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In relation to human research, The Belmont report lays down three basic ethical principles which are aimed at protecting research subjects. <ref>The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1978). The Belmont Report: ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Washington DC.</ref>The three ethical principles are:

#'''Respect for persons''' includes acknowledging the autonomy of individuals and protecting those with diminished autonomy. The principle respect for persons is protected in the form of informed consent.
#'''Beneficence''' is understood as minimizing harm and maximizing possible benefits. Systematically assessing the risks and benefits of a research project is needed to ensure the harms are minimized and the benefits of the study are maximized.
#'''Justice''' concerns who receives the benefits of a research study and who carries the cost. Fair procedures to select subjects is one important way to ensure justice in a study.

For animal research, guiding principles are to replace, reduce, and refine their use in research - referred to as 3R principles.<ref>Russell, W. M. S., Burch, R. L., & Hume, C. W. (1959).The principles of humane experimental technique (Vol. 238). London: Methuen</ref><ref>Kilkenny C, Browne WJ, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG. Improving bioscience research reporting: the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol. 2010;8(6):e1000412</ref><references />

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