiede.fi/en/doing-research/teaching-and-learning-research-integrity</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tenk.fi/en/research-misconduct/research-integrity-advisers TENK’s annual training for research integrity advisers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aka.fi/en/ The Academy of Finland]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.aka.fi/en/about-us/scientists-behind-the-research/academy-of-finland-awards/ Academy of Finland Awards - awards for outstanding researchers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nfid.org/awards/finland The Maxwell Finland Award for Scientific Achievement]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://taf.fi/millennium-technology-prize/ The Millennium Technology Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:2e3c5d2d-ea34-40f6-86ac-67fbc796919f

2021-10-21T16:55:38Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Finland
|Has Location=Finland
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 51,500 full-time researchers in Finland (1). Finland has 14 universities, 22 universities of applied sciences, 12 state research institutes, 4 science agencies and research institutes under the steering of the Ministry of Education and Culture, 4 academic institutes abroad and non-profit limited company: CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd (owned by the State and higher education institutions) (2).

Finland has several research libraries: The National Library of Finland, the libraries of universities and universities of applied sciences, Library of Parliament, Library of Statistics and other specialised libraries at research institutes, government agencies and museums (2).

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.aalto.fi/en Aalto University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Espoo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.helsinki.fi/en University of Helsinki]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Helsinki
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uef.fi/en University of Eastern Finland]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Joensuu, Kuopio
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.jyu.fi/en University of Jyväskylä]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Jyväskylä
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ulapland.fi/EN University of Lapland]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Rovaniemi
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.lut.fi/web/en/ LUT University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Lappeenranta, Lahti
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.oulu.fi/university/ University of Oulu]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Oulu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.hanken.fi/en Hanken School of Economics]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Helsinki, Vaasa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.uniarts.fi/en/ University of the Arts Helsinki]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Helsinki, Kuopio, Seinäjoki
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tuni.fi/en Tampere University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Tampere
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.utu.fi/en University of Turku]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Turku
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.univaasa.fi/en University of Vaasa]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Vaasa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.abo.fi/en/?lang=en Åbo Akademi University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Turku
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top" {{!}}[https://maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu.fi/en/frontpage National Defence University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top" {{!}}Helsinki
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €6.7 billion, which comprises 2.79% of the country’s GDP (1). Most funding was spent in the business enterprise sector (65.6%), higher education (25.4%) and government sector (9.0%) (1). Finland had 2.067 signed grants receiving €1.42 billion and 149 ERC grants, receiving €225.5 million (3).
|Research Strategy=In 2013, Finnish government launched the Finland’s Strategy and Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2014-2020. The Strategy’s main scope was to be recognized for its “internationally competitive science and high-quality research infrastructures” by renewing teaching, society and the business sector using following measures: long-term development of research infrastructures, improvements to the access to and collaborative use of research infrastructures, supporting of the funding base of research infrastructures, provision of a basis for the methodological development of research infrastructures and evaluation of the significance and impact of research infrastructures (4).
|Research Governance=Finland has several national bodies for research ethics and research integrity. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK) is appointed by the Ministry of Education and Culture on the proposal of the scientific community. TENK monitors research integrity by following and compiling statistics on violations of responsible conduct of research and acting as an appeal body on RCR investigations. It has issued national guidelines on research integrity and on ethical review in the human sciences. All Finnish research organisations are committed to these guidelines (5). Besides research integrity TENK also coordinates the ethical reviewing of the human sciences. Ethical review of non-medical research involving human participants is based on a set of guidelines drawn up by the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK - [https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2021-01/Ethical_review_in_human_sciences_2020.pdf The ethical principles of research with human participants and ethical review in the human sciences in Finland. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK guidelines 2019].

TENK has created a network of Research Integrity Advisers. It has trained more than 144 advisers in 74 research organisations that provide advices to researchers and other staff in their organisations (6).

Finland has 9 regional research ethics committees established by the University hospital districts (7). There are independent and voluntary based research ethics committees for other fields, such as humanities or studies on national registers at universities and research centres (7). There are also many local ethics committees in hospitals, research institutes and universities (8).

Finnish institutions have a high degree of cooperation when it comes to handling violations of research integrity and research ethics. Procedures for dealing with misconduct can be found in TENK guidelines which were signed by all universities, majority of universities of applied sciences and publicly funded research institutions. Guidelines suggest that each institution should deal with possible cases of misconduct (9). Research organisations who signed the agreement for adhering to TENK guidelines have taken the responsibility to follow the procedures named in guidelines when it comes to dealing with cases of alleged violations of the responsible conduct of research. The decision whether a violation of research integrity occurred is brought by the rector of the university, or if the university so decides, the chancellor, the rector of a university of applied sciences, or the director of the research organisation. The allegations of research misconduct and decision related to the allegations are reported to TENK for the purpose of monitoring the compliance with guidelines. If a party in the process is unsatisfied with the decision, the TENK statement regarding the case can be requested in the period of 6 months.

TENK does not publish its concrete decisions, but according to the Finnish law of general publicity, all official documents are available for stakeholders. Usually, rector investigates the alleged violations of research integrity upon the notification but in some cases, it can conduct the investigation of allegations that have come to his/her attention from other channels. Furthermore, TENK can also initiate the investigation if it has reasons to suspect misconduct occurred at the research organisation.

If the allegations of research misconduct are unfounded, the rector’s decision to stop the investigation process can be publicly announced. Moreover, if the investigation confirms the research misconduct the findings contained in the final report must be published at least in the publication channel where the fraudulent research findings or results based on fraudulent means have already been published. If the investigation finds that the person alleged of misconduct has not violated the responsible conduct of research, an effort must be made to publish the findings of the investigation in an appropriate publication channel if the person alleged of misconduct wants, or if there are other compelling reasons. TENK statements are publicly available and in its annual report cases of research misconduct are presented in the anonymous form (10).

According to TENK guidelines, the written allegation of research misconduct cannot be submitted anonymously. Moreover, in accordance with The Act on Openness of Government, the research organisation is when sending the documents to TENK, obliged to take into account the secrecy obligations that apply to the information included in the documents (11).

Interventional clinical trials on medicinal products must be reported to the Finnish Medicine Agency (FIMEA). FIMEA does not need to be notified of investigations other than interventional trials (12). The sponsor or the person responsible for the trial must provide a report on the results of the trial to FIMEA, not later than one year after the trial ends. The report on the results must also be submitted to the EU Clinical Trials Register (12).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tenk.fi/en Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes the responsible conduct of research, prevents research misconduct, promotes discussion and spreads information on research integrity in Finland. It has issued national guidelines on research integrity and on ethical review in the human sciences. It acts as an appeal body on RCR investigations, monitors RI by following and complying statistics on violations of RCR, coordinates the ethical reviewing of the human sciences and provides advice in problematic situations.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://etene.fi/en/frontpage National Advisory Board on Social Welfare and Health Care Ethics (ETENE)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Discusses general principles in ethical issues in the field of social welfare and health care.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tukija.fi/en/frontpage National Committee on Medical Research Ethics (TUKIJA)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Serves as an expert on research ethics, advises regional ethics committees in the matters of ethical principle related to medical research and provides training. It is responsible for issuing opinions on the ethics of clinical drug trials that are to be run in Finland unless this task is delegated to a regional ethics committee. The Committee also evaluates the conditions for establishing a biobank.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mmm.fi/en/laboratory-animals Council on the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Monitors and promotes the implementation of the principle of replacement, reduction and refinement (“3R principle”). It issues proposals and statements to promote the principle and gives statements on other important measures and proposals concerning the use and welfare of animals used for scientific or educational purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.btnk.fi/en/ National Advisory Board on Biotechnology]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes cooperation between authorities, researchers and operators in biotechnology, monitors developments and research in gene technology as well as its health and environmental impacts. In addition, the Board monitors and promotes international cooperation in biotechnology and takes into account the ethical considerations of gene technology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://geenitekniikanlautakunta.fi/en/frontpage Board for Gene Technology]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Acts as the authorising body regarding the use of genetically modified organisms in accordance with the Gene Technology Act (377/1995).
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Finland.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2010/en20100820_20100820.pdf Decree on the National Committee on Medical Research Ethics]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Supports and coordinates the activities of the regional ethics committees in connection with the procedures regarding requesting opinions, participates in international cooperation regarding research ethics issues and collects and conveys information on research ethics issues. It also conveys information on the international discussion on ethics in the field of medical research and promotes the public discussion on medical and biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990488_20100794.pdf Medical Research Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Provides basic rules for medical research with humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1995/en19950377_20100955.pdf Gene Technology Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes safe and ethical use and development of gene technology. It protects human and animal health and the environment when carrying out the contained use or deliberate release of genetically modified organisms into the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1992/en19920785 Act on the Status and Rights of Patients]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the patients’ status and rights in health care and medical care.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/2006/en20060062.pdf Act on the Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures keeping and using animals in experimental animal activities only for necessary and important reasons.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2001/en20010101_20130277.pdf Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Lays down provisions on the use of:

