View source for Report:E25203e2-0465-4272-9f37-1f299810864b

{{Report
|Report Type=Country Report Cards
|Title=France
|Has Location=France
|Research Infrastructure=In 2016, there were 431,000 full-time researchers in France (1). France has three types of higher education institutions: Universities, Grandes écoles, and specialized schools (2). There are 27 COMUEs – public institutions that bring together and coordinate higher education and research institutions in the same academic or inter-academic area (3). 

Apart from that, France has 34 public institutions of scientific and technological character, public industrial and commercial establishments, foundations and special institutes in France (4) as well as 4 National Research Alliances, thematic groupings of research organizations and higher education institutions (5). 

Higher education institutions that provide university degrees, including a doctorate (6), are listed below in the table.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Organisation '''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}'''City '''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Public higher education institutions'''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://agrosupdijon.fr/ AgroSup Dijon] 
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Dijon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-amu.fr/en/public/presentation-university Aix-Marseille University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marseille
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://artsetmetiers.fr/ Arts and Métiers Institute of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://univ-avignon.fr/site-institutionnel-de-l-universite-d-avignon-859.kjsp Avignon University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Avignon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.bordeaux-inp.fr/en Bordeaux INP]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://centralelille.fr/centrale-lille/ Centrale Lille Institute]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villeneuve-d'Ascq
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ec-lyon.fr/ Central Lyon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.centrale-marseille.fr/en Marseille Central]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marseille,
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ec-nantes.fr/english-version Central Nantes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cnam.eu/site-en/ National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.cyu.fr/ CY Cergy Paris University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris  
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehesp.fr/en/the-school/organisation/ School of Advanced Studies in Public Health]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes,  Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ehess.fr/en/en/ehess-glance School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences  (Ehess)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ecoledesponts.fr/en/welcome-school ParisTech Bridge School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enib.fr/en/ National Engineering School of Brest  (ENIB)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Plouzané
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enise.fr/ National Engineering School of  Saint-Etienne (ENISE)] 
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Etienne                                                 
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enac.fr/en National School of Civil Aviation]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Biscarrosse,  Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Grenoble, Melun, Montpellier,  Muret, Saint-Yan, Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.rennes.archi.fr/ Brittany  National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Ecole,  Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enscm.fr/en/ Montpellier National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Grande ecole
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.nantes.archi.fr/ Nantes National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.toulouse.archi.fr/fr Toulouse National School of Architecture]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.bordeaux.archi.fr/ Bordeaux National School of Architecture and Landscape]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Talence
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enscm.fr/fr/ Montpellier National School of Chemistry (ENSCM)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensc-rennes.fr/ Rennes National School of Chemistry]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ens-lyon.fr/en/ Lyon Higher Normal School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.ens-rennes.fr/ Rennes Higher Normal School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensicaen.fr/ ENSICaen (National School of Engineers of Caen)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Caen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ens2m.fr/ ENSMM (National School of Mechanics and  Microengineering of Besançon)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Besançon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://ensai.fr/en/ GENES - ENSAI (Group of National Schools  of Economics and Statistics - National School of Statistics and Information  Analysis)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Palaiseau
<br />
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ifp-school.com/ IFPEN - IFP School (French Institute of New Energy Petroleum)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rueil-Malmaison
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.inalco.fr/ INALCO (National Institute of Oriental  Languages and Civilizations)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.inp-toulouse.fr/en/index.html INP Toulouse]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-centrevaldeloire.fr/en/ INSA Center Val-de-Loire]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Blois,  Bourges
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-lyon.fr/en/discover-insa-lyon INSA Lyon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villeurbanne,  Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-rennes.fr/en.html INSA Rennes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-rouen.fr/ INSA Rouen]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rouen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.insa-toulouse.fr/fr/index.html INSA Toulouse]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.institut-agro.fr/fr Agro Institute]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.imt.fr/en/ Institut Mines Telecom (for its 4  internal schools: Mines Albi-Carmaux, Mines d'Alès, Mines-Télécom Lille  Douai, IMT Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Albi, Alès,  Brest, Douai, Evry, Lille, Nancy, Nantes, Paris,  Saint-Étienne,Sophia-Antipolis

