View source for Report:0aa0901d-92a6-413d-a01b-5e43a2ce9355

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Austria
|Has Location=Austria
|Research Infrastructure=In 2019, there were 52,554 full-time researchers in Austria <ref>1.      Total researchers by sectors of performance - full time equivalent. Eurostat. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: 

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsc00004&language=en</ref>. Austria has 55 higher education institutions: 22 public universities, 20 universities of applied sciences and 13 private universities <ref>Study in Austria. OeAD. 2017. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: https://oead.at/fileadmin/Dokumente/oead.at/KIM/Downloadcenter/Incoming/WEB_20170914_HEI_2017.pdf</ref>. There are more than 250 public non-university research organisations <ref>Well-known research institutes in Austria. ABA Invest in Austria. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: https://investinaustria.at/en/research-development/institutions-for-research.php</ref><ref name=":0">1.      Arnold E, Fridholm T, Krčál A, Nielsen K. Osaamispääoman hyödyntäminen ja vaikuttavampi julkisten T&Kvoimavarojen kohdentaminen [Utilization of intangible capital and more effective allocation of public R&D resources]. Research and Innovation Governance in Six Countries Austria, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, UK. March 2016. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: 

https://tietokayttoon.fi/documents/1927382/3099869/Kuuden+maan+tutkimus-+ja+innovaatiopoliittinen+vertailu/e68b7a35-465d-4183-b7be-914efff95f62</ref>, over 60 Technology Centres and Clusters and more than 3,000 companies involved in research <ref name=":0" />. A number of research institutes were established by the Länder <ref name=":0" />. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="810"
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public universities'''
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univie.ac.at/en/ University  of Vienna]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/web/ Medical University of Vienna]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tuwien.at/en/ TU  Wien (Vienna University of Technology)]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.vetmeduni.ac.at/en/ University  of Veterinary Medicine]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.wu.ac.at/en/ WU  (Vienna University of Economics and Business)]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dieangewandte.at/jart/prj3/angewandte-2016/main.jart?rel=en&reserve-mode=active&content-id=1436195997896 University  of Applied Arts Vienna]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://studyinaustria.at/en/study/institutions/universities/mdw-university-of-music-and-performing-arts-vienna/ MDW  (University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.akbild.ac.at/portal_en/akbild_startpage Academy  of Fine Arts Vienna]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://boku.ac.at/en/ BOKU  (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences)]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna, Tulin
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aau.at/en/ University  of Klagenfurt]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Klagenfurt
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.donau-uni.ac.at/en.html Danube  University Krems]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Krems
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-salzburg.at/index.php?id=52&L=1 University  of Salzburg]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Salzburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-mozarteum.at/en/ Mozarteum  University Salzburg]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Salzburg, Innsbruck
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uni-graz.at/de/ University  of Graz]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Graz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.medunigraz.at/en/ Medical  University of Graz]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Graz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tugraz.at/home/ Graz  University of Technology]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Graz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kug.ac.at/en/ University  of Music and Performing Arts Graz (KUG)]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Graz, Oberschützen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unileoben.ac.at/ Montanuniversität  Leoben]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Leoben
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uibk.ac.at/index.html.en University  of Innsbruck]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Innsbruck
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.i-med.ac.at/universitaet/index.html.en Medical  University of Innsbruck]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Innsbruck
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.jku.at/ Johannes  Kepler University Linz (JKU)]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Linz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ufg.at/Art-and-Design.1254+M52087573ab0.0.html University  of Art and Design Linz]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Linz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private universities'''
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.muk.ac.at/en/themuk/ueber-die-universitaet.html Music  and Arts University of the City of Vienna]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.modul.ac.at/ MODUL  University Vienna]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sfu.ac.at/en/ Sigmund  Freud University]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://webster.ac.at/ Webster  Vienna Private University]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.jammusiclab.com/ JAM  MUSIC LAB Private University for Jazz and Popular Music Vienna]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Vienna
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.kl.ac.at/ Karl  Landsteiner University of Health Sciences (KL)]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Krems
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dp-uni.ac.at/en/home Danube  Private University (DPU)]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Krems-Stein
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ndu.ac.at/new-design-university/ New  Design University]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}St. Pölten
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pmu.ac.at/en/home.html Paracelsus  Medical University (PMU)]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Salzburg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://studyinaustria.at/en/study/institutions/private-universities/seeburg-castle-university/ Seeburg  Castle University]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Seekirchen am Wallersee
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umit-tirol.at/page.cfm?vpath=universitaet/die-universitaet&switchLocale=en_US UMIT  – Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Hall in Tirol
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ku-linz.at/en/university Catholic  Private University Linz]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Linz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="420" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bruckneruni.at/en/home/ Anton  Bruckner Private University]
{{!}} width="390" valign="top"{{!}}Linz
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2017, the gross expenditures on research and development were €11.518 billion, which comprises 3.11% of the country’s GDP <ref>1.      Expenditure on research and development increases to 3.19% of GDP in 2019. Statistics Austria The Information Manager. 2019 April 11. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from:

