View source for Report:3e5de8e7-135a-45a9-82f5-bd739fd62324

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=Denmark
|Has Location=Denmark
|Research Infrastructure=According to preliminary data, there were 42,378 full-time researchers in Denmark in 2019 <ref>1.     Eurostat. Total researchers by sectors of performance – full time equivalent. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:  

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tsc00004/default/table?lang=en</ref>. Denmark has 8 universities <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Universities. 2014 Nov 14. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from:  https://ufm.dk/en/education/higher-education/danish-universities</ref>, 7 university colleges <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. University Colleges. 2014 Mar 18. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/education/higher-education/university-colleges</ref>, 7 Approved Technological Institutions (GTS Institutes) which aim to spread knowledge regarding technology to the business community <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. The Danish GTS institutes. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/cooperation-between-research-and-innovation/collaboration-between-research-and-industry/danish-gts-institutes/danish-gts-institutes</ref> and 17 Danish Innovation Networks which help companies find new partners among researchers, other companies and experts in Denmark as well as abroad <ref>Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Innovation Networks Denmark. 2019 Jan 11. [cited 2021 Feb 8]. Available from: https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/cooperation-between-research-and-innovation/collaboration-between-research-and-industry/innovation-networks-denmark</ref>. In 2007 many Danish public research organisations were incorporated in universities which led to the reducement in number of research institutes <ref>1.     Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education. The Future of Europe Depends on Knowledge. 2012. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: 

https://sciencediplomacy.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/danish-science-innovation-education.pdf</ref>.<br />
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{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation'''
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}'''City'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ku.dk/english University  of Copenhagen]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cbs.dk/en Copenhagen  Business School]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.itu.dk/ IT  University of Copenhagen]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sdu.dk/en University  of Southern Denmark]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Odense, Esbjerg, Kolding,  Sønderborg, Slagelse, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.au.dk/ Aarhus  University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Aarhus,  Rønbjerg, Viborg, Rønde, Herning, Silkeborg, Moesgaard, Horsens, Askov,  Jyndevad, Årslev, Flakkebjerg, Roskilde, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ruc.dk/en/ Roskilde  University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Roskilde
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.en.aau.dk/ Aalborg  University]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Aalborg, Esbjerg, Copenhagen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="226" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.dtu.dk/english Technical  University of Denmark]
{{!}} width="378" valign="top"{{!}}Kongens Lyngby, Copenhagen
{{!}}}
<references />
|Research Funding=In 2017, the gross expenditures on research and development were DKK 66.344 million or €8.921 million <ref>Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD.Stat). Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type of expenditure. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: [https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GERD_TOE https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GERD_TOE#]</ref>, which comprises 3% of the country’s GDP <ref>Eurostat. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) % of GDP. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=t2020_20&lang=en</ref>. It is one of the highest R&D intensities in EU, reaching 3.06% <ref>1.     Bioenergy International. R&D expenditure in the EU increased slightly to 2.07% of GDP in 2017. 2019 Jan 13. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: 

https://bioenergyinternational.com/research-development/rd-expenditure-in-the-eu-increased-slightly-to-2-07-of-gdp-in-2017</ref>. Most funding was spent in the business sector (64.65%), higher education (32.8%), government (2.97%) and private non-profit organisations (0.3%) <ref>1.     UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). Denmark. [cited 2021 Feb 3]. Available from: 

http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/dk?theme=science-technology-and-innovation</ref>. 

Denmark had 2668 grants receiving €1.63 billion funding from H2020 <ref name=":0">1.     H2020 Projects. [cited 2021 Feb 19]. Available from: 

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/sense/app/93297a69-09fd-4ef5-889f-b83c4e21d33e/sheet/erUXRa/state/analysis</ref>. It also had 196 ERC signed grants receiving €321.3 million from H2020 <ref name=":0" />.
<references />
|Research Strategy=In 2018, Danish government launched the research strategy Denmark – Ready for the Future (Danmark - Klar til Fremtiden). The Strategy has two ambitious objectives. First objective, focused on enhancing the quality of research, emphasizes that Danish research must be of the highest quality (Nobel-prize level), attract talented researchers, participate in international research and innovation must be enhanced (12). Second objective concerns research and society. It highlights development and use of the new technologies, translation of research to practice in the public sector and promotion of research with aim of building bridges between research and public (12).
|Research Governance=The Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science supports the responsible research which should be aligned with the norms, values and expectations of society and create value for society in an ethical and responsible way. For this purpose, the Ministry organised conferences regarding responsible research and innovation. Moreover, research institutions in Denmark participate in the H2020 projects regarding research ethics and research integrity as a leader or partner . 

