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What is research misconduct? Which practices are considered ‘misconduct’ and which might be labelled a less serious ‘misbehavior’ or ‘questionable research practice’? For some, misconduct is synonymous with ‘FFP’ - Falsification, Fabrication and Plagiarism <ref>Office of Research Integrity. Definition Research Misconduct. Available at: https://ori.hhs.gov/definition-misconduct. Accessed: March 2019</ref>– whereas others consider a failure to meet ethical, legal and professional obligations, and even a failure to properly deal with misconduct allegations, to qualify as misconduct. <ref>European Science Foundation, All European Academies. The European code of conduct for research integrity. Revised edition: European Science Foundation;2011.</ref>.There is ongoing debate among academics how to precisely define research misconduct. <ref>Resnik, David B., Talicia Neal, Austin Raymond, and Grace E. Kissling. 2015. “Research Misconduct Definitions Adopted by U.S. Research Institutions.” Accountability in Research 22 (1): 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2014.891943.</ref><ref>Andersen, Hanne. 2007. “Demarcating Misconduct from Misinterpretations and Mistakes.” First Biannual SPSP Conference, Twente. http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/4153/1/Andersen_Scientific_Misconduct.pdf.</ref><ref>Salwén, Håkan. 2015. “The Swedish Research Council’s Definition of ‘Scientific Misconduct’: A Critique.” Science and Engineering Ethics 21 (1): 115–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9523-2.</ref>

The European Code of Conduct on Research Integrity <ref>European Science Foundation, All European Academies. The European code of conduct for research integrity. Revised edition: European Science Foundation;2011.</ref> refers to misconduct as FFP. Other violations which damage the integrity of the research are referred to as ‘other unacceptable practices’.<references />

The proper conduct and reporting of research is fundamental to the scientific method and the integrity of the research record. Research misconduct however distorts the knowledge base. The practices of falsification, fabrication and plagiarism are widely agreed to constitute misconduct and are intentional deceptions. The Office of Research Integrity defines research misconduct as follows:

Research misconduct is ‘fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.'

*Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them.
*Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.
*Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.
*Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion.’

Falsification, fabrication and plagiarism, however, are relatively rare <ref>Martinson BC, Anderson MS, De Vries R. Scientists behaving badly. Nature 2005 Jun 9;435:737-8.</ref> <ref>Fanelli D. How many scientists fabricate and falsify research? A systematic review and meta-analysis of survey data. PloS one 2009;4(5):e5738.</ref>. In contrast, other behaviors, ranging from unintentional ‘sloppy' science to conscious minor breaches of research integrity are more frequent and possibly more damaging to science. <ref>Martinson BC, Anderson MS, De Vries R. Scientists behaving badly. Nature 2005 Jun 9;435:737-8.</ref> <ref>Fanelli D. How many scientists fabricate and falsify research? A systematic review and meta-analysis of survey data. PloS one 2009;4(5):e5738.</ref><references />

Various practices are related to research misconduct, ranging from building an environment conducive to good research conduct to the policies and procedures for reporting misconduct. Below, some initiatives to improve the reporting of misconduct are detailed.

The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity focuses on the adherence to Integrity and Fairness in misconduct procedures. Find the code [https://www.embassy.science/resources/the-european-code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity here.]

The Committee on Publishing Ethics (COPE) outline the responsibilities of journal editors and publishers in their ‘core practices’ [https://publicationethics.org/resources/elearning/introduction-publication-ethics/publication-ethics-and-misconduct here]. Recommendations include:

*"Journals must take seriously allegations of misconduct pre-publication and post-publication"
*"Journals should have a clearly described process for handling allegations, however they are brought to the journal's or publisher's attention"
*"COPE expects members to have robust and well-described, publicly documented practices in all these areas for their journals and organisations"

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