- human organs, tissues and cells for the treatment of human disease or injury

- organs intended for transplantation

- human embryos for a purpose other than fertility treatment or medical research-

- human organs, tissues, cells and tissue samples for a purpose other than that for which they were removed or retained

- cadaver for medical teaching and research etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990523_20000986.pdf Personal Data Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Implements the protection of private life and other basic rights which safeguard the right to privacy and in the processing of personal data. It also promotes the development of and compliance with good processing practice.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990621_20150907.pdf Act on the Openness of Government Activities]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Defines objectives of the right of access and the duties of the authorities regarding openness and good practice on information management in government.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

There are various resources for RE and RI training. TENK has issued several guidelines regarding

research misconduct:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/HTK_ohje_2012.pdf Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland. Guidelines of the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity 2012]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/RCR_notification_form.docx Template for reporting allegations of violation of the responsible conduct of research (DOCX)]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_Research_Integrity_Advisers_2018.pdf Recommendations of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK for Research Integrity Advisers]

ethical review in human sciences:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2021-01/Ethical_review_in_human_sciences_2020.pdf The ethical principles of research with human participants and ethical review in the human sciences in Finland. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK guidelines 2019]

curriculum Vitae:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_CV_template.pdf Researcher’s Curriculum Vitae Template. Recommendation of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK 2020]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_CV_template.docx Researcher's Curriculum Vitae Template. Recommendation of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK (DOCX)]

authorship:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_suositus_tekijyys.pdf Agreeing on authorship. Recommendation for research publications]

doctoral dissertations:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_UNIFI_recommendations_supervision_of_doctoral_dissertations.pdf Supervision of doctoral dissertations and their review process in Finland with a special emphasis on research integrity. Recommendations to universities by the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity and Universities Finland UNIFI.]

National Committee on Medical Research Ethics (TUKIJA) provides [https://tukija.fi/en/seminar-materials TUKIJA’s seminar materials] for RE and RI training.

RI dialogue and communication

A “Science Barometer” is published every third year. It reflects opinions of the public to on the impact of research to the society and credibility of universities and other research institutions in comparison to other societal institutions (church, parliament, court, police etc.). According to the Barometer, public perception of research integrity and trust in science in Finland is on a high level (13).

Research integrity is discussed in the lay press occasionally. The Finnish media wrote about scientific misconduct and TENK’s role and authority in the control of scientific misconduct (14).

RI incentives

Research integrity is a party of institutional quality assessment in Finland (15). The universities have a duty to organise an international research assessment every sixth year to measure the quality of research. The Academy of Finland conducts, coordinates and commissions evaluations of research with a view to improving both its performance and the quality and impact of Finnish science and research (16).

TENK provides annual training for advisers who are later appointed to research institutions to give advice concerning research integrity (17).

PhD programs at universities use online courses for the education on research integrity. There is also some training in research integrity for teachers at universities and universities of applied sciences regarding RI but it should be further developed and adapted in institutions (18).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tenk.fi/en/research-misconduct/research-integrity-advisers TENK’s annual training for research integrity advisers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aka.fi/en/ The Academy of Finland]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.aka.fi/en/about-us/scientists-behind-the-research/academy-of-finland-awards/ Academy of Finland Awards - awards for outstanding researchers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nfid.org/awards/finland The Maxwell Finland Award for Scientific Achievement]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://taf.fi/millennium-technology-prize/ The Millennium Technology Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:2e3c5d2d-ea34-40f6-86ac-67fbc796919f

2021-10-21T16:51:56Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Finland
|Has Location=Finland
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 51,500 full-time researchers in Finland (1). Finland has 14 universities, 22 universities of applied sciences, 12 state research institutes, 4 science agencies and research institutes under the steering of the Ministry of Education and Culture, 4 academic institutes abroad and non-profit limited company: CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd (owned by the State and higher education institutions) (2).

Finland has several research libraries: The National Library of Finland, the libraries of universities and universities of applied sciences, Library of Parliament, Library of Statistics and other specialised libraries at research institutes, government agencies and museums (2).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="756"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aalto.fi/en Aalto University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Espoo
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.helsinki.fi/en University of Helsinki]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uef.fi/en University of Eastern Finland]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Joensuu, Kuopio
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.jyu.fi/en University of Jyväskylä]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Jyväskylä
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ulapland.fi/EN University of Lapland]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Rovaniemi
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lut.fi/web/en/ LUT University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Lappeenranta, Lahti
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oulu.fi/university/ University of Oulu]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Oulu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hanken.fi/en Hanken School of Economics]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki, Vaasa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uniarts.fi/en/ University of the Arts Helsinki]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki, Kuopio, Seinäjoki
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tuni.fi/en Tampere University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Tampere
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utu.fi/en University of Turku]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Turku
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univaasa.fi/en University of Vaasa]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Vaasa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.abo.fi/en/?lang=en Åbo Akademi University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Turku
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu.fi/en/frontpage National Defence University]
{{!}} width="473" valign="top"{{!}}Helsinki
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €6.7 billion, which comprises 2.79% of the country’s GDP (1). Most funding was spent in the business enterprise sector (65.6%), higher education (25.4%) and government sector (9.0%) (1). Finland had 2.067 signed grants receiving €1.42 billion and 149 ERC grants, receiving €225.5 million (3).
|Research Strategy=In 2013, Finnish government launched the Finland’s Strategy and Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2014-2020. The Strategy’s main scope was to be recognized for its “internationally competitive science and high-quality research infrastructures” by renewing teaching, society and the business sector using following measures: long-term development of research infrastructures, improvements to the access to and collaborative use of research infrastructures, supporting of the funding base of research infrastructures, provision of a basis for the methodological development of research infrastructures and evaluation of the significance and impact of research infrastructures (4).
|Research Governance=Finland has several national bodies for research ethics and research integrity. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK) is appointed by the Ministry of Education and Culture on the proposal of the scientific community. TENK monitors research integrity by following and compiling statistics on violations of responsible conduct of research and acting as an appeal body on RCR investigations. It has issued national guidelines on research integrity and on ethical review in the human sciences. All Finnish research organisations are committed to these guidelines (5). Besides research integrity TENK also coordinates the ethical reviewing of the human sciences. Ethical review of non-medical research involving human participants is based on a set of guidelines drawn up by the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK - [https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2021-01/Ethical_review_in_human_sciences_2020.pdf The ethical principles of research with human participants and ethical review in the human sciences in Finland. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK guidelines 2019].

TENK has created a network of Research Integrity Advisers. It has trained more than 144 advisers in 74 research organisations that provide advices to researchers and other staff in their organisations (6).

Finland has 9 regional research ethics committees established by the University hospital districts (7). There are independent and voluntary based research ethics committees for other fields, such as humanities or studies on national registers at universities and research centres (7). There are also many local ethics committees in hospitals, research institutes and universities (8).

Finnish institutions have a high degree of cooperation when it comes to handling violations of research integrity and research ethics. Procedures for dealing with misconduct can be found in TENK guidelines which were signed by all universities, majority of universities of applied sciences and publicly funded research institutions. Guidelines suggest that each institution should deal with possible cases of misconduct (9). Research organisations who signed the agreement for adhering to TENK guidelines have taken the responsibility to follow the procedures named in guidelines when it comes to dealing with cases of alleged violations of the responsible conduct of research. The decision whether a violation of research integrity occurred is brought by the rector of the university, or if the university so decides, the chancellor, the rector of a university of applied sciences, or the director of the research organisation. The allegations of research misconduct and decision related to the allegations are reported to TENK for the purpose of monitoring the compliance with guidelines. If a party in the process is unsatisfied with the decision, the TENK statement regarding the case can be requested in the period of 6 months.

TENK does not publish its concrete decisions, but according to the Finnish law of general publicity, all official documents are available for stakeholders. Usually, rector investigates the alleged violations of research integrity upon the notification but in some cases, it can conduct the investigation of allegations that have come to his/her attention from other channels. Furthermore, TENK can also initiate the investigation if it has reasons to suspect misconduct occurred at the research organisation.

If the allegations of research misconduct are unfounded, the rector’s decision to stop the investigation process can be publicly announced. Moreover, if the investigation confirms the research misconduct the findings contained in the final report must be published at least in the publication channel where the fraudulent research findings or results based on fraudulent means have already been published. If the investigation finds that the person alleged of misconduct has not violated the responsible conduct of research, an effort must be made to publish the findings of the investigation in an appropriate publication channel if the person alleged of misconduct wants, or if there are other compelling reasons. TENK statements are publicly available and in its annual report cases of research misconduct are presented in the anonymous form (10).