The Danish National Committee on Biomedical Research Ethics coordinates the work in 11 regional committees and provides guidelines and opinions among researchers (14). All research projects conducted in Denmark, involving human beings, human tissue, cells etc. must have a permission from the regional committee. Applications relating to a clinical trial must be submitted to the [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/danish-health-and-medicines-authority Danish Health and Medicines Authority] and a Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics (15). Clinical trials concerning complex areas (e.g. for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products) must be submitted to the National Committee on Health Research Ethics (16).

For the clinical trials of medicinal products, the sponsor must inform the [https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/ Danish Medicines Agency] in the period of 90 days after completion of a trial, that the trial has been completed, and if it is a multinational trial the Agency must be informed after the trial is completed in Denmark. No later than one year after the trial has ended, the trial results must be entered in [https://eudract.ema.europa.eu/ EudraCT] (15). Subsequently, data will be published on [http://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu]. 

In 2017, the Danish Research Misconduct Act came into force, establishing The Danish Committee on Research Misconduct - DCRM (previously Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty). The law stipulates the responsibility of DCRM to handle the cases of research misconduct. There is no right to appeal on decisions of DCRM to any other administrative authority. Those decisions are legally binding and sent directly to the parties involved in the case (17,18). DCRM decisions are published in [https://ufm.dk/forskning-og-innovation/rad-og-udvalg/Naevnet-for-Videnskabelig-Uredelighedelighed/afgorelser/afgorelser Danish] and [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/councils-and-commissions/The-Danish-Committee-on-Research-Misconduct/decisions/decisions English] in anonymised form, as well as annual report consisting investigated cases (18). Work of the DCRM and compliance of institutions with the Act is supervised by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science (19). 

While DCRM handles cases of research misconduct, each research institution is obliged to process cases of questionable research practices. If there is a possible case of research misconduct (falsification, fabrication and plagiarism), every institution has to make an initial assessment which will determine whether research misconduct is involved. If there has been misconduct in research, the case must be forwarded to DCRM which then opens an investigation. At the request of the Committee, the research institution at which the research was conducted assists the Committee regarding specific circumstances of the case (18). Research Misconduct Act stipulates the obligation of each institution to prepare a report about cases of the questionable research practices (18).

The Danish Research Misconduct Act states that in processing cases of questionable research practices, research institutions can collaborate with other research institutions or external experts (18). The institutions send an annual report of handled cases of questionable research practices upon which the DCRM writes the annual report about research misconduct and status of questionable research practices (18). 

The Act states that anyone can raise a case concerning research misconduct by submitting a notification to the research institution at which the research was conducted. In the same time, it does not contain provisions regarding the protection of whistleblowers (20). The Danish Code of Conduct states that persons bringing forward suspicions in good faith should be protected from reprisals (21). 

Universities usually have special advisers, practice committees, ethics committees or research integrity officers, with the purpose of handling internal cases. Special advisers are appointed at the following universities: Aarhus University, Copenhagen Business School and University of Copenhagen (17). At the Aarhus University, special advisers on research integrity provide staff and students with advice regarding responsible research conduct and principles of research ethics (22). Practice committees are established at the following universities: Aarhus University, Aalborg University, Copenhagen Business School, IT University of Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde University, University of Southern Denmark (17). 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies  for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/councils-and-commissions/The-Danish-Committee-on-Research-Misconduct The  Danish Committee on Research Misconduct]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Copes with cases of research misconduct.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.nvk.dk/ The National Committee on Health  Research Ethics]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures  that health research projects are conducted responsibly and that the rights,  safety and wellbeing of participants are protected.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.etiskraad.dk/english The Danish  Council on Ethics]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Advises Danish  Parliament in the aspect of biotechnology and works with ethical issues  related to the health care sector.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurofawc.com/home/42 The Animal  Ethics Council]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice and opinions to  the Ministry of Environment and Food, regarding research involving animals.  It also provides information to and engages in public debates about animal  welfare and ethics.  
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/english/Animal/AnimalWelfare/The-Animal-Experiments-Inspectorate/Pages/default.aspx The  Animal Experimentation Council]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Evaluates  applications for animal experiments. The council members participate in  inspections of faculties and experiments that use laboratory animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="307" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.lowinputbreeds.org/partners/ucph-cebra.html Danish  Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment]
{{!}} width="445" valign="top"{{!}}Provides advice regarding  ethics in biological research.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in Denmark.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.nvk.dk/rules-and-guidelines/act-on-research-ethics-review-of-health-research-projects Act  on Research Ethics Review of Health Research Projects]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Provides the legal framework for the  research ethics evaluation of health research projects by the committees and  lays down the tasks of the committee system on this basis.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/about/targets-and-tasks/legislation/the-danish-act-on-clinical-trials-of-medicinal-products/ Act  on Clinical Trials of Medical products]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Regulates the Danish Medicines  Agency’s and the medicinal research ethics committees’ assessment of and  control with clinical trials of medicinal products in humans and animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10734-014-9814-1 University  Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Determines universities’ obligations  regarding research and education. It also describes third mission activities,  the role of university boards and the organisation of universities.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://stip.oecd.org/stip/policy-initiatives/2019%2Fdata%2FpolicyInitiatives%2F15809 Research  Misconduct Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes RI and credibility in  research by establishing up-to-date rules on handling of research misconduct  and questionable research practice.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/legislation/prevailing-laws-and-regulations/research-and-innovation/executive-order-on-the-danish-committees-on-scientific-dishonesty.pdf Executive Order on the Danish Committees on Scientific  Dishonesty]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Defines the research dishonesty and  aims at strengthening RI.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://europam.eu/data/mechanisms/FD/FD%20Laws/Denmark/Denmark%20Public%20Administration%20Act%202013%20webpage%20DK.html Public Administration Act]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Ensures  transparency among authorities, focusing on freedom of information and  expression, citizens’ participation in democracy, public control of public  administration, media dissemination of information to the public and trust in  public administration.
{{!}}}
|Measure=<u>RI training</u> ''' '''

