Difference between revisions of "Theme:6d71bd59-c3bc-4cd5-9c9f-1ab4e53fc320"
From The Embassy of Good Science
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Theme | {{Theme | ||
|Theme Type=Misconduct & Misbehaviors | |Theme Type=Misconduct & Misbehaviors | ||
| − | |Title=Conflict of | + | |Title=Conflict of interests |
| − | |Is About= | + | |Is About=Conflict of interests pertain to situations that involve a person or organization with multiple interests (personal, professional, financial…). Working towards one interest could involve conflict with others. Conflicts can be (1) financial or (2) non-financial. |
| − | + | ||
| − | |Important Because=Conflict of | + | 1) Treating patients and working for a pharmaceutical company (or owning their shares) that produces medicine for the same group of patients is an example of financial conflict of interests. Be prescribing and promoting medicine that is produced by this pharmaceutical company, the treating doctor may receive some sort of direct financial comission or have the value of their shares increased. |
| + | |||
| + | 2) Non-publication of negative results and zero relations and making biased hypotheses are among examples of non-financial conflict of interests.<ref>Mohammad Hosseini & Bert Gordijn (2020): A review of the literature on ethical issues related to scientific authorship, Accountability in Research, DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2020.1750957</ref> Researchers who hide their negative results (to make their data clean or their results more noteworthy), or hypothesise in a manner to yield their prefered results could be seen as examples of non-financial conflict of interests. | ||
| + | |||
| + | It is important to note that conflict of interest includes the potential for conflict as well, and these should always be reported. | ||
| + | |Important Because=Conflict of interests erodes objectivity of science and leads to corruption, and most certainly create a space for bias in decision making. Conflict of interest can happen in a variety of research areas and human activities, but when we take consequences into consideration, in some areas such as science and research it becomes especially important. <ref>Resnik DB, Elmore SA. Conflict of Interest in Journal Peer Review: Toxicol Pathol. 2018 Feb;46(2):112-114. doi: 10.1177/0192623318754792. Epub 2018 Jan 30.</ref>A recent review revealed that industry sponsored studies are more often in favour to the sponsors’ products compared with studies with other sources of funding. <ref>Lundh A, Lexchin J, Mintzes B, Schroll JB, Bero L. Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;16(2).</ref>Because of the effect it can potentially have on research, scientific journals require a separate declaration of conflict of interest when submitting scientific articles. <ref>Ferris LE, Fletcher RH. Conflict of interest in peer-reviewed medical journals: the world association of medical editors position on a challenging problem. J Young Pharm. 2010;2(2):113-5.</ref> | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
|Important For=Researchers; health care professionals; academic staff | |Important For=Researchers; health care professionals; academic staff | ||
| − | |Has Best Practice=A | + | |Has Best Practice=While some COIs might be inevitable (e.g. in case of scientists who move between academia, industry, and government), disclosure and providing extra information is believed to empower readers to place credence on presented data. <ref>Mohammad Hosseini & Bert Gordijn (2020): A review of the literature on ethical issues related to scientific authorship, Accountability in Research, DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2020.1750957</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | Conflict of interests is explained in numerous guidelines . For example, Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) has issued several guidelines for dealing with conflict of interest, from both reviewers’ and readers’ point of view. COPE guidelines for reviewers can be found [https://www.embassy.science/theme/A%20lot%20has%20been%20said%20about%20conflict%20of%20interest.%20For%20example,%20Committee%20on%20Publication%20Ethics%20(COPE)%20has%20issued%20several%20guidelines%20for%20dealing%20with%20conflict%20of%20interest,%20from%20both%20reviewers%E2%80%99%20and%20readers%E2%80%99%20point%20of%20view.%20COPE%20guidelines%20for%20reviewers%20can%20be%20found%20here here], and guidelines for readers can be accessed [https://www.embassy.science/theme/A%20lot%20has%20been%20said%20about%20conflict%20of%20interest.%20For%20example,%20Committee%20on%20Publication%20Ethics%20(COPE)%20has%20issued%20several%20guidelines%20for%20dealing%20with%20conflict%20of%20interest,%20from%20both%20reviewers%E2%80%99%20and%20readers%E2%80%99%20point%20of%20view.%20COPE%20guidelines%20for%20reviewers%20can%20be%20found%20here here]. | ||
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) also addressed the issue of conflict of interest, and defined purposeful failure to disclose conflicts of interest as a form of misconduct. They categorize conflict of interest as following: financial relationships (such as consultancies, stock ownership or options, honorary payments, patents…), personal relationships or rivalries, academic competition, and intellectual beliefs. A more detailed ICMJE explanation and guide can be found [https://www.embassy.science/theme/International%20Committee%20of%20Medical%20Journal%20Editors%20(ICMJE)%20also%20addressed%20the%20issue%20of%20conflict%20of%20interest,%20and%20defined%20purposeful%20failure%20to%20disclose%20conflicts%20of%20interest%20as%20a%20form%20of%20misconduct.%20They%20categorize%20conflict%20of%20interest%20as%20following%3A%20financial%20relationships%20(such%20as%20consultancies,%20stock%20ownership%20or%20options,%20honorary%20payments,%20patents%E2%80%A6),%20personal%20relationships%20or%20rivalries,%20academic%20competition,%20and%20intellectual%20beliefs.