According to TENK guidelines, the written allegation of research misconduct cannot be submitted anonymously. Moreover, in accordance with The Act on Openness of Government, the research organisation is when sending the documents to TENK, obliged to take into account the secrecy obligations that apply to the information included in the documents (11).

Interventional clinical trials on medicinal products must be reported to the Finnish Medicine Agency (FIMEA). FIMEA does not need to be notified of investigations other than interventional trials (12). The sponsor or the person responsible for the trial must provide a report on the results of the trial to FIMEA, not later than one year after the trial ends. The report on the results must also be submitted to the EU Clinical Trials Register (12).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tenk.fi/en Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes the responsible conduct of research, prevents research misconduct, promotes discussion and spreads information on research integrity in Finland. It has issued national guidelines on research integrity and on ethical review in the human sciences. It acts as an appeal body on RCR investigations, monitors RI by following and complying statistics on violations of RCR, coordinates the ethical reviewing of the human sciences and provides advice in problematic situations.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://etene.fi/en/frontpage National Advisory Board on Social Welfare and Health Care Ethics (ETENE)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Discusses general principles in ethical issues in the field of social welfare and health care.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tukija.fi/en/frontpage National Committee on Medical Research Ethics (TUKIJA)]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Serves as an expert on research ethics, advises regional ethics committees in the matters of ethical principle related to medical research and provides training. It is responsible for issuing opinions on the ethics of clinical drug trials that are to be run in Finland unless this task is delegated to a regional ethics committee. The Committee also evaluates the conditions for establishing a biobank.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://mmm.fi/en/laboratory-animals Council on the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Monitors and promotes the implementation of the principle of replacement, reduction and refinement (“3R principle”). It issues proposals and statements to promote the principle and gives statements on other important measures and proposals concerning the use and welfare of animals used for scientific or educational purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.btnk.fi/en/ National Advisory Board on Biotechnology]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes cooperation between authorities, researchers and operators in biotechnology, monitors developments and research in gene technology as well as its health and environmental impacts. In addition, the Board monitors and promotes international cooperation in biotechnology and takes into account the ethical considerations of gene technology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="236" valign="top"{{!}}[https://geenitekniikanlautakunta.fi/en/frontpage Board for Gene Technology]
{{!}} width="516" valign="top"{{!}}Acts as the authorising body regarding the use of genetically modified organisms in accordance with the Gene Technology Act (377/1995).
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Finland.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2010/en20100820_20100820.pdf Decree on the National Committee on Medical Research Ethics]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Supports and coordinates the activities of the regional ethics committees in connection with the procedures regarding requesting opinions, participates in international cooperation regarding research ethics issues and collects and conveys information on research ethics issues. It also conveys information on the international discussion on ethics in the field of medical research and promotes the public discussion on medical and biomedical research.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990488_20100794.pdf Medical Research Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Provides basic rules for medical research with humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1995/en19950377_20100955.pdf Gene Technology Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes safe and ethical use and development of gene technology. It protects human and animal health and the environment when carrying out the contained use or deliberate release of genetically modified organisms into the environment.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1992/en19920785 Act on the Status and Rights of Patients]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the patients’ status and rights in health care and medical care.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/2006/en20060062.pdf Act on the Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures keeping and using animals in experimental animal activities only for necessary and important reasons.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2001/en20010101_20130277.pdf Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Lays down provisions on the use of:

- human organs, tissues and cells for the treatment of human disease or injury

- organs intended for transplantation

- human embryos for a purpose other than fertility treatment or medical research-

- human organs, tissues, cells and tissue samples for a purpose other than that for which they were removed or retained

- cadaver for medical teaching and research etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990523_20000986.pdf Personal Data Act]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Implements the protection of private life and other basic rights which safeguard the right to privacy and in the processing of personal data. It also promotes the development of and compliance with good processing practice.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="271" valign="top"{{!}}[https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990621_20150907.pdf Act on the Openness of Government Activities]
{{!}} width="480" valign="top"{{!}}Defines objectives of the right of access and the duties of the authorities regarding openness and good practice on information management in government.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

There are various resources for RE and RI training. TENK has issued several guidelines regarding

research misconduct:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/HTK_ohje_2012.pdf Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland. Guidelines of the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity 2012]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/RCR_notification_form.docx Template for reporting allegations of violation of the responsible conduct of research (DOCX)]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_Research_Integrity_Advisers_2018.pdf Recommendations of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK for Research Integrity Advisers]

ethical review in human sciences:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/default/files/2021-01/Ethical_review_in_human_sciences_2020.pdf The ethical principles of research with human participants and ethical review in the human sciences in Finland. Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK guidelines 2019]

curriculum Vitae:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_CV_template.pdf Researcher’s Curriculum Vitae Template. Recommendation of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK 2020]

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_CV_template.docx Researcher's Curriculum Vitae Template. Recommendation of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK (DOCX)]

authorship:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_suositus_tekijyys.pdf Agreeing on authorship. Recommendation for research publications]

doctoral dissertations:

[https://tenk.fi/sites/tenk.fi/files/TENK_UNIFI_recommendations_supervision_of_doctoral_dissertations.pdf Supervision of doctoral dissertations and their review process in Finland with a special emphasis on research integrity. Recommendations to universities by the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity and Universities Finland UNIFI.]

National Committee on Medical Research Ethics (TUKIJA) provides [https://tukija.fi/en/seminar-materials TUKIJA’s seminar materials] for RE and RI training.

RI dialogue and communication

A “Science Barometer” is published every third year. It reflects opinions of the public to on the impact of research to the society and credibility of universities and other research institutions in comparison to other societal institutions (church, parliament, court, police etc.). According to the Barometer, public perception of research integrity and trust in science in Finland is on a high level (13).

Research integrity is discussed in the lay press occasionally. The Finnish media wrote about scientific misconduct and TENK’s role and authority in the control of scientific misconduct (14).

RI incentives

Research integrity is a party of institutional quality assessment in Finland (15). The universities have a duty to organise an international research assessment every sixth year to measure the quality of research. The Academy of Finland conducts, coordinates and commissions evaluations of research with a view to improving both its performance and the quality and impact of Finnish science and research (16).

TENK provides annual training for advisers who are later appointed to research institutions to give advice concerning research integrity (17).

PhD programs at universities use online courses for the education on research integrity. There is also some training in research integrity for teachers at universities and universities of applied sciences regarding RI but it should be further developed and adapted in institutions (18).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://tenk.fi/en/research-misconduct/research-integrity-advisers TENK’s annual training for research integrity advisers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aka.fi/en/ The Academy of Finland]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.aka.fi/en/about-us/scientists-behind-the-research/academy-of-finland-awards/ Academy of Finland Awards - awards for outstanding researchers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.nfid.org/awards/finland The Maxwell Finland Award for Scientific Achievement]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://taf.fi/millennium-technology-prize/ The Millennium Technology Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:4ad293ad-5227-40db-a597-302d0b281bf3

2021-10-21T16:48:20Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Estonia
|Has Location=Estonia
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 4,968 full-time researchers in Estonia <ref>Estonian Research Council. The number, age and salary of Estonian researchers. 2020 Oct 16. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/activities/analysis/the-number-age-and-salary-of-estonian-researchers/</ref>. Estonia had 20 positively evaluated R&D institutions <ref>1. Research in Estonia. Positively evaluated Estonian R&D institutions. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from:

https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/evaluated/</ref>: 6 public universities and 1 private university <ref>Research in Estonia. Universities. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/universities/</ref>, 7 public research organisations and 6 private research institutions <ref>Raudvere K, Niinemets Ü, Karo E, Kattel R, Villems R. Estonian Research 2019. Estonian Research Council 2019. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Estonian_Research_2019_veeb.pdf</ref>.

In addition to the evaluated R&D institutions, there are other public and private R&D intensive institutions, as well as 4 science and technology parks <ref>Tartu Science Park. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://teaduspark.ee/en/about-us/</ref><ref>Tehnopol. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://www.tehnopol.ee/en/</ref><ref>Tartu Biotechnology Park. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://biopark.ee/?lang=en</ref><ref>Pakri. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://pakri.ee/en/pakri/</ref>, 6 competence centers <ref name=":0">Research in Estonia. Competence centers. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/competence-centers/9</ref> and 9 centers of excellence <ref name=":1">Research in Estonia. Centers of excellence. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/centers-of-excellence/</ref>.

