Practice guidelines are diverse and vary according to the scientific field. Rather than rules, professional bodies provide guidelines or recommendations and most guidelines leave some room for interpretation. ===='''Medicine'''==== The best-known authorship guideline comes from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. The ICMJE recommends that an author should meet all four of the following criteria: '"`UNIQ--ref-0000016F-QINU`"'‘‘Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work,’’'"`UNIQ--ref-00000170-QINU`"'’’Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content,’’ '"`UNIQ--ref-00000171-QINU`"' ‘‘Final approval of the version to be published,’’ and '"`UNIQ--ref-00000172-QINU`"'‘‘Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved’’. The committee further designates that in addition to excluding a scholar who has not met all four criteria, any scholar who meets all four should be included as an author. Following the authorship criteria, the ICMJE expressly describes contributions that should be included as an acknowledgment, and not authorship (i.e., funding, supervision, writing assistance, technical or language editing, proofreading). '"`UNIQ--ref-00000173-QINU`"' ===='''Science'''==== The Council of Science Editors describes authors as “individuals identified by the research group to have made substantial contributions to the reported work and agree to be accountable for these contributions. In addition to being accountable for the parts of the work he or she has done, an author should be able to identify which of their co-authors are responsible for specific other parts of the work. In addition, an author should have confidence in the integrity of the contributions of their co-authors. All authors should review and approve the final manuscript.”'"`UNIQ--ref-00000174-QINU`"' ===='''Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics'''==== Guidelines in the physical and mathematical sciences offer somewhat less precise definitions, such as this from the American Physical Society: “Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the concept, design, execution or interpretation of the research study. All those who have made significant contributions should be offered the opportunity to be listed as authors. Other individuals who have contributed to the study should be acknowledged, but not identified as authors.”'"`UNIQ--ref-00000175-QINU`"' ===='''Sociology'''==== The American Sociological Association includes the following in its Code of Ethics: “(a) Sociologists take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have contributed. (b) Sociologists ensure that principal authorship and other publication credits are based on the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their status. In claiming or determining the ordering of authorship, sociologists seek to reflect accurately the contributions of main participants in the research and writing process. (c) A student is usually listed as principal author on any multiple-authored publication that substantially derives from the student’s dissertation or thesis.” '"`UNIQ--ref-00000176-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-00000177-QINU`"'
A successful career for researchers is often equivalent to the production and acceptance of peer-reviewed manuscripts. In fact, the number of publications a researcher has is commonly used as a parameter for career progression or funding acquisition. Authorship matters because the entire research and publication process relies on trust. Authorship conveys significant privileges, responsibilities, and legal rights, and it is fair that only those who have actively participated in the work should benefit from the positive aspects of being an author and being accountable for all aspects of the research. Although the general guidelines on authorship are common sense, the pressure to be a productive scholar and problems resulting from different interpretations of the general guidelines have encouraged a number of questionable research practices. These include honorary authorship, gift authorship, prestige authorship, plagiarism, self-plagiarism, citation amnesia, multiple submissions and duplicate publication.
A well known criteria of authorship states that an author must have contributed substantially to a work’s: conception or design; data acquisition, analysis or interpretation; intellectual content development or critical review; final version approval; and integrity, ensuring that issues related to the accuracy or completeness of any part of the work are properly investigated and resolved.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000016D-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-0000016E-QINU`"'
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERY36e437cc1cdbdfe025905ffbd76be304
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERY97458f934cd7228c2a9ca231b0219cae
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERY4caca809d9fc4214dc89ee1a02b55d8f
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERY26ddcd7b6ca23fa7bfebe678166a7c01
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERYaf6b310be472b8e5139e58acf5b8be9e
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERYf22aee3b756c6b704fb2a4270cdf5d8d
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERY061c621cdcc44aa96de18b6dc06dded5
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERY83d8d3ce5a044f70058ffdfb7d6f1b6c
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERYa41ffa89b0bcf8498c4fdc18d0eed0ff
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERY3a7458888452b4512237d3ea70cae27a
Seven Ways to Plagiarize: Handling Real Allegations of Research Misconduct
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERY2b72eac99ac61f81129d54394fb43aa0
Display Title: PublicationAuthorship criteria# QUERY75bf73c669f1351d324a4b3b557df164
Authorship Deserved, Not Earned: Research Ethics and Research Integrity Scenario
Collaborative Working Between Academia and Industry: An Educational Scenario by the EnTIRE project
Committee on Publication Ethics Guidelines on How to Handle Authorship Disputes
Framework to Enhance Research Integrity in Research Collaborations
Guest Authorship, Mortality Reporting, and Integrity in Rofecoxib Studies
Introduction to Research Integrity and Good Scientific Practices
Publication, Dissemination and Research Integrity: An Educational Scenario by the EnTIRE project
Responsible conduct of biomedical research : collaborative research
Scientific Research: Dilemmas and Temptations (booklet of cases)
Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences' Guideline on Authorship in Scientific Publications
Swiss Academy of Arts and Sciences Code of Conduct for Scientific Integrity r
Not asking permission from contributors for the wording of the acknowledgement
Display Title: Not acknowledging contributors who do not qualify for authorshipNot asking permission from contributors for the wording of the acknowledgemen
Display Title: PublicationConsent for publication (Author)
Display Title: Questionable Research Practices in CollaborationHonorary or gift authorship
Not acknowledging contributors who do not qualify for authorship
Display Title: Questionable Research Practices in CollaborationNot acknowledging contributors who do not qualify for authorship