http://www.statistik.at/web_en/statistics/EnergyEnvironmentInnovationMobility/research_and_development_r_d_innovation/120667.html</ref>. Most funding was spent in the corporate sector (70%), 22.4% in higher education sector, 7.1% in state sector (federal institutions, excluding those in the higher education sector) and 0.5% in private non-profit sector <ref>1.      Research and experimental development expenditure 2007 to 2017 by implementation and funding sectors. Statistics Austria The Information Manager. 2019 Dec 18. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: 

http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/energie_umwelt_innovation_mobilitaet/forschung_und_innovation/f_und_e_in_allen_volkswirtschaftlichen_sektoren/023530.html</ref>. Austria had 2960 signed grants receiving €1.78 billion funding from H2020 <ref name=":0">H2020 Projects. [cited 2020 Feb 19]. Available from: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref>. It also had 228 ERC grants, receiving €358.7 million in H2020 <ref name=":0" />.
|Research Strategy=In 2011, the Austrian Federal Government launched the Strategy for Research, Technology and Innovation for the next decade <ref name=":0">Austrian RTI Strategy. ERA Portal Austria. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: https://era.gv.at/directory/158</ref>. The strategy’s aim is to strengthen national research structures, focusing on excellence, fostering innovative capacity of companies, raising the efficiency of governance and linking research, technology and innovation for societal and economic challenges <ref>Wolfslehner D, Griessler E. Ethics Assessment in Different Countries. Austria. SATORI. 2015 June. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://satoriproject.eu/media/4.a-Country-report-Austria.pdf</ref>. It is intended to be “a guiding instrument” for Austria to advance towards the most innovative countries in Europe <ref name=":0" />. Following up on the RTI Strategy, the Action Plan for a Competitive Research Area was drawn up by the Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy and presented in 2015. It contains measures within the remit of the Ministry for an enhanced implementation of the RTI Strategy of the Federal Government, in selected fields <ref name=":0" />.
|Research Governance=The Austrian government officially created several national bodies for research self-regulation: Austrian Bioethics Commission, Advisory Board on Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, and National Committee for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes. These are government advisory bodies regarding research ethics <ref name=":0">Wolfslehner D, Griessler E. Ethics Assessment in Different Countries. Austria. SATORI. 2015 June. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://satoriproject.eu/media/4.a-Country-report-Austria.pdf</ref>.

Forum for the Austrian Ethics Committees is a body that represents all 27 ethics committees in Austria. It consists of the Board and General Assembly, which have regular meetings once and twice a year <ref name=":0" />. Moreover, the Forum organises annual training for the members of ethics committees <ref>Forum Österreichischer Ethikkommissionen [Forum of the Austrian Ethics Committees]. 2019 March 24. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.ethikkommissionen.at/</ref>. Some of ethics committees serve both as hospital, university and state committees. The work of committees is supervised by the Federal Office for Safety in Health Care <ref name=":0" />. 

Ethics committees at universities are compulsory only for the Medical Universities, which is stipulated by the University Act and additionally regulated by Hospital and Resort Act. Today, the majority of Austrian universities have non-statutory ethics committees. Some universities have a [https://www.uibk.ac.at/rektorenteam/forschung/ethikbeirat.html.en Board for Ethical Issues] (University of Innsbruck) or a  [https://www.tugraz.at/en/tu-graz/organisational-structure/representative-bodies-for-members-of-tu-graz/commission-for-scientific-integrity-and-ethics/ Commission for Scientific Integrity and Ethics] (Graz University of Technology) or an [https://boku.ac.at/en/ethikplattform Ethics platform] and [https://boku.ac.at/en/besondere-organe-und-einrichtungen/ethics-committee Ethics committee] (Vienna University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences). Usually, opinions brought by university ethics committees, advisory boards and commissions are non-binding and serve as guidelines for researchers <ref name=":0" />. 