Most research in Estonia is performed at universities and the leading centre for research and training is the University of Tartu <ref>Research in Estonia. Research institutions. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/</ref>. Centers of Excellence present collaboration of different research groups and have been established for the improvement of scientific research <ref name=":1" />. Competence Centers present cooperation of public authorities, research institutions and enterprises <ref name=":0" />. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut.ee/en University of Tartu]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tartu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.taltech.ee/en/ Tallinn University of Technology]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn,
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tlu.ee/en Tallinn University]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.emu.ee/en/ Estonian University of Life Sciences]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tartu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.artun.ee/en/home/ Estonian Academy of Arts]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eamt.ee/en/ Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private university'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ebs.ee/en Estonian Business School]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €452,97 million, which comprises 1.61% of the country’s GDP <ref>1. Statistics Estonia. TD052: Research and development expenditures and their financing from state and local budgets. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from:

http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TD052</ref>. Must funding was spent in the business sector (53,3%), higher education (35,3%), government (10,2%) and private non-profit organisations (1,2%) <ref>Statistics Estonia. TD052: Research and development expenditures and their financing from state and local budgets. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TD052</ref>.

In 2020, Estonia had 638 grants and 806 participations in H2020 projects, receiving €240,3 million funding from H2020 <ref>H2020 Country Profile. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Estonia</ref>.
|Research Strategy=The Estonian Research and Development and Innovation Strategy 2014-2020 “Knowledge-based Estonia” was approved by the Estonian government in 2013 and Parliament in 2014 <ref name=":0">1. Republic of Estonia Ministry of Education and Research. Estonian Research and Development and Innovation Strategy 2014-2020. “Knowledge-based Estonia”. 2014. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/estonian_rdi_strategy_2014-2020.pdf</ref>. The Strategy set four main goals for Estonia. First, research in Estonia should reach high level and be diverse. This means internationally competitive and visible research, covering higher education and culture. Second, research and development reflects the needs of the Estonian society and economy. Third, research and development investments should encourage the development of target growth areas (information and communication technology, health technologies and services and more effective use of resources). Fourth, Estonia should be active and visible in international research and development cooperation <ref name=":0" />.
|Research Governance=The Estonian Research Council promotes research integrity in Estonia <ref>Estonian Research Council. Research Integrity. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/research-integrity/</ref>, but there is no institution at the national level tasked with the implementation of research integrity among different institutions.

[https://www.ut.ee/en/research-ethics-committee-university-tartu Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu] and [https://www.tai.ee/en/about-us/tallinn-medical-research-ethics-commitee Research Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Health Development] are two main ethics committees on research involving human subject. [https://www.sm.ee/et/eesti-bioeetika-ja-inimuuringute-noukogu The Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research], established at the Ministry of Social Affairs, is responsible for ethics approvals concerning the research of [https://genomics.ut.ee/en/about-us/estonian-genome-centre Estonian Genome Center]. Together with the [https://www.agri.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/loomade-tervis-heaolu-ja-aretus/loomade-heaolu#loomkatsed Project Authorisation Committee for Animal Experiments], these committees provide oversight on research with humans or animals, but also in research involving human genes <ref name=":0">Eetikaveeb. Ethics in Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia-0</ref>. Estonian Research Ethics Committees write annual reports to the State Agency of Medicines and to the governmental bodies of their institution <ref>Eurec. National Information: Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/estonia.html</ref>. There are also two clinical ethics committees, the Ethics Committee of the Tallinn’s Children Hospital and Ethics Committee of the Tartu University Hospital <ref name=":0" />.

Registration of clinical trials including medicinal products is mandatory and regulated by the Medicinal Products Act <ref>1. Republic of Estonia. Clinical trials of medicinal products in Estonia. 2021 Feb 1. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.ravimiamet.ee/en/clinical-trials-medicinal-products-estonia</ref>.

Ethics committees are also responsible for investigation of alleged research misconduct. For example, the Statute of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu states that in the case of the violation of research ethical principles, a member of the Committee has the right to delay the processing of the application or its approval until the circumstances are clarified <ref>University of Tartu. Statute of the Research Ethics of the University of Tartu. (Unofficial translation). 2010 July 7. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.ut.ee/sites/default/files/ut_files/Tartu%20%C3%9Clikooli%20inimuuringute%20eetika%20komitee%20statuut_eng_Dima_puhas.pdf</ref>.

The Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity states that the research institution ensures the confidentiality of dealing with possible breaches and protects the dignity and inviolability of private life of all the parties involved <ref>1. Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. 2007 Oct. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.etag.ee/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/HEA-TEADUSTAVA_eng.pdf</ref>. Nevertheless, Estonia’s whistle-blower protection framework is one of the weakest in Europe. Public officials are required to report corruption and 2013 Amendment to Anti-Corruption Act protects public officials from retaliation. The country does not provide protection for public employees who report misconduct other than corruption or for private sector whistle-blowers. There is no anti-corruption institution in Estonia not agency that copes with whistle-blower issues. Corruption reports can be submitted to the Central Criminal Police through a hotline <ref>1. Briefing Paper Whistleblower Protection in the EU. Whistleblower Protection in Estonia. 2018. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.changeofdirection.eu/assets/briefings/EU%20briefing%20paper%20-%20Estonia%20-%20english.pdf</ref>.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.etag.ee/en/estonian-research-council/ Estonian Research Council]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Concentrates the funding of R&D and guarantees the better functioning of financing systems.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.agri.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/loomade-tervis-heaolu-ja-aretus/loomade-heaolu#loomkatsed Project Authorisation Committee for Animal Experiments]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Provides oversight on research involving animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut.ee/en/research-ethics-committee-university-tartu Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Assesses the ethical aspects of human research in the field of medicine and natural sciences and other human research.
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://tai.ee/en/about-us/tallinn-medical-research-ethics-commitee Research Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Health Development]
{{!}}Provides its expert opinion for all surveys involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sm.ee/et/eesti-bioeetika-ja-inimuuringute-noukogu Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Coordinates the activities of the committees and advises policy makers and governmental institutions in bioethics-related questions. It also participates in the preparation of relevant laws and governmental acts and educates the public about the issues in bioethics. Gives ethics approvals concerning the research of Estonian Genome Center.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Estonia.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/529122020002/consolide/current Medicinal Products Act]
 
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the safety, quality and efficacy of medicinal products in Estonia. It also promotes the use of medicinal products for their intended purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013045/consolide/current Animal Protection Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the protection of animals from human acts or omissions that may endanger their health and welfare.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/513042015012/consolide/current Organisation of Research and Development Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the grounds for the organisation of research and development as a component of Estonian culture and the Estonian economy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/Riigikogu/act/525062020001/consolide Higher Education Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the bases of organisation of studies at the level of higher education; the rights and obligations upon studying at the level of higher education; and the bases of the operations of education institutions organising studies at the level of higher education.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/jobs/charter The European Charter & Code for Researchers]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}The Charter and Code ensure that researchers can enjoy the same rights and obligations in any European country.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013038/consolide/current Gender Equality Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures and promotes equal treatment of men and women ss a fundamental human right and for the public good in all areas of social life.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013066/consolide/current Equal Treatment Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the protection of persons against discrimination on grounds of nationality (ethnic origin), race, colour, religion or other beliefs, age, disability or sexual orientation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

Courses in ethics constitute an integral part of higher education in Estonia. All Estonian universities offer introductory courses in ethics <ref name=":0">Eetikaveeb. Ethics in Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia-0</ref>. Important resource for RE and RI training is [https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia/estonian-code-conduct-research-integrity Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity].

RI dialogue and communication

The statement of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU “Tallinn Call for Action 2017” emphasizes the importance of building trust between research and society on several levels including academia, media, research performing organisations and research funding organisations <ref>1. Tallinn Call for Action 2017. Seize the opportunity now: research and innovation matter for the future of Europe. Statement of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/tallinn_call_for_action_2017.pdf</ref>.

Collaborative science is promoted by the Estonian Research Council through various programs and organisations which offer project grants: [https://www.etag.ee/en/funding/partnership-funding/mobilitas-pluss-partnership-and-co-operation/ Mobilitas Pluss partnership and Co-operation], [https://www.lmt.lt/en/research-funding/international-collaborations/baltic-research-programme/3344 Baltic Research Cooperation Programme], [https://www.nordforsk.org/ NordForsk], [https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/docs/h2020-funding-guide/cross-cutting-issues/era-net_en.htm ERA-NET Cofund] and [https://www.era-learn.eu/network-information/networks/bonus-169 Bonus Programme]. In the personal research funding applications, one assessment criterion is international cooperation <ref>Estonian Research Council. Partnership and Co-operation Funding. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/funding/partnership-funding/</ref>. [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/245536 OpenGENE—Opening Estonian Genome Project for European Research Area] is conducted in order to raise public awareness of ethical issues related to gene banks and to increase people’s trust towards data banks <ref>1. Lõuk K. from Philosophical Ethics, Bioethics and Medical Ethics to the Ethics of Science and New Technologies. An overview of the research projects of the Centre for Ethics, 2006-2011. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.eetikakeskus.ut.ee/sites/default/files/eetikakeskus/files/From%20Philosophical%20Ethics%2C%20Bioethics%20and%20Medical%20Ethics%20to%20the%20Ethics%20of%20Science%20and%20New%20Technologies.pdf</ref>.