                     
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ip-paris.fr/ Polytechnic Institute of Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ensma.fr/ ISAE - ENSMA (National School of  Mechanics and Aerotechnics)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Chasseneuil-du-Poitou
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.isae-supaero.fr/fr/ ISAE - SUPAERO] 
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-larochelle.fr/ La Rochelle University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}La Rochelle
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-lemans.fr/en/index.html Le Mans University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Le Mans
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.mnhn.fr/fr National Museum of Natural History  (MNHN)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.oniris-nantes.fr/ ONIRIS Nantes (National Veterinary, Food and Food School)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/en Sorbonne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/fr/index.html Bordeaux Montaigne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon1.fr/ Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uca.fr/en Clermont Auvergne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Clermont-Ferrand
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://univ-cotedazur.fr/ Côte d'Azur University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nice
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-angers.fr/fr/index.html University of Angers]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Angers
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-artois.fr/artois-university University of Artois]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Arras
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-evry.fr/accueil.html University of Evry Val d'Essonne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Evry
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-orleans.fr/en University of Orleans]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Orléans
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bordeaux.com/ University of Bordeaux]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Bordeaux
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-bourgogne.fr/ University of Burgundy]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Dijon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-brest.fr/GB University of Western Brittany]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Brest
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-ubs.fr/fr/index.html University of South Brittany] 
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lorient ,  Vannes,Pontivy
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unicaen.fr/ University of Caen Normandie]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Caen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universita.corsica/fr/ University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Corte
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-fcomte.fr/ University of Franche-Comté]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Besançon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-guyane.fr/ University of Guyana]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Cayenne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uha.fr/en/index.html University of Haute-Alsace]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Mulhouse, Colmar
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://unc.nc/en/ University of New Caledonia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nouméa
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-reunion.fr/ University of Reunion]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Denis
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lille.fr/home/ University of Lille]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lille
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unilim.fr/ University of Limoges]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Limoges
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lorraine.fr/ University of Lorraine]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nancy, Metz
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.umontpellier.fr/en/ University of Montpellier]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://english.univ-nantes.fr/ University of Nantes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nantes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.unimes.fr/en/come-and-study-at-unimes-nimes.html University of Nîmes]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nîmes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://u-paris.fr/en/#pll_switcher University of Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-pau.fr/en/home.html University of Pau and the Pays de l'Adour]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Pau, Bayonne,  Tarbes, Mont de Marsan
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-perp.fr/ University of Perpignan - Via Domitia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Perpignan
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-picardie.fr/university-of-picardy-jules-verne-110990.kjsp University of Picardy Jules Verne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Amiens
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-poitiers.fr/en/ University of Poitiers]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Poitiers
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.upf.pf/fr University of French Polynesia]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Puna'auia
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-reims.fr/ University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Reims
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.univ-rennes1.fr/en University of Rennes 1]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-rouen.fr/ University of Rouen Normandy]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rouen
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://en.unistra.fr/ University of Strasbourg]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Strasbourg
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utbm.fr/ Belfort Montbéliard University of  Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Belfort,  Sevenans, Montbéliard
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utc.fr/ University of Technology of Compiègne]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Compiègne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.utt.fr/ Troyes University of Technology]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Troyes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tln.fr/-University-of-Toulon-.html University of Toulon]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://international.univ-tours.fr/ University of Tours]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Tours
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uvsq.fr/ University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin  en Yvelines]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Versailles
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-ag.fr/ University of the West Indies] 
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Pointe-à-Pitre,  Saint-Claude, Schœlcher
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-littoral.fr/en/ Coastal Opal Coast University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Boulogne sur  Mer, Calais, Dunkerque, Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/english/ Grenoble Alpes University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Grenoble,  Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Gières
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-gustave-eiffel.fr/ Gustave Eiffel University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Marne la  Vallée
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-st-etienne.fr/fr/index.html Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Étienne
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon3.fr/ Jean Moulin Lyon 3 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lehavre.fr/?lang=en Le Havre Normandy University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Le Havre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-lyon2.fr/ Lumière University - Lyon 2]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-paris2.fr/fr Panthéon-Assas University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/ Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-paris8.fr/ Paris 8 University - Vincennes - Saint-Denis]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Saint-Denis
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.parisnanterre.fr/ Paris Nanterre University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Nanterre
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://university.parisnanterre.fr/ Paris Sciences and Letters University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.u-pec.fr/ Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne  University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Créteil
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.universite-paris-saclay.fr/ Paris-Saclay University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-montp3.fr/ Paul-Valéry University - Montpellier 3]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Montpellier
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.uphf.fr/ Hauts-de-France Polytechnic University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Valenciennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-rennes2.fr/ Rennes 2 University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Rennes
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-smb.fr/ Savoie Mont Blanc University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Annecy,  Chambéry
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.univ-paris3.fr/ Sorbonne Nouvelle University - Paris 3]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-paris13.fr/ Sorbonne Paris North University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Villetaneuse,  Saint-Denis, Bobigny
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ut-capitole.fr/ Toulouse-I Capitole University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tlse2.fr/home Toulouse-II Jean Jaurès University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.univ-tlse3.fr/ Toulouse-III Paul Sabatier University]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Toulouse
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.vetagro-sup.fr/about-vetagro-sup/ VetAgro Sup (Institute of higher education and  research in food, animal health, agronomic and environmental sciences)]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Lyon
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}'''Private higher  education institutions'''
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://escp.eu/fr ESCP Europe Business School]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hec.edu/en HEC Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Jouy-en-Josas
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="269" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.sciencespo.fr/en/home Sciences Po Paris]
{{!}} width="501" valign="top"{{!}}Paris,  Nancy, Dijon, Poitiers, Menton, Le Havre, Reims
{{!}}}
|Research Funding=In 2018, the gross expenditures on research and development were €51.8 billion, which comprises 2.2% of the country’s GDP (7). Most funding was spent in the business sector (65.41%), higher education (20.5%), government (12.5%) and private non-profit organisations (1.59%) (7).

