A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Spain. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="642" | width="301" valign="top"|'''Law''' | width="342" valign="top"|'''Scope''' |- | width="301" valign="top"|[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1451484/law-6-2001%252c-of-21-december%252c-on-universities.html Act on Universities (La Ley Orgánica 6/2001 de Universidades)] | width="342" valign="top"|Promotes the action of the General Administration of the State in the structuring and cohesion of the University system, deepens the competences of the autonomous communities in the field of higher education, increases the degree of autonomy of the universities and establishes the channels needed to strengthen relationships and reciprocal links between University and society. |- | width="301" valign="top"|[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-9617 Law for Science, Technology and Innovation (Ley 14/2011, de 1 de junio, de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación)] | width="342" valign="top"|Deepens the vertebration of relations and the dialogue between science, technology, innovation and society. |- | width="301" valign="top"|[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-12945 The Law on Biomedical Research (Ley 14/2007, de 3 de julio, de Investigación biomédica)] | width="342" valign="top"|Establishes standards in areas that have not been regulated yet or that have been fragmentary or unrelated to the changes occurred in recent years, such as genetic analysis, research with human biological samples, in particular those of an embryonic nature, or biobanks. |- | width="301" valign="top"|[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1448886/royal-decree-2132---2004%252c-of-29-october%252c-laying-down-the-requirements-and-procedures-for-the-development-of-research-projects-with-stem-cells-take.html Royal Decree 2132/2004, Of 29 October, Laying Down The Requirements And Procedures For The Development Of Research Projects With Stem Cells Taken From Surplus Pre-Embryos] | width="342" valign="top"|Regulates the use of the human pre-embryos for the research purposes. |- | width="301" valign="top"|[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1446767/order-sco-393-2006%252c-of-8-february%252c-which-establishes-the-organization-and-functioning-of-the-national-stem-cell-bank.html Order SCO/393/2006, Of 8 February, Which Establishes The Organization And Functioning Of The National Stem Cell Bank] | width="342" valign="top"|Establishes the organization and operation of the National Bank of Cellular Lines. |- | width="301" valign="top"|[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1999-23750 Organic Law 15/1999, of December 13, on the Protection of Personal Data] | width="342" valign="top"|Guarantees and protects, with regard to the processing of personal data, the public freedoms and fundamental rights of natural persons, and in particular their personal and family honour and privacy. |- | width="301" valign="top"|[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-18654 Royal Decree 1527/2010, of November 15, regulating the Guarantees Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues and the Registration of Research Projects] | width="342" valign="top"|Regulates the use of human cells and tissues and the registry of research projects. |- | width="301" valign="top"|[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-18919 Royal Decree 1716/2011 of 18 November establishing the basic requirements for the authorization and operation of biobanks for biomedical research and the treatment of biological samples of human origin, and regulating the operation and organization of the National Register of Biobanks for biomedical research.] | width="342" valign="top"|Establishes the basic requirements for authorization and operation of biobanks for biomedical research. |- | width="301" valign="top"|[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-1337 Royal Decree 53/2013 of 1 February laying down the basic rules applicable for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching.] | width="342" valign="top"|Establishes the basic rules applicable for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching. |- | width="301" valign="top"|[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-6271 Law 6/2013, of June 11, amending Law 32/2007, of November 7, for the care of animals, in their exploitation, transport, experimentation and slaughter.] | width="342" valign="top"|Establishes a set of principles regarding the care of animals and the regulation of the corresponding sanctioning regime in case of non-compliance with animal welfare regulations. |}