The [https://www.etis.ee/Portal/News/Index/?IsLandingPage=true&lang=ENG Estonian Research Information System (ETIS)] is a national register in which information on R&D institutions, researchers, projects and research results are presented and open for everyone <ref>Estonian Research Information System. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: [https://www.etis.ee/Portal/News/Index/?IsLandingPage=true&lang=ENG https://www.etis.ee/Portal/News/Index/?IsLandingPage=true&lang=ENG#]</ref>. Research Libraries responsible for the collection, preservation and processing of scientific information and making such information available by providing public services <ref>Republic of Estonia Ministry of Education and Research. Financing of the infrastructure. 2017 May 5. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.hm.ee/en/activities/research-and-development/financing-infrastructure</ref>.

The Ethics Centre of the University of Tartu is mostly scientifically oriented but it is also active in addressing ethical topics in society <ref>Estonian Research Council. Research Integrity. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/research-integrity/</ref>. It organises annual conferences and events for the promotion of ethics among different scientific disciplines <ref>University of Tartu Centre for Ethics. Research events. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.eetikakeskus.ut.ee/en/research/events</ref>. Research ethics committees share information with each other twice per year seminars for research ethics committees are organised for the purposes of networking <ref>Eurec. National Information: Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/estonia.html</ref>.

Lay press occasionally discusses research integrity.

RI incentives

University of Tallinn provides training in research integrity via some of its courses <ref name=":0" />. The Estonian Academy of Sciences offers support to its researchers through various awards.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eetikakeskus.ut.ee/en Centre for Ethics (University of Tartu)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia-0 Research ethics courses (University Tallinn)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eqar.eu/register/agencies/agency/?id=24 Estonian Quality Agency for Higher and Vocational Education]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hm.ee/en/activities/research-and-development/national-research-awards National Research Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Endel Lippmaa Memorial Lecture and Memorial Medal]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Memorial medals (disciplinary)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Medals of the Estonian Academy of Sciences]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Scholarships of the Academy]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Student research prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:4ad293ad-5227-40db-a597-302d0b281bf3

2021-10-21T16:31:08Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Estonia
|Has Location=Estonia
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 4,968 full-time researchers in Estonia (1). Estonia had 20 positively evaluated R&D institutions (2): 6 public universities and 1 private university (3), 7 public research organisations and 6 private research institutions (4).

In addition to the evaluated R&D institutions, there are other public and private R&D intensive institutions, as well as 4 science and technology parks (5,6,7,8), 6 competence centers (9) and 9 centers of excellence (10).

Most research in Estonia is performed at universities and the leading centre for research and training is the University of Tartu (11). Centers of Excellence present collaboration of different research groups and have been established for the improvement of scientific research (10). Competence Centers present cooperation of public authorities, research institutions and enterprises (9).
 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ut.ee/en University of Tartu]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}Tartu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.taltech.ee/en/ Tallinn University of Technology]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}Tallinn,
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.tlu.ee/en Tallinn University]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.emu.ee/en/ Estonian University of Life Sciences]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}Tartu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.artun.ee/en/home/ Estonian Academy of Arts]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}[https://eamt.ee/en/ Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}'''Private university'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top" {{!}}[https://www.ebs.ee/en Estonian Business School]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top" {{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €452,97 million, which comprises 1.61% of the country’s GDP (12). Must funding was spent in the business sector (53,3%), higher education (35,3%), government (10,2%) and private non-profit organisations (1,2%) (13).

In 2020, Estonia had 638 grants and 806 participations in H2020 projects, receiving €240,3 million funding from H2020 (14).
|Research Strategy=The Estonian Research and Development and Innovation Strategy 2014-2020 “Knowledge-based Estonia” was approved by the Estonian government in 2013 and Parliament in 2014 (15). The Strategy set four main goals for Estonia. First, research in Estonia should reach high level and be diverse. This means internationally competitive and visible research, covering higher education and culture. Second, research and development reflects the needs of the Estonian society and economy. Third, research and development investments should encourage the development of target growth areas (information and communication technology, health technologies and services and more effective use of resources). Fourth, Estonia should be active and visible in international research and development cooperation (15).
|Research Governance=The Estonian Research Council promotes research integrity in Estonia (16), but there is no institution at the national level tasked with the implementation of research integrity among different institutions.

[https://www.ut.ee/en/research-ethics-committee-university-tartu Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu] and [https://www.tai.ee/en/about-us/tallinn-medical-research-ethics-commitee Research Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Health Development] are two main ethics committees on research involving human subject. [https://www.sm.ee/et/eesti-bioeetika-ja-inimuuringute-noukogu The Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research], established at the Ministry of Social Affairs, is responsible for ethics approvals concerning the research of [https://genomics.ut.ee/en/about-us/estonian-genome-centre Estonian Genome Center]. Together with the [https://www.agri.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/loomade-tervis-heaolu-ja-aretus/loomade-heaolu#loomkatsed Project Authorisation Committee for Animal Experiments], these committees provide oversight on research with humans or animals, but also in research involving human genes (17). Estonian Research Ethics Committees write annual reports to the State Agency of Medicines and to the governmental bodies of their institution (18). There are also two clinical ethics committees, the Ethics Committee of the Tallinn’s Children Hospital and Ethics Committee of the Tartu University Hospital (17).

Registration of clinical trials including medicinal products is mandatory and regulated by the Medicinal Products Act (19).

Ethics committees are also responsible for investigation of alleged research misconduct. For example, the Statute of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu states that in the case of the violation of research ethical principles, a member of the Committee has the right to delay the processing of the application or its approval until the circumstances are clarified (20).

The Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity states that the research institution ensures the confidentiality of dealing with possible breaches and protects the dignity and inviolability of private life of all the parties involved (21). Nevertheless, Estonia’s whistle-blower protection framework is one of the weakest in Europe. Public officials are required to report corruption and 2013 Amendment to Anti-Corruption Act protects public officials from retaliation. The country does not provide protection for public employees who report misconduct other than corruption or for private sector whistle-blowers. There is no anti-corruption institution in Estonia not agency that copes with whistle-blower issues. Corruption reports can be submitted to the Central Criminal Police through a hotline (22).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.etag.ee/en/estonian-research-council/ Estonian Research Council]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Concentrates the funding of R&D and guarantees the better functioning of financing systems.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.agri.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/loomade-tervis-heaolu-ja-aretus/loomade-heaolu#loomkatsed Project Authorisation Committee for Animal Experiments]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Provides oversight on research involving animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut.ee/en/research-ethics-committee-university-tartu Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Assesses the ethical aspects of human research in the field of medicine and natural sciences and other human research.
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://tai.ee/en/about-us/tallinn-medical-research-ethics-commitee Research Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Health Development]
{{!}}Provides its expert opinion for all surveys involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sm.ee/et/eesti-bioeetika-ja-inimuuringute-noukogu Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Coordinates the activities of the committees and advises policy makers and governmental institutions in bioethics-related questions. It also participates in the preparation of relevant laws and governmental acts and educates the public about the issues in bioethics. Gives ethics approvals concerning the research of Estonian Genome Center.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Estonia.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/529122020002/consolide/current Medicinal Products Act]
 
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the safety, quality and efficacy of medicinal products in Estonia. It also promotes the use of medicinal products for their intended purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013045/consolide/current Animal Protection Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the protection of animals from human acts or omissions that may endanger their health and welfare.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/513042015012/consolide/current Organisation of Research and Development Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the grounds for the organisation of research and development as a component of Estonian culture and the Estonian economy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/Riigikogu/act/525062020001/consolide Higher Education Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the bases of organisation of studies at the level of higher education; the rights and obligations upon studying at the level of higher education; and the bases of the operations of education institutions organising studies at the level of higher education.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/jobs/charter The European Charter & Code for Researchers]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}The Charter and Code ensure that researchers can enjoy the same rights and obligations in any European country.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013038/consolide/current Gender Equality Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures and promotes equal treatment of men and women ss a fundamental human right and for the public good in all areas of social life.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013066/consolide/current Equal Treatment Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the protection of persons against discrimination on grounds of nationality (ethnic origin), race, colour, religion or other beliefs, age, disability or sexual orientation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

Courses in ethics constitute an integral part of higher education in Estonia. All Estonian universities offer introductory courses in ethics (17). Important resource for RE and RI training is [https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia/estonian-code-conduct-research-integrity Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity].

RI dialogue and communication

The statement of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU “Tallinn Call for Action 2017” emphasizes the importance of building trust between research and society on several levels including academia, media, research performing organisations and research funding organisations (23).

