What are the best practices? (Has Best Practice)
From The Embassy of Good Science
F
The movies included in the final selection are:
*And the band played on (1993)
*Awakenings (1990)
*Creation (2009)
*Dallas Buyers Club (2013)
*Extreme measures (1996)
*Kinsey (2004)
*Lorenzo's oil (1992)
*On being a scientist (2016)
*Silkwood (1983)
*Star Trek 'Nothing human' (1998)
*The boys from Brazil (1978)
*The China syndrome (1979)
*The Fly (1986)
*The Insider (1999)
*The Island (2005)
*The Lawnmower man (1992)
*Wit (2001) +
Part Three (pages 161-224): Fostering Integrity in Research
Chapter 9 (page 163): [https://www.nap.edu/read/21896/chapter/1#content-toc_pz15-2 Identifying and Promoting Best Practices for Research Integrity]
Chapter 10 (page 195): [https://www.nap.edu/read/21896/chapter/1#content-toc_pz15-3 Education for the Responsible Conduct of Research] +
This Framework sets out the elements of a collaborative agreement that can be enhanced with regards to good research practices. +
==Funders and research ethics==
Reporting standards and ethics regulations vary between funding organizations. The European Commission has developed an elaborate procedure for ensuring that funded projects satisfy ethical requirements. In order to complete one´s application for funding within Horizon 2020, one must fill out an extensive ethics self-assessment. All projects that qualify for funding are subject to an ethics review procedure. The outcome of the ethical committee can influence the requirements funders have for the study. If ethical issues are judged to be particularly severe or complex, certain monitoring procedures may be required, such as engaging an ethics advisor or an ethics board within the project.
The Missenden Code of Practice for Ethics and Accountability'"`UNIQ--ref-00000002-QINU`"' was drawn up to promote ethical research in British universities in the face of growing pressure from industry and private funders. The Missenden code identifies eight difficulties that some universities have encountered through their collaborations with industry: i) Safeguarding Academic Freedom;ii) Tasking an ‘Ethics Committee’;iii) Defending the Academic’s Right to Publish;iv) Protecting Intellectual Property Rights;v) Meeting the Student Expectation;vi) Preparing for Controversy;vii) Managing the New Model University;viii) Sourcing Alternative Funding. The code addresses each one of the difficulties using case studies, and makes 14 suggestions to help universities respond to the development of commercial funding of university research.
==Funders and research integrity==
The current climate for research funding is highly competitive. Many high-quality grant applications are rejected. Research shows that ‘high ranked’ institutions in the US were 65% more likely to succesfully receive grants, and received 50% more awards.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000003-QINU`"' At the same time, lower ranked institutions had a higher impact with the research they performed.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000004-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-00000005-QINU`"' This finding may be indicative of funding bias. Moreoever, a highly competitive funding climate can feed perverse incentives. On the one hand, funders rely on assessment criteria, which include publication records and journal impact factors. As a result, researchers may strive to get as many papers published as possible without due care for the integrity of their research. On the other hand, researchers may feel the need to exagarate the expected impact of the proposed research or exagarate their skills and qualitifications.
Nontheless, RFO’s can implement policies fostering research integrity. For example, the Wellcome Trust in the UK provides a ‘transition support fund’ for PhD students. '"`UNIQ--ref-00000006-QINU`"' The fund can be used after the completion of a PhD project, and the student can decide how they want to further their career by using the fund as they see fit. The fund can be used, for instance, to write another paper or to do an internship.
RFOs can also develop initiatives to combat perverse incentives. For instance, many funders have signed the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment, or DORA.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000007-QINU`"' The declaration’s aim is to reduce the use of journal impact factors in funding evaluations. Instead, other indicators, such as altmetrics, should be used. Implementing DORA in reviewing grant proposals can mean evaluating a researcher by asking about their most important publication, the impact of their previous research, and their other qualifications besides publications. '"`UNIQ--ref-00000008-QINU`"'
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G
General Code of Ethics in Scientific Research (Romanian Ministry of Education, Research and Youth) +
- Responding to misconduct +
The BRIDGE guidelines are the proposed best practices +
Apart from its work on concrete inquiries, the Commission states that its aim is to play a critical role in further developing the guidelines governing good scientific practice. It sees the alignment of legal requirements with the principles of research integrity as a key task for the future. To that end, the Commission states that it will initiate a regular forum on "Good Scientific Practice and the Law". +
TENK launched the Research Integrity Adviser system in order to raise awareness of the responsible conduct of research in Finland, to increase personal guidance on research integrity, and to offer expert training on responsible conduct of research and procedures.
TENK advised various parties on mechanisms to resolve allegations of research misconduct as well the guidelines for handling alleged violations.
TENK coordinates the ethical review of research in the field of human sciences and promotes cooperation between regional and institutional research ethics committees. The Board annually monitors the state of ethical review in universities and research institutions by gathering information on the cases handled by research ethics committees.
TENK established a working group to update the guidelines for the ethical review of research in the field of human sciences in order to meet the requirements of the new General Data Protection Regulations ('GDPR'). +
The Plagiarism Control Group checks the research proposals submitted to the SNSF both at random (5% of all submissions) and when it is alerted to potential research integrity cases by persons outside the SNSF.
The SNSF uses the ''iThenticate'' software, produced by Turnitin, in order to compare research proposals with texts on the internet and scientific databases. Only results with a similarity index of ≥ 10% and/or the largest possible degree of correspondence of >200 words are followed up. +
- Authorship acknowledgements
-Journal reviewing practices
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This guide was developed during the COVID pandemic by the department of Experimental Immunology of Amsterdam UMC and is implemented by this department to talk about stress with their PhD-candidates. +
- Procedures for misconduct investigation +
- Obligation to society
-Protection of research participants
- Citation and publication
-Protection of animals in research
-Whistleblowing +
Guidelines for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences, Humanities, Law and Theology (NESH, Norway) +
Detailed best practices relating to:
- Respect for individuals
-Respect for groups and institutions
- Interacting with the research community
-Performing commissioned research
-Good dissemination practices +
Given the broad diversity that exists among research institutions, it is possible that some recommendations are not applicable in all research settings. For this reason, the guidelines should not be seen as a ‘one-size-fits-all’, but rather as tools that can be used flexibly and adapted to meet institutions’ specific needs. +
Given the broad diversity that exists among research institutions, it is possible that some recommendations are not applicable in all research settings. For this reason, the guidelines should not be seen as a ‘one-size-fits-all’, but rather as tools that can be used flexibly and adapted to meet institutions’ specific needs. +
H
Based on the provided information in the case, this can be seen as examplary conduct that shows how a virtuous researcher deals with problematic situations. +
One important practice is obtaining clear informed consent when collecting biological samples. Donors should understand that their tissues may be used to create organoids and could be applied in future research projects.
Another key practice is research ethics committees, which evaluate whether research protocols respect donor rights, privacy and safety.
Biobanks also play an important role by storing biological samples and organoid lines under controlled conditions and regulating access to these materials.
Finally, transparent reporting and open science practices are encouraged. Researchers should clearly report experimental methods, cell sources, and ethical approvals to improve reproducibility and maintain public trust in biomedical research. +
Hungarian Decree on the system of integrity management at public administration bodies and the procedural rules of receiving lobbyists +
- Appointment of integrity officers
- Internal and external oversight mechanisms +
I
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