The Embassy of Good Science - User contributions [en]

Theme:A22bd155-7f88-4750-aa9c-cba9ad72cbec

2021-03-26T15:43:50Z

Ana.Marušić:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Misconduct & Misbehaviors
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:48185295-9e1e-41fb-ab70-948596e588d5
|Title=Duplicate publications and secondary publications
|Is About=Duplicate publication is a form of redundant publication where the same article is published more than once, without acknowledging the first publication.

Secondary publication is an acceptable type of publication – the publication of the same article for different audiences – for example, in a different journal or in a different language.
|Important Because=Duplicate publications are redundant because they present the same data. As readers are not made aware of this fact, they could consider the two (or more) publications to be separate studies. This may be harmful when such studies are included in evidence synthesis, such as systematic reviews and meta-analyses about health interventions, because they may skew the evidence.<ref>Fairfield CJ, Harrison EM, Wigmore SJ. Duplicate publication bias weakens the validity of meta-analysis of immunosuppression after transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Oct 21;23(39):7198-7200.</ref> This can lead to erroneous recommendations for health practice, which may result in increased risk for patients.
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|Important For=Researchers; Research performing organisations; Research funding organisations; Editors; Publishers; General public
|Has Best Practice=This is the definition of duplicate publication by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE):

“When a published work (or substantial sections from a published work) is/are published more than once (in the same or another language) without adequate acknowledgment of the source/cross-referencing/justification”.<ref>COPE. Redundant publication. Accessible via: https://publicationethics.org/category/keywords/redundant-publication</ref>

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) differentiates between '''duplicate submission''' – when authors submit the same work (possibly in different languages) to two or more journals at the same time; and '''duplicate publication''' – when the same work is already published more than once.

Duplicate publications must be retracted, and duplicate submissions, if discovered by journal editors, are usually rejected. COPE provides guidance on how to handle duplicate publications. Some indexing databases, such as PubMed, automatically tag duplicate publications when they identify them during indexation. <ref>Malički M, Utrobičić A, Marušić A. Correcting duplicate publications: follow up study of MEDLINE tagged duplications. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2019 Feb 15;29(1):010201.</ref>

Acceptable '''secondary publication''' is publication of the same work but with clear reference to its first publication and is usually intended for a different audience. In addition, authors must have approval from the journal that first published the article. The secondary publication must be a faithful reflection of the original publication and it must clearly reference the primary publication – as a note in the article and in the title of the secondary article.

What is not a duplicate publication? The ICMJE considers that a structured abstract under 500 words and registration of trial results in public trial registries are not redundant publications. This means that publishing a conference abstract is not considered a publication. Presentations at a meeting (poster or a talk) are also not considered to be proper publications, because they are usually not peer reviewed. Increasingly, authors post their work first in a preprint server (online research repositories) and many journals do not consider this to be duplicate publication. Journals expect the authors to inform them about where the work was posted on a preprint server.
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{{Related To
|Related To Resource=Resource:7de2dab5-11f2-4827-b3d8-c4fbf24295a6
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{{Tags
|Involves=Ana Marušić; Mario Malički
|Has Virtue And Value=Honesty
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Publication ethics
}}

Theme:4d29ae67-bee8-4203-b78f-320bc63025d0

2021-03-26T15:26:14Z

Ana.Marušić:

