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creation date: 2026-08-21T21:45:02+02:00
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Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting
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page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3A48185295-2D9e1e-2D41fb-2Dab70-2D948596e588d5
wiki namespace: 7600
wiki page content language: en
display title: Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting
important because: Integrity in analysis and reporting of results is important to fully understand your data. Misbehaviors related to analysis and reporting include: #Report on data driven hypotheses without disclosure [‘HARKing’ ‐ Hypothesizing After Results are Known ‐ typically with a view to make results appear more spectacular (‘Chrysalis effect’)] #Delete data before performing data analysis without disclosure #Selectively delete data, modify data or add fabricated data after performing initial data‐analyses [in other words: falsification or fabrication of data] #Perform data‐analyses not stated in the study protocol without disclosure [or in predefined data‐analysis plan – also called ‘Significance chasing’, ‘P-hacking’, ‘data dredging’, ‘fishing expedition’ or explorative subgroup analyses] #Report an incorrect downwardly rounded p‐value [e.g. by reporting a p value of .054 as being less than .05] #Not report all study protocol‐stipulated results [in the aggregate of all published reports on the study at issue] #Not publish a valid ‘negative’ study [in a form that is publicly available or accessible behind a paywall (article, report, website etc.)] #Report an unexpected finding as having been hypothesized from the start #Conceal results that contradict your earlier findings or convictions #Not report clearly relevant details of study methods #Not report replication problems #Selectively cite to enhance your own findings or convictions #Selectively cite to please editors, reviewers or colleagues #Selectively cite or cite your own work to improve citation metrics [e.g. Impact Factor, H‐index] #Let your convictions influence the conclusions substantially #Insufficiently report study flaws and limitations #Spread study results over more papers than needed [‘salami slicing’] #Duplicate publication without disclosure #Re‐use of previously published data without disclosure [which may lead to double counting in meta‐analyses] #Modify the results or conclusions of a study due to pressu…
important for: Early Career Researcher
important for: Researcher
important for: Senior Researcher
is about: In a list of major and minor research misbehaviours collaboratively developed by a group of research integrity experts, the research phase ‘Reporting’ (which describes analysis and publication of results jointly) contains the most items.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000000-QINU`"' Needless to say, the potential for misbehaviors in this phase is exacerbated by the vast number of decisions researchers must take during the course of analysis and reporting. '"`UNIQ--references-00000001-QINU`"'
main category: Category:Theme
theme type: Misconduct & Misbehaviors
title: Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting
wiki page creation date: 2020-10-28T08:05:42Z
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display title of: Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting
last editor is: User:0000-0003-4024-8548
wiki page modification date: 2026-03-04T09:33:42Z
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wiki page sort key: Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting
page creator: User:0000-0001-7124-9282
page author: User:0000-0001-7124-9282
page author: User:0000-0003-4024-8548

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Communicate results to the general public before a peer reviewed publication is available
type: Subject
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Communicate results to the general public before a peer reviewed publication is available

Data driven hypotheses without disclosure (‘HARKing’)
type: Subject
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Data driven hypotheses without disclosure (‘HARKing’)

Duplicate publications and secondary publications
type: Subject
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wiki namespace: 7600
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Duplicate publications and secondary publications

Funding (Sponsorship) bias
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3AB962d39b-2Dee34-2D4562-2D951c-2D5193700beff6
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Funding (Sponsorship) bias

Hypothesizing after the results are known (HARKing)
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3ACc742a7b-2D826d-2D4201-2Db33e-2D457f2ef79fb9
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Hypothesizing after the results are known (HARKing)

Improper data use (a bias distorting research results)
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3A88b73549-2Dfec0-2D4fb9-2D99f6-2Dfe1055d6b76a
wiki namespace: 7600
wiki page content language: en
wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Improper data use (a bias distorting research results)

Inaccurate representation of results in the media
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3A1f1c45e8-2De91d-2D4eb4-2Db252-2D23e319d34f78
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Inaccurate representation of results in the media

Inferring from P-values
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3AB6c091e2-2Dcbb4-2D47d4-2Da14c-2D560d3da11db8
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Inferring from P-values

Insufficiently reported study flaws and limitations
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3A5c713a6c-2Dcd3e-2D4c1a-2Da292-2Ddd98fa0c1334
wiki namespace: 7600
wiki page content language: en
wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Insufficiently reported study flaws and limitations

Non-reporting of negative findings
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3A24e87492-2D7020-2D4fc0-2Dab37-2Ddd88bcf9f637
wiki namespace: 7600
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Non-reporting of negative findings

Outcome reporting bias
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3A7df709ce-2Dfb89-2D4703-2D966f-2Db33e68b83ad5
wiki namespace: 7600
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Outcome reporting bias

P-value hacking
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3A6b584d4e-2D2c9d-2D4e27-2Db370-2D5fbdb983ab46
wiki namespace: 7600
wiki page content language: en
wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]P-value hacking

Publication bias (positive results)
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3AE0384a98-2Dfbfd-2D4df9-2D9caa-2D3fe4afa95951
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Publication bias (positive results)

Salami publication
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3A95c69cce-2D596a-2D42b5-2D9d86-2De0aabaf00a85
wiki namespace: 7600
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Salami publication

Selective citation
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3A590b79a4-2Dab28-2D44a4-2Db090-2D7be5e20a72ad
wiki namespace: 7600
wiki page content language: en
wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Selective citation

Spin of research results
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3A81c131bb-2D58e4-2D42ef-2D97e6-2D97e0476f3731
wiki namespace: 7600
wiki page content language: en
wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting|Questionable Research Practices in Analysis and Reporting]]Spin of research results

Clarifying the aims of a research study
type: Subject
page: https://embassy.science:443/wiki/Theme-3A01e60c50-2D7d2c-2D4021-2D9a85-2D3ae5dc5a0520
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wiki page sort key: [[:Property:Display Title|Display Title]]: [[:Protecting research subjects|Protecting research subjects]]Clarifying the aims of a research study

Is there an overall theme which already addresses some relevant points?
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wiki namespace: 102
wiki page content language: en
wiki page sort key: Has Parent Theme
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Related Themes
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Related To Object
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