Collaborative science is promoted by the Estonian Research Council through various programs and organisations which offer project grants: [https://www.etag.ee/en/funding/partnership-funding/mobilitas-pluss-partnership-and-co-operation/ Mobilitas Pluss partnership and Co-operation], [https://www.lmt.lt/en/research-funding/international-collaborations/baltic-research-programme/3344 Baltic Research Cooperation Programme], [https://www.nordforsk.org/ NordForsk], [https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/docs/h2020-funding-guide/cross-cutting-issues/era-net_en.htm ERA-NET Cofund] and [https://www.era-learn.eu/network-information/networks/bonus-169 Bonus Programme]. In the personal research funding applications, one assessment criterion is international cooperation (24). [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/245536 OpenGENE—Opening Estonian Genome Project for European Research Area] is conducted in order to raise public awareness of ethical issues related to gene banks and to increase people’s trust towards data banks (25).

The [https://www.etis.ee/Portal/News/Index/?IsLandingPage=true&lang=ENG Estonian Research Information System (ETIS)] is a national register in which information on R&D institutions, researchers, projects and research results are presented and open for everyone (26). Research Libraries responsible for the collection, preservation and processing of scientific information and making such information available by providing public services (27).

The Ethics Centre of the University of Tartu is mostly scientifically oriented but it is also active in addressing ethical topics in society (16). It organises annual conferences and events for the promotion of ethics among different scientific disciplines (28). Research ethics committees share information with each other twice per year seminars for research ethics committees are organised for the purposes of networking (18).

Lay press occasionally discusses research integrity.

RI incentives

University of Tallinn provides training in research integrity via some of its courses (17). The Estonian Academy of Sciences offers support to its researchers through various awards.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eetikakeskus.ut.ee/en Centre for Ethics (University of Tartu)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia-0 Research ethics courses (University Tallinn)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eqar.eu/register/agencies/agency/?id=24 Estonian Quality Agency for Higher and Vocational Education]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hm.ee/en/activities/research-and-development/national-research-awards National Research Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Endel Lippmaa Memorial Lecture and Memorial Medal]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Memorial medals (disciplinary)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Medals of the Estonian Academy of Sciences]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Scholarships of the Academy]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Student research prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:4ad293ad-5227-40db-a597-302d0b281bf3

2021-10-21T16:30:37Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Estonia
|Has Location=Estonia
|Research Infrastructure=In 2018, there were 4,968 full-time researchers in Estonia (1). Estonia had 20 positively evaluated R&D institutions (2): 6 public universities and 1 private university (3), 7 public research organisations and 6 private research institutions (4).

In addition to the evaluated R&D institutions, there are other public and private R&D intensive institutions, as well as 4 science and technology parks (5,6,7,8), 6 competence centers (9) and 9 centers of excellence (10).

Most research in Estonia is performed at universities and the leading centre for research and training is the University of Tartu (11). Centers of Excellence present collaboration of different research groups and have been established for the improvement of scientific research (10). Competence Centers present cooperation of public authorities, research institutions and enterprises (9).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="756"
{{!}} width="401" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="401" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="401" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut.ee/en University of Tartu]
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}Tartu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="401" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.taltech.ee/en/ Tallinn University of Technology]
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn,
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="401" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tlu.ee/en Tallinn University]
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="401" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.emu.ee/en/ Estonian University of Life Sciences]
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}Tartu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="401" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.artun.ee/en/home/ Estonian Academy of Arts]
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="401" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eamt.ee/en/ Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre]
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="401" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private university'''
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="401" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ebs.ee/en Estonian Business School]
{{!}} width="354" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €452,97 million, which comprises 1.61% of the country’s GDP (12). Must funding was spent in the business sector (53,3%), higher education (35,3%), government (10,2%) and private non-profit organisations (1,2%) (13).

In 2020, Estonia had 638 grants and 806 participations in H2020 projects, receiving €240,3 million funding from H2020 (14).
|Research Strategy=The Estonian Research and Development and Innovation Strategy 2014-2020 “Knowledge-based Estonia” was approved by the Estonian government in 2013 and Parliament in 2014 (15). The Strategy set four main goals for Estonia. First, research in Estonia should reach high level and be diverse. This means internationally competitive and visible research, covering higher education and culture. Second, research and development reflects the needs of the Estonian society and economy. Third, research and development investments should encourage the development of target growth areas (information and communication technology, health technologies and services and more effective use of resources). Fourth, Estonia should be active and visible in international research and development cooperation (15).
|Research Governance=The Estonian Research Council promotes research integrity in Estonia (16), but there is no institution at the national level tasked with the implementation of research integrity among different institutions.

[https://www.ut.ee/en/research-ethics-committee-university-tartu Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu] and [https://www.tai.ee/en/about-us/tallinn-medical-research-ethics-commitee Research Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Health Development] are two main ethics committees on research involving human subject. [https://www.sm.ee/et/eesti-bioeetika-ja-inimuuringute-noukogu The Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research], established at the Ministry of Social Affairs, is responsible for ethics approvals concerning the research of [https://genomics.ut.ee/en/about-us/estonian-genome-centre Estonian Genome Center]. Together with the [https://www.agri.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/loomade-tervis-heaolu-ja-aretus/loomade-heaolu#loomkatsed Project Authorisation Committee for Animal Experiments], these committees provide oversight on research with humans or animals, but also in research involving human genes (17). Estonian Research Ethics Committees write annual reports to the State Agency of Medicines and to the governmental bodies of their institution (18). There are also two clinical ethics committees, the Ethics Committee of the Tallinn’s Children Hospital and Ethics Committee of the Tartu University Hospital (17).

Registration of clinical trials including medicinal products is mandatory and regulated by the Medicinal Products Act (19).

Ethics committees are also responsible for investigation of alleged research misconduct. For example, the Statute of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu states that in the case of the violation of research ethical principles, a member of the Committee has the right to delay the processing of the application or its approval until the circumstances are clarified (20).

The Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity states that the research institution ensures the confidentiality of dealing with possible breaches and protects the dignity and inviolability of private life of all the parties involved (21). Nevertheless, Estonia’s whistle-blower protection framework is one of the weakest in Europe. Public officials are required to report corruption and 2013 Amendment to Anti-Corruption Act protects public officials from retaliation. The country does not provide protection for public employees who report misconduct other than corruption or for private sector whistle-blowers. There is no anti-corruption institution in Estonia not agency that copes with whistle-blower issues. Corruption reports can be submitted to the Central Criminal Police through a hotline (22).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.etag.ee/en/estonian-research-council/ Estonian Research Council]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Concentrates the funding of R&D and guarantees the better functioning of financing systems.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.agri.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/loomade-tervis-heaolu-ja-aretus/loomade-heaolu#loomkatsed Project Authorisation Committee for Animal Experiments]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Provides oversight on research involving animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut.ee/en/research-ethics-committee-university-tartu Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Assesses the ethical aspects of human research in the field of medicine and natural sciences and other human research.
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://tai.ee/en/about-us/tallinn-medical-research-ethics-commitee Research Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Health Development]
{{!}}Provides its expert opinion for all surveys involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sm.ee/et/eesti-bioeetika-ja-inimuuringute-noukogu Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Coordinates the activities of the committees and advises policy makers and governmental institutions in bioethics-related questions. It also participates in the preparation of relevant laws and governmental acts and educates the public about the issues in bioethics. Gives ethics approvals concerning the research of Estonian Genome Center.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws address RE and RI in Estonia.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/529122020002/consolide/current Medicinal Products Act]
 
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the safety, quality and efficacy of medicinal products in Estonia. It also promotes the use of medicinal products for their intended purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013045/consolide/current Animal Protection Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the protection of animals from human acts or omissions that may endanger their health and welfare.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/513042015012/consolide/current Organisation of Research and Development Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the grounds for the organisation of research and development as a component of Estonian culture and the Estonian economy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/Riigikogu/act/525062020001/consolide Higher Education Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the bases of organisation of studies at the level of higher education; the rights and obligations upon studying at the level of higher education; and the bases of the operations of education institutions organising studies at the level of higher education.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/jobs/charter The European Charter & Code for Researchers]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}The Charter and Code ensure that researchers can enjoy the same rights and obligations in any European country.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013038/consolide/current Gender Equality Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures and promotes equal treatment of men and women ss a fundamental human right and for the public good in all areas of social life.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013066/consolide/current Equal Treatment Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the protection of persons against discrimination on grounds of nationality (ethnic origin), race, colour, religion or other beliefs, age, disability or sexual orientation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training 

Courses in ethics constitute an integral part of higher education in Estonia. All Estonian universities offer introductory courses in ethics (17). Important resource for RE and RI training is [https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia/estonian-code-conduct-research-integrity Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity].

RI dialogue and communication

The statement of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU “Tallinn Call for Action 2017” emphasizes the importance of building trust between research and society on several levels including academia, media, research performing organisations and research funding organisations (23).