{{Theme
|Theme Type=Good Practices
|Has Parent Theme=Theme:4596ffa1-88cd-40bc-b346-a58837206404
|Title=Retractions: correcting the scientific literature
|Is About=Retraction is the process of withdrawal from publication of those articles that display seriously flawed or erroneous data. Retraction aims to correct the scholarly literature and alert readers of an article’s serious mistakes. <ref>COPE. Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE): Guidelines for retracting articles. 2010.</ref> The flawed data can be the result of honest error or from research misconduct. When unnoticed, retracted papers are still seen as valid and decrease the trustworthiness of science that follows.
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|Important Because=The integrity of the scientific record is important because published research serves as a basis for new research or application in practice. If the published report on research results is not correct, it may waste future research effort and, what is more dangerous, have direct adverse effects on the public. This is particularly relevant for health research because incorrect health research results may cause harm to patients or the general population. After publication, when it becomes apparent that the results and/or interpretations of an article are seriously flawed, an article can be retracted. Retraction differs from correction, where an article is corrected after publication. Retraction is more serious as a retracted paper should no longer be considered as a source of scientific knowledge. It is also a signal to alert other scholars of the errors. Main reasons for retraction are honest research errors, plagiarism, redundant publication, fabrication, falsification, experimental artefacts and unexplained irreproducibility. <ref>Kleinert S. COPE's retraction guidelines. The Lancet 2009;374(9705):1876-1877.</ref><ref>Wager E, Barbour V, Yentis S, Kleinert S. Retractions: guidance from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Maturitas 2009;64(4):201-203.</ref> The COPE guidelines state that retractions are not to punish the authors. In addition, authors of a paper, as well as others, can call for a retraction upon discovering errors. COPE guidelines state that retracted papers should be labelled as retracted and be accessible (both offline and online). Most journals have their own retraction guidelines. Over the years an increase in the percentage of retracted papers is observed. <ref>Wager E, Barbour V, Yentis S, Kleinert S. Retractions: guidance from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Maturitas 2009;64(4):201-203.</ref> The two possible explanations for this are 1) an increase in pressure to publish flawed papers or 2) an increase in detection of such flaws. <ref>Cokol M, Ozbay F, Rodriguez‐Esteban R. Retraction rates are on the rise. EMBO Rep 2008;9(1):2.</ref> Nonetheless, retractions have an impact on the scientific community. First, it is a waste of resources, both in financial terms, time and participants. Second, when unnoticed, authors implicitly or explicitly use retracted sources as valid scientific results leading to decreasing trustworthiness of science. <ref>Budd JM, Sievert M, Schultz TR. Phenomena of retraction: reasons for retraction and citations to the publications. JAMA 1998;280(3):296-297.</ref>
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|Important For=phd students; Journal publishers; Journal editors
|Has Best Practice=For example, the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which produces PubMed, the largest bibliographical database in health research, describes different types of procedures for amendments to the [http://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20180312141525/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/errata.html). published scientific record]. Retraction of an article involves publishing a retraction notice that explains the reasons for retraction and who is making the retraction. This notice links to the retracted article, which is clearly marked in the indexing database.

The current list of all retractions in PubMed, regardless of the cause (error or misconduct) is available [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=retracted+publication+%5Bpt%5D here].

Some journals want to differentiate between retractions due to misconduct and those that are due to an error that makes a research conclusion wrong, but can be corrected. Such corrections have been termed “retraction with republication” or “retraction with replacement” by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). This type of retraction is used when a serious error makes published results unreliable, but it was judged that the error was not intentional and the corrections are possible. Such retraction and replacement should be accompanied by full explanation, including a clear presentation of the extent of changes that were made.

The problem may occur when the retracted and replaced articles keep the same pagination and bibliographic identifiers (such as DOI – digital object identifier). Some bibliographical databases may not recognize this as a proper correction of literature. Databases usually require that the original and corrected/replaced publication are kept as separated publication items, with added notice that links them. Different understanding of how a retracted publication can be replaced with a corrected publication has caused differences in indexing of such publications in bibliographical databases, creating confusion for the users of published research articles.

A relevant tool to detect retracted papers and keep up to date on retraction scandals is Retraction Watch. Retraction watch is both a blog and a database of an estimated 17,000 retracted papers. The blog regularly updates on papers and authors that are retracted/about to be retracted. The database, found here (insert hyperlink http://retractiondatabase.org/), is a tool to find out whether a paper has been retracted. Journals, authors and reasons for retractions are given in the search results.
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{{Tags
|Has Virtue And Value=Honesty; Transparency
|Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Publication ethics; Journal Retractions
}}

User:Ana.Marušić

2021-03-26T15:24:58Z

Ana.Marušić: create user page