Austrian Agency for Research Integrity is responsible for raising awareness for the Standards of Good Scientific Practice. Since the Agency has no legal competence, its opinions are not binding and it is up to each institution whether to apply them. For the implementation of research integrity and good scientific practice, universities usually have individual guidelines which differ due to their academic autonomy. In 2015, there was a joint process to agree on common guidelines; all (at that time) 37 member organisations agreed <ref>Österreichische Agentur für wissenschaftliche Integrität (ÖAWI). [Austrian Agnency for Research Integrity]. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://oeawi.at/en/</ref>. Following the suggestion of Forum of the Austrian Ethics Committees, an annual training course for members of ethics committees is organised by the Centre of Ethics and Medicine of the Lower Austria State Academy. Moreover, the General Assembly of the Forum meets once a year during an annual Forum meeting <ref>National Information: Austria. EUREC (European Network of Research Ethics Committees). [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.eurecnet.org/information/austria.html</ref>.

In 2016, the Agency and Austrian Students Ombudsman founded a network for exchange of experiences in the area of conflict management, quality assurance and maintaining good scientific practice <ref>Austrian Agency for Research Integrity. Enrio. [cited 2020 Dec 16]. Available from: http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/austria/</ref>. 

Austrian Agency for Research Integrity is also responsible for investigating cases of misconduct. Inquiry can be initiated by the members of the Agency and individuals, whereupon the Agency will decide its competence to bring statements in each case. However, those statements do not have any legal influence and it is up to each institution to bring decision about further actions in the cases of allegations of research misconduct <ref>Austrian Commission for Research Integrity. Annual Report 2017. Austrian Agency for Research Integrity. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: https://oeawi.at/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Annual-Report_engl_-2017_final-1.pdf</ref>. Besides the Agency, cases of misconduct at Universities are handled by research integrity committees or similar bodies. Some cases of proven misconduct were published in media.

The investigation of alleged cases of misconduct is confidential i.e. the identity of whistleblowers and accused are not revealed <ref>Whistleblowing in Austria. Lexology. [cited 2020 Dec 16]. Available from: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c85ecd9b-28f3-4bb4-9106-f6e5882e4fd7</ref>. 

Austria does not have a specific law for the regulation of research and possible violations of research integrity.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies  for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at/en/topics/bioethics-commission?lang=en Austrian  Bioethics Commission] 
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Advises  the Federal Chancellor from an ethical point of view on all social, natural  scientific and legal issues arising from the scientific developments in human  medicine and human biology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://satoriproject.eu/media/4.a-Country-report-Austria.pdf The  Advisory Board on Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Advises  the authorities on basic questions of genetic engineering in relation to GMOs  in contained use, the deliberate release and placing on the market of GMOs,  and genetic analysis and genetic therapy in human beings.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20008142 National  Committee for the Protection of Animals used for scientific purposes]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Advises  government on research ethics.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://oeawi.at/vereinsorgane/?lang=en Austrian Agency  for Research Integrity – The Commission for Research Integrity]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Investigates  cases of research misconduct in Austria, evaluates the severity of each  violation and recommends follow-up measures.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ethikkommissionen.at/ Research Ethics  Committees (federal and local)]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provide  opinion on research ethics. Some of them serve both as hospital, university,  and state committees.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=The Austrian government officially instated several laws regarding RE and RI.
<br />
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Erv/ERV_1999_1_165/ERV_1999_1_165.html Federal  Act concerning the Protection of Personal Data]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Protects fundamental right to data protection.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Erv/ERV_2002_1_120/ERV_2002_1_120.html Federal  Act on the Organisation of Universities and their Studies (University Act)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures autonomous development and  integration of individual universities into an overall system.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://bch.cbd.int/database/record.shtml?documentid=26 Genetic  Engineering Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the main aspects of  biotechnology and genetic engineering and lays down the rules for the installation  and work of an Advisory Board on Gene Technology and its three scientific  committees.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20008142 Federal  Act on Experiments on Live Animals]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Protects the life and well-being of  animals based on man’s special responsibility for the animal as a fellow  creature.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10010285 Hospitals  and Health Resorts Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Lays down general principles concerning hospitals and health  resorts.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bmbwf.gv.at/Themen/Forschung/Forschung-in-%C3%96sterreich/Services/Forschungsstatistik.html R  & D Statistics Regulation]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Aims to compile statistics on research and experimental  development.
{{!}}}
|Measure=<u>RI training </u>

The Austrian Agency for Research Integrity offers training for researchers in the form of workshops, lectures, and train-the-trainer programs. The training is not mandatory. The Agency delivers via their web page various documents regarding the promotion of research integrity (guidelines, reports, recommendations) that can be used for training. Moreover, the Agency participates in several EU projects related to research integrity ([https://eneri.eu/ ENERI], [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/787580 VIRT2UE] and [https://sops4ri.eu/ SOPs4RI]). It has created [https://oeawi.at/en/guidelines/ Guidelines for Good Scientific Practice]. 

