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In 2018, there were 4,968 full-time researchers in Estonia <ref>Estonian Research Council. The number, age and salary of Estonian researchers. 2020 Oct 16. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/activities/analysis/the-number-age-and-salary-of-estonian-researchers/</ref>. Estonia had 20 positively evaluated R&D institutions <ref>1.     Research in Estonia. Positively evaluated Estonian R&D institutions. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from:

https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/evaluated/</ref>: 6 public universities and 1 private university <ref>Research in Estonia. Universities. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/universities/</ref>, 7 public research organisations and 6 private research institutions <ref>Raudvere K, Niinemets Ü, Karo E, Kattel R, Villems R. Estonian Research 2019. Estonian Research Council 2019. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from:  https://www.etag.ee/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Estonian_Research_2019_veeb.pdf</ref>.

In addition to the evaluated R&D institutions, there are other public and private R&D intensive institutions, as well as 4 science and technology parks <ref>Tartu Science Park. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://teaduspark.ee/en/about-us/</ref><ref>Tehnopol. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://www.tehnopol.ee/en/</ref><ref>Tartu Biotechnology Park. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://biopark.ee/?lang=en</ref><ref>Pakri. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://pakri.ee/en/pakri/</ref>, 6 competence centers <ref name=":0">Research in Estonia. Competence centers. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/competence-centers/9</ref> and 9 centers of excellence <ref name=":1">Research in Estonia. Centers of excellence. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/centers-of-excellence/</ref>.

Most research in Estonia is performed at universities and the leading centre for research and training is the University of Tartu <ref>Research in Estonia. Research institutions. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://researchinestonia.eu/research-landscape-2/research-institutions/</ref>. Centers of Excellence present collaboration of different research groups and have been established for the improvement of scientific research <ref name=":1" />. Competence Centers present cooperation of public authorities, research institutions and enterprises <ref name=":0" />. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="604"
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut.ee/en University of Tartu]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tartu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.taltech.ee/en/ Tallinn University of Technology]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn,
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tlu.ee/en Tallinn University]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.emu.ee/en/ Estonian University of Life Sciences]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tartu
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.artun.ee/en/home/ Estonian Academy of Arts]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://eamt.ee/en/ Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private university'''
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="321" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ebs.ee/en Estonian Business School]
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}Tallinn
{{!}}}
<references />

In 2019, the gross expenditures on research and development were €452,97 million, which comprises 1.61% of the country’s GDP <ref>1.     Statistics Estonia. TD052: Research and development expenditures and their financing from state and local budgets. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from:

http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TD052</ref>. Must funding was spent in the business sector (53,3%), higher education (35,3%), government (10,2%) and private non-profit organisations (1,2%) <ref>Statistics Estonia. TD052: Research and development expenditures and their financing from state and local budgets. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TD052</ref>.

In 2020, Estonia had 638 grants and 806 participations in H2020 projects, receiving €240,3 million funding from H2020 <ref>H2020 Country Profile. [cited 2021 March 5]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/a976d168-2023-41d8-acec-e77640154726/sheet/0c8af38b-b73c-4da2-ba41-73ea34ab7ac4/state/analysis/select/Country/Estonia</ref>.
<references />

The Estonian Research and Development and Innovation Strategy 2014-2020 “Knowledge-based Estonia” was approved by the Estonian government in 2013 and Parliament in 2014 <ref name=":0">1.     Republic of Estonia Ministry of Education and Research. Estonian Research and Development and Innovation Strategy 2014-2020. “Knowledge-based Estonia”. 2014. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/estonian_rdi_strategy_2014-2020.pdf</ref>. The Strategy set four main goals for Estonia. First, research in Estonia should reach high level and be diverse. This means internationally competitive and visible research, covering higher education and culture. Second, research and development reflects the needs of the Estonian society and economy. Third, research and development investments should encourage the development of target growth areas (information and communication technology, health technologies and services and more effective use of resources). Fourth, Estonia should be active and visible in international research and development cooperation <ref name=":0" />.
<references />

The Estonian Research Council promotes research integrity in Estonia <ref>Estonian Research Council. Research Integrity. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/research-integrity/</ref>, but there is no institution at the national level tasked with the implementation of research integrity among different institutions.

