Throughout history, multiple violations of ethical principles in human research have occurred. The most widely known are perhaps the inhumane experiments conducted by the Nazis and Japanese during the WW2. In the aftermath of the WW2, the Nuremberg Code was published to provide basic guidelines in human research. To further improve the ethics of human research, the World Medical Association developed the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964. While providing some guidance, instances of unethical research persisted. In the United States, a large study was conducted to assess the impact of syphilis, and hundreds of participants were barred from seeking treatment in what was known as the Tuskegee experiment. Following the public outcry, the Belmont report was published in 1978. These documents set important standards in human research and provide the foundations of medical ethics. Some of the important points are respect for the person, personal autonomy (and informed consent), justice, and beneficence. Nowadays, different countries have national laws, informed by the aforementioned international guidance, regarding clinical research and oversight by research ethics committees. '''Related guidelines''' *[https://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/nuremberg.pdf Nuremberg code] *[https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/ Declaration of Helsinki] *[https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/read-the-belmont-report/index.html Belmont report] '''Related cases''' *[https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm Tuskegee syphilis experiment] *[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-medical-experiments Nazi human experiments]
New drugs. procedures and treatments require detailed testing to ensure they are safe, effective and do not harm those undergoing the treatment or taking the drug. While a lot can be answered using in vitro experiments and animal testing, testing on humans is necessary in order to verify the safety and efficacy of novel treatments.'"`UNIQ--references-00000002-QINU`"'
Undergraduate Student / Graduate Student
In research with humans, human beings are not only researchers, but also the main subjects of research. Such research can be observational or interventional, and can be medical (including biology, physiology, and clinical trials) or non-medical (social science, political science). Because of ethical issues arising from human research, this area is heavily regulated, to protect the rights and dignity of research participants.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000000-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-00000001-QINU`"'
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A Review of the Impact of the TeGenero Trial on the Design, Conduct, and Ethics of FIM Trials
Bioethicists Call for Investigation Into Nutritional Experiments on Aboriginal People
Data Practices, Data Management and FAIR Principles: An Educational Scenario by the EnTIRE project
Ethics, Human Rights and HIV Vaccine Trials in Low-Income Settings
Human Rights Education for Legal Professionals (HELP) Online Training
Inexperienced researcher gives too much caffeine to subjects
Institutional Pathology and the Death of a Mentally Ill Young Man
Legal Liabilities in Research: Early lessons From North America
MOOC Research Ethics: a guide for responsible research with human subjects
People Studying People: Research Ethics in Society
Research Ethics: a guide for responsible research with human subjects
Research published by Hans Eysenck is unsafe
Safeguards, Data-sharing and the Disclosure of Sensitive Results: An Educational Scenario by the EnTIRE project
Science and Surveillance: Western Institutions Consider Role in China’s Uighur Crackdown
Serious Accusation of Negligence of Ethical Principles in Human Sciences
The Art and Politics of Covert Research: Doing ‘Situated Ethics’ in the Field
The Dutch anthropologist making up data and papers
The Ethics of Collecting Genetic Data From Indigenous People
The Saga of Korean Women Who Provided Eggs for Embryonic Stem Cell Research
The Use of Students as Participants in a Study of Eating Disorders in a Developing Country: Case Study in the Ethics of Mental Health Research
Unlicensed usage of medical devices on patients: a case of accusations
Display Title: Protecting research subjectsBalancing harms and benefits
Conducting research in high risk locations
Display Title: Protecting research subjectsConducting research in high risk locations
Display Title: Protecting research subjectsIncidental research findings
Display Title: Protecting research subjectsInternet Research Ethics
Display Title: Protecting research subjectsResearch with animals
Display Title: PublicationConsent for publication (Participant)
Ignoring substantial safety risks of studies
Display Title: Questionable Research Practices in Study DesignIgnoring substantial safety risks of studies
Display Title: ReplicabilityStatistical pre-registration