Please read the instructions before experiencing the exercise. Moreover, you should be acquainted with: a) The concept of [https://embassy.science/wiki/Theme:520b3bc7-a6ab-4617-95f2-89c9dee31c53 virtue] and its importance for RI, b) The concept of a [https://embassy.science/wiki/Theme:B4f7b2e3-af61-4466-94dc-2504affab5a8 norm,] c) The concept of a moral [https://embassy.science/wiki/Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34 dilemma], e) The content of the [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]. In order to fully benefit this exercise you need to have a background in research (i.e. be employed as researchers) or be a trainer/educator/teacher who has had experience in research in the past.
Research Integrity Officer / Committee Member / Committee Member
This exercise helps participants to develop approaches for implementing virtues in real life dilemmas by relating virtues to norms of action. Participants reflect on a real research integrity dilemma from different perspectives by means of dialogue.
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One week before the exercise takes place you will be asked to submit a research integrity personal case (this doesn’t need to be a research misconduct case but a case in which, as a researcher, you were in doubt about what was the right thing you should do) (see handout 1 in practical tips). Not all the cases can be discussed during the exercise. If your case is selected, the trainer contacts you to prepare a description of the case to be distributed to the rest of the participants. Watch the video to have an impression of the 'Virtues & Norms Exercise' of the VIRT2UE Train-the-Trainer program.
Prior to the session you will be asked to sign a confidentiality agreement in order to formalize the fact that the information shared during the exercise will be kept confidential and will be destroyed after the training.
The trainer will facilitate the exercise by following the steps: 1. Orientation: case and dilemma Presentation of the case and formulation of the dilemma. 2. Replacing and clarification Participants are given time for clarification questions about the case. This allows participants to 'step into the case presenter’s shoes'. 3. Virtues and norms Creation of an overview of virtues and corresponding norms considered relevant in the case at stake (see handout 2 in practical tips). 4. Dialogue about differences and similarities Engaging in a dialogue about differences and similarities among participants’ virtues and norms. What do you perceive as remarkable? 5. Conclusions Wrapping up and formulating take home messages. For a detailed description of the steps see the trainers instructions.
'''List of contributors:''' Giulia Inguaggiato, Margreet Stolper For their feedback and contribution, we would like to thank: Signe Mezinska, Armin Schmolmüller, Rea Scepanovic, Tom Lindermann and Daniel Pizzolato, Erika Lofstrom, Solveig Corner. This training has been developed by the VIRT2UE project, which has received funding form the European Union’s H2020 research programme under grant agreement N 741782.
Virtues and Norms# 96bec7e823f16474be88e41c5461e509
One week before the exercise takes place ask participants to: 1) Submit a research integrity personal case (by using the form for case reflection, see practical tips) 2) Read the following theme pages on The Embassy: a) [https://embassy.science/wiki/Theme:520b3bc7-a6ab-4617-95f2-89c9dee31c53 Virtues in research integrity] b) [https://embassy.science/wiki/Theme:17d406f9-0b0f-4325-aa2d-2fe186d5ff34 Moral conflict and moral dilemma] c) [https://embassy.science/wiki/Theme:B4f7b2e3-af61-4466-94dc-2504affab5a8 Values and norms] d) [https://embassy.science/wiki/Theme:6217d06b-c907-4b09-af4e-b4c8a17b9847 Dialogue versus debate] The submitted case does not need to be a research misconduct case but a case in which, as researchers, participants were in doubt about the right thing to do. While asking for cases it is good to manage expectations. Make sure to mention that not all the cases can be discussed during the exercise. However, reflecting on a personal case is important since it brings the focus on participants’ practice as researchers and underlines the fact that moral uncertainty is not something to be ashamed of but it is part of everyone’s experience. Select a case which might be interesting for participants and ask the case presenter if they would be willing to present the case during the session. Make sure it is a real and personal case and the case owner is able to tell the details of the case. Together you prepare a short description of the case to be distributed to the other participants (this is not mandatory). To help participants reflect on the case you can use a case reflection form (see practical tips).
At this stage it is important to stress confidentiality. During the session a real-life dilemma will be explored, therefore participants are required to keep the information shared during the session strictly confidential. You are strongly recommended to distribute and sign a confidentiality statement in order to formalize the fact that the information you receive, and the cases that will be shared during the exercise, should be kept confidential by all participants and will be destroyed after the training.
Invite the case presenter to describe the case (previously selected) by focusing on why the case is experienced as morally troublesome. You and the group can help the case presenter to formulate the (two sides of) the dilemma (i.e. should I do A or B?). Yet, the case presenter determines what is the right formulation of their dilemma. In this phase try to focus on two alternative courses of action and avoid exploring third options or creative solutions. This helps to bring focus to the dialogue and encourages people not to start looking for a quick solutions or a way out of the dilemmas. Write down the dilemma and key words describing the case on a flip-chart.
In this step you invite participants to put themselves in the case presenter’s shoes and think about which facts in the case need more clarification to gain a better understanding of the situation. All the relevant questions, which enable participants to put themselves in the shoes of the case presenter, should be asked at this point.