RI training There is no mandate for RI training but some universities and institutions have integrated a module about research integrity in their existing program about research ethics (Autonomous University of Madrid, University of Barcelona, University of Oviedo and National University of Distance Education). Several members of the CSIC Ethics Committee give lectures regarding research integrity and responsible conduct of research. Research Ethics and Research Integrity have been included as topics in the CSIC Management Training Course aimed to CSIC’s Directors and Managers '"`UNIQ--ref-000004DD-QINU`"'. RI dialogue and communication In a Knowledge Transfer study 2010-2012, Spain positioning is about average (56%). Spain is one of the countries with a low level of innovation and weak knowledge translation policies '"`UNIQ--ref-000004DE-QINU`"'. Research Results Transfer Offices, that are part of each university, aim to promote and facilitate cooperation in Research and Development activities between researchers and companies '"`UNIQ--ref-000004DF-QINU`"'. The academic system is perceived corrupt. Academic corruption survey of 5,725 people who studied in 11 European countries showed the highest levels of perceived corruption in Ukraine and Spain '"`UNIQ--ref-000004E0-QINU`"'. Since 2002, the percentage of the population understanding science and technology as bringing more benefits than harms keeps growing every year '"`UNIQ--ref-000004E1-QINU`"'. The research integrity s occasionally discussed in the lay press. The most relevant newspapers at the national level (EL Pais and El Mundo) published several articles about cases of scientific misconduct in Spain. RI incentives Spain provides Research and Development tax relief through a hybrid tax credit and social security contributions exemption for qualified research staff. Both of these incentives are mutually exclusive in their use except for innovative small and medium-sized enterprises '"`UNIQ--ref-000004E2-QINU`"'. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" | width="376" valign="top"|'''Initiatives''' | width="376" valign="top"|'''Scope''' |- | width="376" valign="top"|[https://www.csic.es/en/training-and-employment/training-research-personnel CSIC Management Training Course] | width="376" valign="top"|Training |- | width="376" valign="top"|[https://www.enac.es/web/english The National Accreditation Entity] | width="376" valign="top"|Accreditation |- | width="376" valign="top"|[https://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.7eeac5cd345b4f34f09dfd1001432ea0/?vgnextoid=82957edcc0186610VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD&lang_choosen=en The National Research Award] | width="376" valign="top"|Support |} '"`UNIQ--references-000004E3-QINU`"'
In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €15.572 million, which comprises 1.25% of the country’s GDP '"`UNIQ--ref-000004C9-QINU`"'. Most funding was spent in the corporate sector (56.1%), followed by the higher education sector (26.6%), general government sector (17.0%) and the private non-profit sector (0.3%) '"`UNIQ--ref-000004CA-QINU`"'. Spain had 8.137 signed grants receiving €5.82 billion in H2020 '"`UNIQ--ref-000004CB-QINU`"' and 491 ERC signed grants receiving €664.8 million in H2020 '"`UNIQ--ref-000004CC-QINU`"'. '"`UNIQ--references-000004CD-QINU`"'
Spain has several bodies for RI – the Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the Spanish Research Ethics Committee (CEEI), the National Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction and the Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues. From 2011 the Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) has been a member of European Network of Research Integrity Office (ENRIO) and responsible for raising awareness of researchers about the importance of research integrity '"`UNIQ--ref-000004D1-QINU`"'. Its aim is also to prevent research misconduct and unacceptable research practices '"`UNIQ--ref-000004D2-QINU`"'. To that end, the Committee has created the [http://enacti2ng-itn.cbm.uam.es/images/Documentation/CBP_CSIC_en.pdf Code of Good Scientific Practices of CSIC], the [https://www.cnb.csic.es/documents/ConflictosInteresCSIC.pdf CSIC Manual of Conflicts of Interest] and the [http://icmab.es/images/gender/Declaracion-nacional-integridad-cientifica.pdf Spanish National Statement of Research Integrity]. CSIC is also responsible for dealing with ethical conflicts. Any individual or institution can bring a case to the attention of the Committee, whose field of competence is limited to CSIC and its employees '"`UNIQ--ref-000004D3-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-000004D4-QINU`"'. There are also a number of Spanish national associations for ethics assessment of research, centred mainly in bioethics and biomedical research. They include the National Association of Research Ethics Committees, the Network of Ethics Committees in Universities and Public Research Centres in Spain and the Spanish Association of Bioethics '"`UNIQ--ref-000004D5-QINU`"'. All the autonomous communities have Research Ethics Committees and Research Ethics Committees for drugs that perform the ethical assessment of research projects performed in the region. These committees have a special accreditation regulated by the Royal Decree 1090/2015 '"`UNIQ--ref-000004D6-QINU`"'. The Research Ethics Committees and ad hoc commissions are in charge of settling scientific integrity problems. They are independent and their decisions can be binding, although there is a right of appeal. The official list of proven misconduct regulated by authorities is not publicly available at the moment '"`UNIQ--ref-000004D7-QINU`"'. Spanish policies and initiatives to support ethics practices in the private industry mostly concern corporate social responsibility. Any industry can create an independent Research Ethics Committee or ascribe to any existent Research Ethics Committee, but each Research Ethics Committee must be authorized by the regional autonomies through an accreditation process strictly controlled by the health authorities. Large companies may have their own good practices codes, especially in the pharmaceutical sector '"`UNIQ--ref-000004D8-QINU`"'. Aside from Research Ethics Committees, professional organizations can also sanction research misconducts. For example, deontological commissions related to the professional organizations act independently to sanction the professionals involved in research misconducting '"`UNIQ--ref-000004D9-QINU`"'. If misconduct affects human beings, Justice system starts a process of investigation '"`UNIQ--ref-000004DA-QINU`"'. The protection of whistle-blowers is not addressed in regulations related to RI. There is no specific law on whistle-blower protection for employees in Spain so citizens must personally come forward in order for their claim to be investigated. The only legislative regulation loosely related to whistleblowing is a provision allowing citizens to anonymously report conflicts of interest of high-ranking officials and members of Parliament and a whistle-blower e-mail hotline that allows anonymous reporting of anticompetitive behaviour '"`UNIQ--ref-000004DB-QINU`"'. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="642" | width="302" valign="top"|'''Bodies for RE+RI''' | width="340" valign="top"|'''Scope''' |- | width="302" valign="top"|[https://www.csic.es/en/csic/scientific-integrity-and-ethics-csic/csic-ethics-committee Ethics Committee of the Spanish National Research Council] | width="340" valign="top"|Investigates, trains and promotes RI. It also issues reports and formulates recommendations about ethical and deontological principles related to research activity. |- | width="302" valign="top"|[https://eng.isciii.es/eng.isciii.es/Paginas/Inicio.html The Research Ethics Committee of the Carlos III Health Institute] | width="340" valign="top"|Contributes to improving the health of all citizens through the promotion of research and innovation in Health Sciences and Biomedicine and through the provision of groundbreaking scientific and technical services and educational programmes directed towards the National Health System. |- | width="302" valign="top"|[http://www.comitedebioetica.es/ The Spanish Bioethics Committee] | width="340" valign="top"|Issues reports, proposals and recommendations for public authorities at state and regional level on matters related to the ethical and social implications of Biomedicine and Health Sciences. It is also responsible for establishing the general principles for the production of codes of good practice in scientific research and for representing Spain in supranational and international forums and bodies involved in bioethics. |- | width="302" valign="top"|[https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1441251/royal-decree-42-2010-of-15-january%252c-which-regulates-the-national-commission-for-assisted-human-reproduction.html The National Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction] | width="340" valign="top"|Provides guidance on the use of assisted human reproduction techniques and collaborates with public administrations with regard to this matter. |- | width="302" valign="top"|[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-18654 The Commission for the Donation and Use of Human Cells and Tissues] | width="340" valign="top"|Advises and guides research with biological samples of human embryonic nature and contributes to the updating and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge in this matter. |} '"`UNIQ--references-000004DC-QINU`"'
The Spanish Strategy on Science, Technology and Innovation 2013-2020 was launched by the General State Administration and the Regional Administrations in 2012. Since it was created at the time when country was experiencing serious economic difficulties which led to decreasing of funding with respect to public and company investment, the Strategy promotes the capacities of the Spanish Science, Technology and Innovation System and enables collaboration between all the stakeholders of the System while increasing the social and economic returns from investment in Research Development and Innovation (RDI). With regard to this, the Strategy defends the importance of scientific and technological progress as an indisputable element of social progress '"`UNIQ--ref-000004CE-QINU`"'. One of the Strategy’s aims is to define a strategic framework for RDI policies to promote structural reforms, establish incentives and determine the objectives and efforts required to create the RDI capacities that will make Spain a country of innovation, contribute to social and economic progress and reinforce their international leadership in a global setting '"`UNIQ--ref-000004CF-QINU`"'. '"`UNIQ--references-000004D0-QINU`"'
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