[https://www.ut.ee/en/research-ethics-committee-university-tartu Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu] and [https://www.tai.ee/en/about-us/tallinn-medical-research-ethics-commitee Research Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Health Development] are two main ethics committees on research involving human subject. [https://www.sm.ee/et/eesti-bioeetika-ja-inimuuringute-noukogu The Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research], established at the Ministry of Social Affairs, is responsible for ethics approvals concerning the research of [https://genomics.ut.ee/en/about-us/estonian-genome-centre Estonian Genome Center]. Together with the [https://www.agri.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/loomade-tervis-heaolu-ja-aretus/loomade-heaolu#loomkatsed Project Authorisation Committee for Animal Experiments], these committees provide oversight on research with humans or animals, but also in research involving human genes <ref name=":0">Eetikaveeb. Ethics in Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia-0</ref>. Estonian Research Ethics Committees write annual reports to the State Agency of Medicines and to the governmental bodies of their institution <ref>Eurec. National Information: Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/estonia.html</ref>. There are also two clinical ethics committees, the Ethics Committee of the Tallinn’s Children Hospital and Ethics Committee of the Tartu University Hospital <ref name=":0" />.

Registration of clinical trials including medicinal products is mandatory and regulated by the Medicinal Products Act <ref>1.     Republic of Estonia. Clinical trials of medicinal products in Estonia. 2021 Feb 1. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.ravimiamet.ee/en/clinical-trials-medicinal-products-estonia</ref>.

Ethics committees are also responsible for investigation of alleged research misconduct. For example, the Statute of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu states that in the case of the violation of research ethical principles, a member of the Committee has the right to delay the processing of the application or its approval until the circumstances are clarified <ref>University of Tartu. Statute of the Research Ethics of the University of Tartu. (Unofficial translation). 2010 July 7. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.ut.ee/sites/default/files/ut_files/Tartu%20%C3%9Clikooli%20inimuuringute%20eetika%20komitee%20statuut_eng_Dima_puhas.pdf</ref>.

The Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity states that the research institution ensures the confidentiality of dealing with possible breaches and protects the dignity and inviolability of private life of all the parties involved <ref>1.     Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. 2007 Oct. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.etag.ee/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/HEA-TEADUSTAVA_eng.pdf</ref>. Nevertheless, Estonia’s whistle-blower protection framework is one of the weakest in Europe. Public officials are required to report corruption and 2013 Amendment to Anti-Corruption Act protects public officials from retaliation. The country does not provide protection for public employees who report misconduct other than corruption or for private sector whistle-blowers. There is no anti-corruption institution in Estonia not agency that copes with whistle-blower issues. Corruption reports can be submitted to the Central Criminal Police through a hotline <ref>1.     Briefing Paper Whistleblower Protection in the EU. Whistleblower Protection in Estonia. 2018. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.changeofdirection.eu/assets/briefings/EU%20briefing%20paper%20-%20Estonia%20-%20english.pdf</ref>. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.etag.ee/en/estonian-research-council/ Estonian Research Council]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Concentrates the funding of R&D and guarantees the better functioning of financing systems.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.agri.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/loomade-tervis-heaolu-ja-aretus/loomade-heaolu#loomkatsed Project Authorisation Committee for Animal Experiments]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Provides oversight on research involving animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut.ee/en/research-ethics-committee-university-tartu Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Assesses the ethical aspects of human research in the field of medicine and natural sciences and other human research.
{{!}}-
{{!}}[https://tai.ee/en/about-us/tallinn-medical-research-ethics-commitee Research Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Health Development]
{{!}}Provides its expert opinion for all surveys involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="330" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sm.ee/et/eesti-bioeetika-ja-inimuuringute-noukogu Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research]
{{!}} width="421" valign="top"{{!}}Coordinates the activities of the committees and advises policy makers and governmental institutions in bioethics-related questions. It also participates in the preparation of relevant laws and governmental acts and educates the public about the issues in bioethics. Gives ethics approvals concerning the research of Estonian Genome Center.
{{!}}}
<references />

A number of laws address RE and RI in Estonia.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/529122020002/consolide/current Medicinal Products Act]
 
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the safety, quality and efficacy of medicinal products in Estonia. It also promotes the use of medicinal products for their intended purposes.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013045/consolide/current Animal Protection Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the protection of animals from human acts or omissions that may endanger their health and welfare.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/513042015012/consolide/current Organisation of Research and Development Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the grounds for the organisation of research and development as a component of Estonian culture and the Estonian economy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/Riigikogu/act/525062020001/consolide Higher Education Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the bases of organisation of studies at the level of higher education; the rights and obligations upon studying at the level of higher education; and the bases of the operations of education institutions organising studies at the level of higher education.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/jobs/charter The European Charter & Code for Researchers]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}The Charter and Code ensure that researchers can enjoy the same rights and obligations in any European country.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013038/consolide/current Gender Equality Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures and promotes equal treatment of men and women ss a fundamental human right and for the public good in all areas of social life.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="283" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/530102013066/consolide/current Equal Treatment Act]
{{!}} width="468" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures the protection of persons against discrimination on grounds of nationality (ethnic origin), race, colour, religion or other beliefs, age, disability or sexual orientation.
{{!}}}

RI training

Courses in ethics constitute an integral part of higher education in Estonia. All Estonian universities offer introductory courses in ethics <ref name=":0">Eetikaveeb. Ethics in Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia-0</ref>. Important resource for RE and RI training is [https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia/estonian-code-conduct-research-integrity Estonian Code of Conduct for Research Integrity].