Danish Code of Conduct emphasizes the importance of teaching and training regarding research integrity as well as the responsibility of the research institution to ensure that adequate training and education is provided. Moreover, the Code of Conduct states that PhD and postdoctoral programmes should include specific research integrity teaching and training. Hence, universities and other research institutions provide training for the responsible conduct of research at all levels (21).

There are also various resources for RE and RI training:

[https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ALLEA-European-Code-of-Conduct-for-Research-Integrity-2017.pdf European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

[https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2009/the-danish-committees-on-scientific-guidelines-for-good-scientific-practice The Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty - Guidelines for Good Scientific Practice]

[https://ufm.dk/en/publications/2014/files-2014-1/the-danish-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity.pdf The Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]

<u>RI dialogue and communication</u> 

Ethics committees organise an annual meeting for their members and the national committee meets at least twice a year for the purposes of the coordination (14). The [https://ufm.dk/en/the-ministry/organisation/danish-agency-for-higher-education-and-science Danish Agency for Higher Education and Science] under the Ministry of Higher Education and Science organises annual meetings with the key stakeholders in Danish research to work on the policies for the research integrity. Moreover, there are annual conferences organised by different research institutions regarding RI (23). 

Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science actively works on the promotion of science among the general public. Thus, several events were organised to bring closer researchers, science and society. Moreover, the Ministry is active in the field of responsible research and innovations since it is important for the creation of a dialogue between researchers and citizens. Danish research institutions are participating in a number of Horizon 2020 projects aiming to build an effective approach for cooperation between science and society. In 2012 the Ministry of Higher Education and Science hosted the conference [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/responsible-research-and-innovation/science-in-dialogue Science in Dialogue]. The goal of the conference was to discuss how to develop the dialogue and interaction between science and society. In 2014, the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science hosted [https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/euroscience-open-forum-2014 Euroscience Open Forum] themed “Science Building Bridges”, as a symbol of closing the distance between science and society with aim of forging European scientific integration. 

The [https://taftie.eu/content/daieg-denmark Danish Agency for Institutions and Educational Grants] manages programs to promote collaboration and interaction between companies and knowledge institutions (24). The Ministry of Higher Education and Science has initiated the internationalisation of Danish science by bilateral cooperation agreements and Innovation Centres abroad. Centres ensure for Danish companies and research institution to access foreign knowledge, networks, technology, funds and markets (25). 

Universities provide future plans for developing the dialogue between research and society (26,27). Denmark has a high level of social trust and people usually have a high level of trust in public institutions (28). Cases of research misconduct are occasionally discussed in the lay press.

<u>RI incentives</u>

Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity emphasizes importance of implementing RI training at universities (21). There are also award for outstanding and innovative researchers. 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1360144X.2019.1595626 RI  training at PhD programmes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://akkr.dk/en/about-us/about-the-danish-accreditation-institution/ Danish Accreditation Institution]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.eurashe.eu/about/partners/eva/ Danish Evaluation Institute (EVA)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/communicating-research/elite-research Elite  Research Prize]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://innovationsfonden.dk/en/innovation-fund-denmarks-awards Innovation  Fund Denmark]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}