Ask participants to fill in a table with the same elements (see below), for example: {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" | width="171" valign="top"|'''Virtue''' | width="345" valign="top"|'''Norm/action''' |- | width="171" valign="top"|Justice | width="345" valign="top"|I should credit all contributors |- | width="171" valign="top"|Courage | width="345" valign="top"|I should speak up |} A hand-out with '''a list''' of research integrity related virtues, '''a table''' of examples and '''an empty table''' can be distributed (see practical tips). Together with the empty table, you should distribute some post-it notes. In the meantime, draw the same table on a flip-chart (or white board) with three columns: perspective, virtue, norm (see below). You can also consider doing this in advance, before the session. {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" | width="154" valign="top"|'''Name''' | width="137" valign="top"|'''Virtue''' | width="226" valign="top"|'''Norm/action''' |- | rowspan="2" width="154" valign="top"|Louise | width="137" valign="top"|Justice | width="226" valign="top"|I should credit all the contributors |- | width="137" valign="top"|Courage | width="226" valign="top"|I should speak up |- | width="154" valign="top"|Ben | width="137" valign="top"|… | width="226" valign="top"|….. |} Ask all the participants to write their virtues and norms on a post-it (in clear writing) and then invite them to stand up and go to the table on the flip-chart to write down their name and place their post-its with their virtue(s) and norms next to their name. In this way an overview of perspectives, virtues and norms is created.
Invite participants to look at the overview and ask the following questions in order to foster reflection: o What do you perceive as remarkable? o Are there similarities/differences between different perspectives? Are they in conflict with each other? o Are these virtues also mentioned or implied in the European Code for Research Integrity? If yes which ones? o Are we able to select a virtue which is supposed to be the most important in this situation? If so, why is this virtue the most important? o Putting yourselves in the case presenter’s shoes: what do you need (concretely) to act upon the virtue which the group selected? Are there any constraints? Report people’s answers on the board. You can use different colours, underline words, and take short notes. If you are using this exercise for the first time please use the above questions to facilitate a dialogical reflection. Don’t forget to mention the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. You could even consider bringing a copy of the code with you. Do not take too long for each question. If people start debating, or if they go off topic, guide them back towards the question at stake. If people cannot agree on one virtue that is also fine. Report the different conclusions on the table. TIP: Don't be afraid of silence. Let people think about the answer. Give them time but not too much, if there are no inputs move on.
Dialogue by means of differences and similarities (15 min)
Invite participants to think about the entire process: what is the take home message of this session for them? Try to draw conclusions by asking participants: o Was it easy or difficult to relate the virtues and norms to each other? Why? o Did putting yourself in the case presenter’s shoes broaden the way you looked at virtues and, consequently norms and behaviors? o Did the virtues and norms/behaviors identified by others help you to look at virtues differently or more broadly? Do you think that will influence your thinking on research integrity dilemmas in practice?
Virtues and Norms# aa2240ecb1dfe4c814938f72380b5cd6
Start the session by welcoming participants and by giving a short introduction to the exercise. Explain the aim of the exercise properly. Please keep in mind that this exercise is not about personal opinions/judgements on what each participant would do in the case, or to justify or condemn what the case-owner did (or did not) do. Participants should be willing to engage in a dialogue and learn from each other. This should be stressed at the beginning of the session. Also, as a facilitator you should take into account that being a case presenter can be challenging and emotionally burdensome. It is your responsibility to protect the case presenter and call for a time-out in case the conversation becomes too heavy or uncomfortable.
Once the case is clear, you ask participants to put themselves in the case presenter’s shoes and think about which virtue(s) (two are enough but more are also welcome) would play a role in the specific dilemma, if they were in the case presenter’s situation. You can ask them: “If you were in the case presenter’s situation and had to decide what to do, which virtue would be important for you in making this decision?” Please note that virtues should not necessarily be linked to one of the options. In this step, participants should reflect on which moral character (virtue) they should embody in order to act with integrity in the situation at stake. Contextually, you ask them to reflect on which rule of action (norm) or behaviour follows from the virtue they selected themselves. They can ask themselves: “What should I do in this situation in order to act in accordance with this virtue?” “What rule of action should I follow in order to embody this virtue in this situation?” Please note that different norms can be related to the same virtue and ''vice versa''.
Explaining how to fill in the tables about virtues and norms
Before moving forward provide participants with a short definition of virtues and norms (please see [https://embassy.science/wiki/Theme:B4f7b2e3-af61-4466-94dc-2504affab5a8 Values and norms] and [https://embassy.science/wiki/Theme:520b3bc7-a6ab-4617-95f2-89c9dee31c53 Virtues in research integrity]) If people have question or doubts you can address them at this stage.