Collaborative science is promoted by the Estonian Research Council through various programs and organisations which offer project grants: [https://www.etag.ee/en/funding/partnership-funding/mobilitas-pluss-partnership-and-co-operation/ Mobilitas Pluss partnership and Co-operation], [https://www.lmt.lt/en/research-funding/international-collaborations/baltic-research-programme/3344 Baltic Research Cooperation Programme], [https://www.nordforsk.org/ NordForsk], [https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/docs/h2020-funding-guide/cross-cutting-issues/era-net_en.htm ERA-NET Cofund] and [https://www.era-learn.eu/network-information/networks/bonus-169 Bonus Programme]. In the personal research funding applications, one assessment criterion is international cooperation (24). [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/245536 OpenGENE—Opening Estonian Genome Project for European Research Area] is conducted in order to raise public awareness of ethical issues related to gene banks and to increase people’s trust towards data banks (25).

The [https://www.etis.ee/Portal/News/Index/?IsLandingPage=true&lang=ENG Estonian Research Information System (ETIS)] is a national register in which information on R&D institutions, researchers, projects and research results are presented and open for everyone (26). Research Libraries responsible for the collection, preservation and processing of scientific information and making such information available by providing public services (27).

The Ethics Centre of the University of Tartu is mostly scientifically oriented but it is also active in addressing ethical topics in society (16). It organises annual conferences and events for the promotion of ethics among different scientific disciplines (28). Research ethics committees share information with each other twice per year seminars for research ethics committees are organised for the purposes of networking (18).

Lay press occasionally discusses research integrity.

RI incentives

University of Tallinn provides training in research integrity via some of its courses (17). The Estonian Academy of Sciences offers support to its researchers through various awards.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eetikakeskus.ut.ee/en Centre for Ethics (University of Tartu)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia-0 Research ethics courses (University Tallinn)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eqar.eu/register/agencies/agency/?id=24 Estonian Quality Agency for Higher and Vocational Education]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hm.ee/en/activities/research-and-development/national-research-awards National Research Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Endel Lippmaa Memorial Lecture and Memorial Medal]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Memorial medals (disciplinary)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Medals of the Estonian Academy of Sciences]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Scholarships of the Academy]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Student research prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}

Report:3e5de8e7-135a-45a9-82f5-bd739fd62324

2021-10-21T16:25:58Z

0000-0002-1376-3125:

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Denmark
|Has Location=Denmark
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 42,378 full-time researchers in Denmark in 2019 <ref>1. Eurostat. Total researchers by sectors of performance – full time equivalent. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tsc00004/default/table?lang=en</ref>. Denmark has 8 universities <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Universities. 2014 Nov 14. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/education/higher-education/danish-universities</ref>, 7 university colleges <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. University Colleges. 2014 Mar 18. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/education/higher-education/university-colleges</ref>, 7 Approved Technological Institutions (GTS Institutes) which aim to spread knowledge regarding technology to the business community <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. The Danish GTS institutes. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/cooperation-between-research-and-innovation/collaboration-between-research-and-industry/danish-gts-institutes/danish-gts-institutes</ref> and 17 Danish Innovation Networks which help companies find new partners among researchers, other companies and experts in Denmark as well as abroad <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Innovation Networks Denmark. 2019 Jan 11. [cited 2021 Feb 8]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/cooperation-between-research-and-innovation/collaboration-between-research-and-industry/innovation-networks-denmark</ref>. In 2007 many Danish public research organisations were incorporated in universities which led to the reducement in number of research institutes <ref>1. Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education. The Future of Europe Depends on Knowledge. 2012. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://sciencediplomacy.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/danish-science-innovation-education.pdf</ref>. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ku.dk/english University of Copenhagen]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cbs.dk/en Copenhagen Business School]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.itu.dk/ IT University of Copenhagen]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sdu.dk/en University of Southern Denmark]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Odense, Esbjerg, Kolding, Sønderborg, Slagelse, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.au.dk/ Aarhus University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Aarhus, Rønbjerg, Viborg, Rønde, Herning, Silkeborg, Moesgaard, Horsens, Askov, Jyndevad, Årslev, Flakkebjerg, Roskilde, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ruc.dk/en/ Roskilde University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Roskilde
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.en.aau.dk/ Aalborg University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Aalborg, Esbjerg, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dtu.dk/english Technical University of Denmark]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Kongens Lyngby, Copenhagen
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2017, the gross expenditures on research and development were DKK 66.344 million or €8.921 million <ref>Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD.Stat). Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type of expenditure. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: [https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GERD_TOE https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GERD_TOE#]</ref>, which comprises 3% of the country’s GDP <ref>Eurostat. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) % of GDP. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=t2020_20&lang=en</ref>. It is one of the highest R&D intensities in EU, reaching 3.06% <ref>1. Bioenergy International. R&D expenditure in the EU increased slightly to 2.07% of GDP in 2017. 2019 Jan 13. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://bioenergyinternational.com/research-development/rd-expenditure-in-the-eu-increased-slightly-to-2-07-of-gdp-in-2017</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (64.65%), higher education (32.8%), government (2.97%) and private non-profit organisations (0.3%) <ref>1. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/dk?theme=science-technology-and-innovation</ref>.

Denmark had 2668 grants receiving €1.63 billion funding from H2020 <ref name=":0">1. H2020 Projects. [cited 2021 Feb 19]. Available from:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref>. It also had 196 ERC signed grants receiving €321.3 million from H2020 <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2018, Danish government launched the research strategy Denmark – Ready for the Future (Danmark - Klar til Fremtiden). The Strategy has two ambitious objectives. First objective, focused on enhancing the quality of research, emphasizes that Danish research must be of the highest quality (Nobel-prize level), attract talented researchers, participate in international research and innovation must be enhanced <ref name=":0">The Danish Government, Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Denmark – Ready to seize future opportunities. 2018 March. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: <nowiki>https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2018/filer/denmark-ready-to-seize-future-opportunities-pdf.pdf</nowiki></ref>. Second objective concerns research and society. It highlights development and use of the new technologies, translation of research to practice in the public sector and promotion of research with aim of building bridges between research and public <ref name=":0" />.
|Research Governance=The Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science supports the responsible research which should be aligned with the norms, values and expectations of society and create value for society in an ethical and responsible way. For this purpose, the Ministry organised conferences regarding responsible research and innovation. Moreover, research institutions in Denmark participate in the H2020 projects regarding research ethics and research integrity as a leader or partner .

The Danish National Committee on Biomedical Research Ethics coordinates the work in 11 regional committees and provides guidelines and opinions among researchers <ref>1. Eurec. National Information: Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/information/denmark.html</ref>. All research projects conducted in Denmark, involving human beings, human tissue, cells etc. must have a permission from the regional committee. Applications relating to a clinical trial must be submitted to the [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/danish-health-and-medicines-authority Danish Health and Medicines Authority] and a Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics <ref name=":0">Danish Medicines Agency. Guidelines for applications for authorisation of clinical trials of medicinal products in humans. 2019 Oct 2. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/licensing/clinical-trials/trials-in-humans/guideline-for-applications-for-authorisation-of-clinical-trials-of-medicinal-products-in-humans/</ref>. Clinical trials concerning complex areas (e.g. for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products) must be submitted to the National Committee on Health Research Ethics <ref>National Committee on Health Research Ethics. Act on Research Ethics Review of Health Research Projects. 2018 Nov 13. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://en.nvk.dk/rules-and-guidelines/act-on-research-ethics-review-of-health-research-projects</ref>.

For the clinical trials of medicinal products, the sponsor must inform the [https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/ Danish Medicines Agency] in the period of 90 days after completion of a trial, that the trial has been completed, and if it is a multinational trial the Agency must be informed after the trial is completed in Denmark. No later than one year after the trial has ended, the trial results must be entered in [https://eudract.ema.europa.eu/ EudraCT] <ref name=":0" />. Subsequently, data will be published on [http://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu].

In 2017, the Danish Research Misconduct Act came into force, establishing The Danish Committee on Research Misconduct - DCRM (previously Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty). The law stipulates the responsibility of DCRM to handle the cases of research misconduct. There is no right to appeal on decisions of DCRM to any other administrative authority. Those decisions are legally binding and sent directly to the parties involved in the case <ref name=":1">Danish National Research Foundation. Research Integrity. 2019 Sept. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://dg.dk/en/research-integrity/</ref><ref name=":2">Ministry of Higher Education and Science. The Danish Committee on Research Misconduct. 2020 Jul 20. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/councils-and-commissions/The-Danish-Committee-on-Research-Misconduct?set_language=en&cl=en</ref>. DCRM decisions are published in [https://ufm.dk/forskning-og-innovation/rad-og-udvalg/Naevnet-for-Videnskabelig-Uredelighedelighed/afgorelser/afgorelser Danish] and [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/councils-and-commissions/The-Danish-Committee-on-Research-Misconduct/decisions/decisions English] in anonymised form, as well as annual report consisting investigated cases <ref name=":2" />. Work of the DCRM and compliance of institutions with the Act is supervised by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science <ref>European Network of Research Integrity Officers (Enrio). Country Report Denmark. 2019 May. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/denmark/</ref>.

