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This is the definition of duplicate publication by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE):

“When a published work (or substantial sections from a published work) is/are published more than once (in the same or another language) without adequate acknowledgment of the source/cross-referencing/justification”.<ref>COPE. Redundant publication. Accessible via: https://publicationethics.org/category/keywords/redundant-publication</ref>

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) differentiates between '''duplicate submission''' – when authors submit the same work (possibly in different languages) to two or more journals at the same time; and '''duplicate publication''' – when the same work is already published more than once.

Duplicate publications must be retracted, and duplicate submissions, if discovered by journal editors, are usually rejected. COPE provides guidance on how to handle duplicate publications. Some indexing databases, such as PubMed, automatically tag duplicate publications when they identify them during indexation. <ref>Malički M, Utrobičić A, Marušić A. Correcting duplicate publications: follow up study of MEDLINE tagged duplications. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2019 Feb 15;29(1):010201.</ref>

Acceptable '''secondary publication''' is publication of the same work but with clear reference to its first publication and is usually intended for a different audience. In addition, authors must have approval from the journal that first published the article. The secondary publication must be a faithful reflection of the original publication and it must clearly reference the primary publication – as a note in the article and in the title of the secondary article.

What is not a duplicate publication? The ICMJE considers that a structured abstract under 500 words and registration of trial results in public trial registries are not redundant publications. This means that publishing a conference abstract is not considered a publication. Presentations at a meeting (poster or a talk) are also not considered to be proper publications, because they are usually not peer reviewed. Increasingly, authors post their work first in a preprint server (online research repositories) and many journals do not consider this to be duplicate publication. Journals expect the authors to inform them about where the work was posted on a preprint server.
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