RI dialogue and communication

The statement of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU “Tallinn Call for Action 2017” emphasizes the importance of building trust between research and society on several levels including academia, media, research performing organisations and research funding organisations <ref>1.     Tallinn Call for Action 2017. Seize the opportunity now: research and innovation matter for the future of Europe. Statement of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/tallinn_call_for_action_2017.pdf</ref>.

Collaborative science is promoted by the Estonian Research Council through various programs and organisations which offer project grants: [https://www.etag.ee/en/funding/partnership-funding/mobilitas-pluss-partnership-and-co-operation/ Mobilitas Pluss partnership and Co-operation], [https://www.lmt.lt/en/research-funding/international-collaborations/baltic-research-programme/3344 Baltic Research Cooperation Programme], [https://www.nordforsk.org/ NordForsk], [https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/docs/h2020-funding-guide/cross-cutting-issues/era-net_en.htm ERA-NET Cofund] and [https://www.era-learn.eu/network-information/networks/bonus-169 Bonus Programme]. In the personal research funding applications, one assessment criterion is international cooperation <ref>Estonian Research Council. Partnership and Co-operation Funding. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/funding/partnership-funding/</ref>. [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/245536 OpenGENE—Opening Estonian Genome Project for European Research Area] is conducted in order to raise public awareness of ethical issues related to gene banks and to increase people’s trust towards data banks <ref>1.     Lõuk K. from Philosophical Ethics, Bioethics and Medical Ethics to the Ethics of Science and New Technologies. An overview of the research projects of the Centre for Ethics, 2006-2011. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from:

https://www.eetikakeskus.ut.ee/sites/default/files/eetikakeskus/files/From%20Philosophical%20Ethics%2C%20Bioethics%20and%20Medical%20Ethics%20to%20the%20Ethics%20of%20Science%20and%20New%20Technologies.pdf</ref>.

The [https://www.etis.ee/Portal/News/Index/?IsLandingPage=true&lang=ENG Estonian Research Information System (ETIS)] is a national register in which information on R&D institutions, researchers, projects and research results are presented and open for everyone <ref>Estonian Research Information System. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: [https://www.etis.ee/Portal/News/Index/?IsLandingPage=true&lang=ENG https://www.etis.ee/Portal/News/Index/?IsLandingPage=true&lang=ENG#]</ref>. Research Libraries responsible for the collection, preservation and processing of scientific information and making such information available by providing public services <ref>Republic of Estonia Ministry of Education and Research. Financing of the infrastructure. 2017 May 5. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.hm.ee/en/activities/research-and-development/financing-infrastructure</ref>.

The Ethics Centre of the University of Tartu is mostly scientifically oriented but it is also active in addressing ethical topics in society <ref>Estonian Research Council. Research Integrity. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.etag.ee/en/research-integrity/</ref>. It organises annual conferences and events for the promotion of ethics among different scientific disciplines <ref>University of Tartu Centre for Ethics. Research events. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.eetikakeskus.ut.ee/en/research/events</ref>. Research ethics committees share information with each other twice per year seminars for research ethics committees are organised for the purposes of networking <ref>Eurec. National Information: Estonia. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/estonia.html</ref>.

Lay press occasionally discusses research integrity.

RI incentives

University of Tallinn provides training in research integrity via some of its courses <ref name=":0" />. The Estonian Academy of Sciences offers support to its researchers through various awards.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eetikakeskus.ut.ee/en Centre for Ethics (University of Tartu)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eetika.ee/en/ethics-estonia-0 Research ethics courses (University Tallinn)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eqar.eu/register/agencies/agency/?id=24 Estonian Quality Agency for Higher and Vocational Education]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hm.ee/en/activities/research-and-development/national-research-awards National Research Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Endel Lippmaa Memorial Lecture and Memorial Medal]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Memorial medals (disciplinary)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Medals of the Estonian Academy of Sciences]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Scholarships of the Academy]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akadeemia.ee/en/academy/medals-prizes-scholarships/ Student research prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
<references />

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