While DCRM handles cases of research misconduct, each research institution is obliged to process cases of questionable research practices. If there is a possible case of research misconduct (falsification, fabrication and plagiarism), every institution has to make an initial assessment which will determine whether research misconduct is involved. If there has been misconduct in research, the case must be forwarded to DCRM which then opens an investigation. At the request of the Committee, the research institution at which the research was conducted assists the Committee regarding specific circumstances of the case <ref name=":2" />. Research Misconduct Act stipulates the obligation of each institution to prepare a report about cases of the questionable research practices <ref name=":2" />.

The Danish Research Misconduct Act states that in processing cases of questionable research practices, research institutions can collaborate with other research institutions or external experts <ref name=":2" />. The institutions send an annual report of handled cases of questionable research practices upon which the DCRM writes the annual report about research misconduct and status of questionable research practices <ref name=":2" />.

The Act states that anyone can raise a case concerning research misconduct by submitting a notification to the research institution at which the research was conducted. In the same time, it does not contain provisions regarding the protection of whistleblowers <ref>The Danish Parliament. Act on Research Misconduct etc. (unofficial translation). 2017 April 26. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/legislation/prevailing-laws-and-regulations/research-and-innovation/Videnskabeliguredelighedeng.pdf</ref>. The Danish Code of Conduct states that persons bringing forward suspicions in good faith should be protected from reprisals <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. 2014 Nov. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2014/files-2014-1/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.pdf</ref>.

Universities usually have special advisers, practice committees, ethics committees or research integrity officers, with the purpose of handling internal cases. Special advisers are appointed at the following universities: Aarhus University, Copenhagen Business School and University of Copenhagen <ref name=":1" />. At the Aarhus University, special advisers on research integrity provide staff and students with advice regarding responsible research conduct and principles of research ethics <ref>1. Aarhus University. Advisers on the responsible conduct of research and freedom of research. 2020 Nov 23. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://medarbejdere.au.dk/en/administration/researchandtalent/responsible-conduct-of-research/advisers/</ref>. Practice committees are established at the following universities: Aarhus University, Aalborg University, Copenhagen Business School, IT University of Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde University, University of Southern Denmark <ref name=":1" />.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/councils-and-commissions/The-Danish-Committee-on-Research-Misconduct The Danish Committee on Research Misconduct]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Copes with cases of research misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.nvk.dk/ The National Committee on Health Research Ethics]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures that health research projects are conducted responsibly and that the rights, safety and wellbeing of participants are protected.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.etiskraad.dk/english The Danish Council on Ethics]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Advises Danish Parliament in the aspect of biotechnology and works with ethical issues related to the health care sector.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurofawc.com/home/42 The Animal Ethics Council]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice and opinions to the Ministry of Environment and Food, regarding research involving animals. It also provides information to and engages in public debates about animal welfare and ethics.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/english/Animal/AnimalWelfare/The-Animal-Experiments-Inspectorate/Pages/default.aspx The Animal Experimentation Council]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Evaluates applications for animal experiments. The council members participate in inspections of faculties and experiments that use laboratory animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lowinputbreeds.org/partners/ucph-cebra.html Danish Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice regarding ethics in biological research.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Denmark.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.nvk.dk/rules-and-guidelines/act-on-research-ethics-review-of-health-research-projects Act on Research Ethics Review of Health Research Projects]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the legal framework for the research ethics evaluation of health research projects by the committees and lays down the tasks of the committee system on this basis.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/about/targets-and-tasks/legislation/the-danish-act-on-clinical-trials-of-medicinal-products/ Act on Clinical Trials of Medical products]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the Danish Medicines Agency’s and the medicinal research ethics committees’ assessment of and control with clinical trials of medicinal products in humans and animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10734-014-9814-1 University Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Determines universities’ obligations regarding research and education. It also describes third mission activities, the role of university boards and the organisation of universities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://stip.oecd.org/stip/policy-initiatives/2019%2Fdata%2FpolicyInitiatives%2F15809 Research Misconduct Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes RI and credibility in research by establishing up-to-date rules on handling of research misconduct and questionable research practice.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/legislation/prevailing-laws-and-regulations/research-and-innovation/executive-order-on-the-danish-committees-on-scientific-dishonesty.pdf Executive Order on the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Defines the research dishonesty and aims at strengthening RI.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://europam.eu/data/mechanisms/FD/FD%20Laws/Denmark/Denmark%20Public%20Administration%20Act%202013%20webpage%20DK.html Public Administration Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures transparency among authorities, focusing on freedom of information and expression, citizens’ participation in democracy, public control of public administration, media dissemination of information to the public and trust in public administration.
{{!}}}
|Measure=RI training ''' '''

Danish Code of Conduct emphasizes the importance of teaching and training regarding research integrity as well as the responsibility of the research institution to ensure that adequate training and education is provided. Moreover, the Code of Conduct states that PhD and postdoctoral programmes should include specific research integrity teaching and training. Hence, universities and other research institutions provide training for the responsible conduct of research at all levels <ref name=":0">Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. 2014 Nov. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2014/files-2014-1/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.pdf</ref>.

There are also various resources for RE and RI training:

[https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ALLEA-European-Code-of-Conduct-for-Research-Integrity-2017.pdf European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

[https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2009/the-danish-committees-on-scientific-guidelines-for-good-scientific-practice The Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty - Guidelines for Good Scientific Practice]

[https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2014/files-2014-1/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.pdf The Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

RI dialogue and communication

Ethics committees organise an annual meeting for their members and the national committee meets at least twice a year for the purposes of the coordination <ref>1. Eurec. National Information: Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://www.eurecnet.org/information/denmark.html</ref>. The [https://ufm.dk/en/the-ministry/organisation/danish-agency-for-higher-education-and-science Danish Agency for Higher Education and Science] under the Ministry of Higher Education and Science organises annual meetings with the key stakeholders in Danish research to work on the policies for the research integrity. Moreover, there are annual conferences organised by different research institutions regarding RI<ref>1. European Network of Research Integrity Officers (Enrio). Denmark. Danish Committee on Research Misconduct (DCRM). [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/denmark/</ref>.

Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science actively works on the promotion of science among the general public. Thus, several events were organised to bring closer researchers, science and society. Moreover, the Ministry is active in the field of responsible research and innovations since it is important for the creation of a dialogue between researchers and citizens. Danish research institutions are participating in a number of Horizon 2020 projects aiming to build an effective approach for cooperation between science and society. In 2012 the Ministry of Higher Education and Science hosted the conference [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/responsible-research-and-innovation/science-in-dialogue Science in Dialogue]. The goal of the conference was to discuss how to develop the dialogue and interaction between science and society. In 2014, the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science hosted [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/euroscience-open-forum-2014 Euroscience Open Forum] themed “Science Building Bridges”, as a symbol of closing the distance between science and society with aim of forging European scientific integration.

The [https://taftie.eu/content/daieg-denmark Danish Agency for Institutions and Educational Grants] manages programs to promote collaboration and interaction between companies and knowledge institutions <ref>1. The European Network of Innovation Agencies. DAIEG – Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/international-cooperation/global-cooperation/bilateral-cooperation</ref>. The Ministry of Higher Education and Science has initiated the internationalisation of Danish science by bilateral cooperation agreements and Innovation Centres abroad. Centres ensure for Danish companies and research institution to access foreign knowledge, networks, technology, funds and markets <ref>1. Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Global cooperation. 2019 Jul 18. [cited 2021 Feb 8]. Available from:

https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/international-cooperation/global-cooperation</ref>.

Universities provide future plans for developing the dialogue between research and society <ref>Aarhus University. Internationalisation Strategy 2014-2020. [cited 2021 Feb 4]. Available from: https://www.e-pages.dk/aarhusuniversitet/893/html5/</ref><ref>1. University of Copenhagen. Talent and collaboration. Strategy 2023. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://about.ku.dk/strategy2023/download-pdf/strategy_2023_UK_print.pdf</ref>. Denmark has a high level of social trust and people usually have a high level of trust in public institutions <ref>1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Once more, Denmark is the world’s least corrupt country. 2020 Jan 27. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:

https://investindk.com/insights/once-more-denmark-is-the-worlds-least-corrupt-country</ref>. Cases of research misconduct are occasionally discussed in the lay press.

RI incentives

Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity emphasizes importance of implementing RI training at universities <ref name=":0" />. There are also award for outstanding and innovative researchers.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1360144X.2019.1595626 RI training at PhD programmes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://akkr.dk/en/about-us/about-the-danish-accreditation-institution/ Danish Accreditation Institution]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eurashe.eu/about/partners/eva/ Danish Evaluation Institute (EVA)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/elite-research Elite Research Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://innovationsfonden.dk/en/innovation-fund-denmarks-awards Innovation Fund Denmark]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}