Some universities in Austria have also created guidelines on good scientific practice:

Medical University of Graz - [https://www.medunigraz.at/fileadmin/studieren/med_wissenschaft/pdf/GSP_Standards_engl.pdf Standards of Good Scientific Practice and Ombuds Committee],

Graz University of Technology - [https://mibla-archiv.tugraz.at/16_17/Stk_22/RL_Sicherung_guter_wiss._Arbeit_englisch.pdf Guidelines on Safeguarding Good Scientific Practice],

University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna – [https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/web/fileadmin/content/forschung/pdf/MedUni_Wien_GSP-Richtlinien_2017.pdf Good Scientific Practice],

University of Linz - [https://www.jku.at/fileadmin/gruppen/29/Dateien/SOP_8201_sicherung_gute_wiss_Praxis_EN.pdf Guidelines for Ensuring Good Scientific Practice],

University of Klagenfurt - [https://www.aau.at/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Richtlinien-Gute-wissenschaftliche-Praxis.pdf Ombudsman Guidelines for Good Scientific Practice and Code of Conduct for Good Academic Practice].

Austrian Agency for Research Integrity participates in the ENRIO meetings and organises workshops and training session for research integrity <ref>Österreichische Agentur für wissenschaftliche Integrität (ÖAWI). [Austrian Agnency for Research Integrity]. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://oeawi.at/en/</ref>.


<u>RI dialogue and communication</u>

The members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences are engaged in informing the general public of important scientific insights and they form committees to discuss questions which are important for the science and society <ref>Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW). [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/austrian-academy-of-sciences/</ref>. Usually, cases of research integrity are dealt with in confidence and decisions are not made public. Some cases of misconduct were reported in the press. There are several initiatives from projects on responsible research and innovation and science shops, “Wiener Vorlesungen” <ref>RRI Platform. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://www.rri-plattform.at/</ref>. The Austrian Science Fund (FWF) publishes statistics on suspected cases in an anonymous form, and is updated annually <ref>Research Integrity & Research Ethics. FWF Der Wissenschaftsfonds [Austrian Science Fund]. [cited 2020 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.fwf.ac.at/en/research-funding/research-integrity-research-ethics/</ref><ref>Hutschenreiter G. Tax Incentives for Research and Development. Austrian Economic Quaterly. 2002;2:74-85</ref>. RI is discussed in the lay press occasionally. The cases that are discussed the most are related to research fraud. 

<u>RI incentives</u>

Austria offers a number of incentives for research companies as well as for individual researchers in R&D. Whoever carries out research in Austria pays a lower tax. Funding Agencies work on the promotion of R&D by providing generous funding for research projects <ref>1.      Austria lures researchers with research tax allowance. Invest in Austria. [cited 2020 Dec 16]. Available from: 

https://investinaustria.at/en/news/2017/08/tax-allowance.php</ref>. There are also several awards for contributions in research or scholarships for young researchers in different research areas. Some universities also offer awards for research, e.g. [https://www.uibk.ac.at/portal/forschende/ University of Innsbruck]. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://oeawi.at/training-uebersicht/?lang=en Austrian  agency for research integrity training]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.aq.ac.at/en/ Agency for Quality Assurance and Accreditation Austria]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://m.fwf.ac.at/en/research-funding/fwf-programmes/wittgenstein-award/ The  Wittgenstein Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://unterlasslab.com/2017/06/21/start-prize-of-the-austrian-science-fund-fwf-awarded-to-miriam/ The  START Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oenb.at/en/About-Us/Research-Promotion/scholarships_and_awards/klaus_liebscher_economic_research_scholarship.html The  Klaus Liebscher Scholarship]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oenb.at/en/About-Us/Research-Promotion/scholarships_and_awards.html The  Olga Radzyner Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oenb.at/en/About-Us/Research-Promotion/scholarships_and_awards.html The  Franz Weninger Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}