'''Handout 1 ''' '''Case reflection - Instructions ''' Think about one situation from your professional life in which you experienced a kind of moral doubt about what to do. It could be a situation in which you had to face a dilemma and found yourself wondering should I do A or B? Both options might have had undesirable consequences but nevertheless, you had to act and decide what to do. The purpose of this exercise is to invite you to reflect on your personal experience as a researcher. Please note that not all the cases will be discussed during the exercise. The facilitator will contact you if your case has been selected for discussion during the exercise. All the cases will be destroyed after the training. Also, if you want you can contact your trainer and ask him to distribute and sign a confidentiality statement. '"`UNIQ--nowiki-0000000A-QINU`"' '''Handout 2 ''' '''Virtues and norms table''' '''Examples of virtues:''' Resoluteness;Accountability;Availability;Competency;Patience;Perseverance;Reliability;Sincerity;Creativity;Honesty;Objectivity;Humility;Accountability, Punctuality, Trustworthiness/truthfulness, Selflessness;Reflexivity;Clarity of purpose;Collaborative spirit;Fairness;Loyalty;Moderation;Positivity;Respectfulness.'"`UNIQ--references-0000000B-QINU`"'Pre-filled example table: {| class="sortable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="615" | width="171" valign="top"|'''Name''' | width="167" valign="top"|'''Virtue''' | width="276" valign="top"|'''Norm/action''' |- | rowspan="2" width="171" valign="top"|Louise | width="167" valign="top"|Honesty | width="276" valign="top"|I should credit all the contributors |- | width="167" valign="top"|Courage | width="276" valign="top"|I should talk to my supervisor |- | width="171" valign="top"|Ben | width="167" valign="top"|Reliability | width="276" valign="top"|I should do exactly what I promised to my colleague. |}
Researchers are often faced with dilemmas and questions which put their integrity at risk. In these situations, researchers must decide what is important for them and how to stay close to their values while protecting their integrity and respecting their professional codes of conduct. Reflecting on which moral characters are important for researchers, and on how these moral characters might guide their actions, can support researchers to understand personal motives for good conduct in science.
This exercise supports reflection on research integrity cases and dilemmas by focusing on how virtues (or moral characters) can support researchers in deciding how to act in accordance to personal motives and values'"`UNIQ--ref-00000008-QINU`"'. In this exercise, virtues are defined and reflected upon and transformed into norms for action. You will be asked to reflect on questions such as “What should I do to honor honesty in this situation?” “How can I be reliable?” This exercise helps to reflect on what kind of researchers we want to be and what we consider 'excellent' behaviors, while also considering possible difficulties and constraints.'"`UNIQ--references-00000009-QINU`"'
Virtues and Norms# e9570d63dfe8ac838275a49912dbeb48
You can use the following instruction to help participants reflect on their own cases. These handouts are also included in the instructions for trainees. '''Form for case reflection''' '''Instructions''' Think about one situation from your professional life in which you experienced a kind of moral doubt about what to do. It could be a situation in which you had to face a dilemma and found yourself wondering should I do A or B? Both options might have had undesirable consequences but nevertheless, you had to act and decide what to do. The purpose of this exercise is to invite you to reflect on your personal experience as a researcher. Please note that not all the cases will be discussed during the exercise. The facilitator will contact you if your case has been selected for discussion during the exercise. All the cases will be destroyed after the training. Also, if you want you can contact your trainer and ask him to distribute and sign a confidentiality statement. '"`UNIQ--nowiki-0000000E-QINU`"' '''Hand out step five''' '''Examples of virtues'''2''':''' Resoluteness;Accountability;Availability;Competency;Patience;Perseverance;Reliability;Sincerity;Creativity;Honesty;Objectivity;Humility;Accountability, Punctuality, Trustworthiness/truthfulness, Selflessness;Reflexivity;Clarity of purpose;Collaborative spirit;Fairness;Loyalty;Moderation;Positivity;Respectfulness. '''Pre-filled example table:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="615" | width="171" valign="top"|'''Name''' | width="167" valign="top"|'''Virtue''' | width="276" valign="top"|'''Norm/action''' |- | rowspan="2" width="171" valign="top"|Louise | width="167" valign="top"|Honesty | width="276" valign="top"|I should credit all the contributors |- | width="167" valign="top"|Courage | width="276" valign="top"|I should talk to my supervisor |- | width="171" valign="top"|Ben | width="167" valign="top"|Reliability | width="276" valign="top"|I should do exactly what I promised to my colleague. |} '"`UNIQ--references-0000000F-QINU`"'
Through reflection on the moral characters important for researchers, and how they guide action, participants gain an understanding of their personal motives for research practice.
This exercise provides a structured format to reflect on research integrity cases and dilemmas. The exercise related the concepts of virtues and to research practice'"`UNIQ--ref-0000000C-QINU`"'. Virtues are reflected upon in the context of research integrity and transformed into norms for action. '"`UNIQ--references-0000000D-QINU`"'
Virtues and Norms# 7bd2e432ee319e26c1c9b9d5c44f7693
VIRT2UE Training Guide# 4baecb7e5070750c825fdb2b473d7c9b# 4baecb7e5070750c825fdb2b473d7c9b