%20A%20more%20detailed%20ICMJE%20explanation%20and%20guide%20can%20be%20found%20here here]. | International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) also addressed the issue of conflict of interest, and defined purposeful failure to disclose conflicts of interest as a form of misconduct. They categorize conflict of interest as following: financial relationships (such as consultancies, stock ownership or options, honorary payments, patents…), personal relationships or rivalries, academic competition, and intellectual beliefs. A more detailed ICMJE explanation and guide can be found [https://www.embassy.science/theme/International%20Committee%20of%20Medical%20Journal%20Editors%20(ICMJE)%20also%20addressed%20the%20issue%20of%20conflict%20of%20interest,%20and%20defined%20purposeful%20failure%20to%20disclose%20conflicts%20of%20interest%20as%20a%20form%20of%20misconduct.%20They%20categorize%20conflict%20of%20interest%20as%20following%3A%20financial%20relationships%20(such%20as%20consultancies,%20stock%20ownership%20or%20options,%20honorary%20payments,%20patents%E2%80%A6),%20personal%20relationships%20or%20rivalries,%20academic%20competition,%20and%20intellectual%20beliefs.%20A%20more%20detailed%20ICMJE%20explanation%20and%20guide%20can%20be%20found%20here here]. | ||
| Line 18: | Line 25: | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Tags | {{Tags | ||
| − | |Has Virtue And Value=Honesty | + | |Has Virtue And Value=Honesty; Transparency |
| − | |Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Conflict of interest; Financial conflict of interest | + | |Has Good Practice And Misconduct=Conflict of interest; Financial conflict of interest; Bias |
}} | }} | ||
Revision as of 16:53, 7 August 2020
ThemesConflict of interests
What is this about?
Conflict of interests pertain to situations that involve a person or organization with multiple interests (personal, professional, financial…). Working towards one interest could involve conflict with others. Conflicts can be (1) financial or (2) non-financial.
1) Treating patients and working for a pharmaceutical company (or owning their shares) that produces medicine for the same group of patients is an example of financial conflict of interests. Be prescribing and promoting medicine that is produced by this pharmaceutical company, the treating doctor may receive some sort of direct financial comission or have the value of their shares increased.
2) Non-publication of negative results and zero relations and making biased hypotheses are among examples of non-financial conflict of interests.[1] Researchers who hide their negative results (to make their data clean or their results more noteworthy), or hypothesise in a manner to yield their prefered results could be seen as examples of non-financial conflict of interests.
It is important to note that conflict of interest includes the potential for conflict as well, and these should always be reported.Why is this important?
Conflict of interests erodes objectivity of science and leads to corruption, and most certainly create a space for bias in decision making. Conflict of interest can happen in a variety of research areas and human activities, but when we take consequences into consideration, in some areas such as science and research it becomes especially important. [2]A recent review revealed that industry sponsored studies are more often in favour to the sponsors’ products compared with studies with other sources of funding. [3]Because of the effect it can potentially have on research, scientific journals require a separate declaration of conflict of interest when submitting scientific articles. [4]
- ↑ Mohammad Hosseini & Bert Gordijn (2020): A review of the literature on ethical issues related to scientific authorship, Accountability in Research, DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2020.1750957
- ↑ Resnik DB, Elmore SA. Conflict of Interest in Journal Peer Review: Toxicol Pathol. 2018 Feb;46(2):112-114. doi: 10.1177/0192623318754792. Epub 2018 Jan 30.
- ↑ Lundh A, Lexchin J, Mintzes B, Schroll JB, Bero L. Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;16(2).
- ↑ Ferris LE, Fletcher RH. Conflict of interest in peer-reviewed medical journals: the world association of medical editors position on a challenging problem. J Young Pharm. 2010;2(2):113-5.
For whom is this important?
What are the best practices?
While some COIs might be inevitable (e.g. in case of scientists who move between academia, industry, and government), disclosure and providing extra information is believed to empower readers to place credence on presented data. [1]
Conflict of interests is explained in numerous guidelines . For example, Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) has issued several guidelines for dealing with conflict of interest, from both reviewers’ and readers’ point of view. COPE guidelines for reviewers can be found here, and guidelines for readers can be accessed here.
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) also addressed the issue of conflict of interest, and defined purposeful failure to disclose conflicts of interest as a form of misconduct. They categorize conflict of interest as following: financial relationships (such as consultancies, stock ownership or options, honorary payments, patents…), personal relationships or rivalries, academic competition, and intellectual beliefs. A more detailed ICMJE explanation and guide can be found here.
A separate ICMJE declaration of conflict of interest form can be accessed here. Completed ICMJE COI declaration is often a requirement for submitting an article to a scientific journal.The Embassy Editorial team, Iris Lechner, Mohammad Hosseini contributed to this theme. Latest contribution was Oct 20, 2020
Other information
Virtues & Values
Good Practices & Misconduct
- ↑ Mohammad Hosseini & Bert Gordijn (2020): A review of the literature on ethical issues related to scientific authorship, Accountability in Research, DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2020.1750957