France had 7 488 grants receiving €6.9 billion funding from H2020 (8). It also had 878 ERC signed grants receiving €1.46 billion from H2020 (8).
|Research Strategy=In 2013, France launched the research strategy France Europe 2020 A Strategic Agenda for Research, Technology Transfer and Innovation. The scope of the Strategy is to enable all areas of research in France better tackling on the scientific, technological, economic and societal challenges. It proposed nine lines of actions to achieve this scope: mobilise the research community around major societal challenges, reforge the research coordination and guidance system in France, promote technological research, develop digital training and infrastructures, foster innovation and technology transfer, ensure uptake on the scientific culture, develop programming suited to the major priorities in research and innovation, build consistency between sites and heighten the presence of French research in Europe and abroad (9,10).  
|Research Governance=[https://www.inserm.fr/sites/default/files/2020-10/FrenchNationalCharterForResearchIntegrity2018.pdf National charter for research integrity] was introduces in 2015. It is aligned with [https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/jobs/charter/european-charter European Charter for Researchers], [https://wcrif.org/guidance/singapore-statement Singapore Statement on Research Integrity] and [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/ European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity]. The Charter addresses compliance with legislative and regulatory requirements, reliability of research work, communication, responsibility in collective work, impartiality and independence in assessment and expertise, collaborative work and plurality of activities, and training. By the end of April 2019, more than 45 research institutions signed the Charter agreeing to abide by seven principles in the field of professional ethics (11).

In 2017, the French [https://www.hceres.fr/en/french-office-research-integrity Office for Research Integrity (OFIS)] was established as a department of [https://www.hceres.fr/en/missions High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education]. Its purpose is threefold:

-       Monitoring, particularly in the context of the new forms that research is taking (participatory science, big data, data reuse, open science);

-       Observation of compliance with the code of ethics for research professions by the institutions that have adopted it since 2015;

-       Coordination of national scientific communities on issues of scientific integrity, particularly through the network of advisers in the establishments that have signed the charter.

The OFIS benefits from the conditions to guarantee its independence to support, coordinate and facilitate the action of higher education and research establishments which have signed the charter (12). 

It is the national advisory body on research integrity in France (11). The French Advisory Board for Research Integrity guides and oversees the work of the OFIS (13). The [https://www.ccne-ethique.fr/en/pages/presenting-national-consultative-ethics-committee-health-and-life-sciences National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences] (CCNE) has an advisory role in dealing with ethical concerns in the community (14). Further, the National Committee for Ethics in Animal Research brought up a [https://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Encadrement_des_pratiques_de_recherche/58/1/Charte_nationale_portant_sur_l_ethique_de_l_experimentation_animale-version_anglaise_243581.pdf National charter on the ethics of animal experimentation]. There are 39 Ethics Committees in France. These Committees of Protection of Persons (CPP) are divided up into 7 regions all over the country (14). 

Research institutions, such as universities, the [http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/le-cnrs National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)], [https://www.inserm.fr/en National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM)] and the [https://www.cirad.fr/en French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD)], are obliged to prevent and handle misconduct cases. Generally, these institutions have investigatory and decision-making authority (11). 

The French legal system provides protection for whistle-blowers. “Sapin II” law from 2016 requires that companies establish internal whistleblowing hotlines which would allow employees to report violations of the corporate code of conduct. Disclosure of confidential information about whistle-blowers or alleged violators may be punishable by two years of incarceration or a fine of €300,000 (15). This can be applied in private companies with at least 50 employees (16).
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}'''Bodies  for RE+RI'''
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hceres.fr/fr/ofis The French Office for Scientific  Integrity (OFIS)]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Provides support to higher education  and research institutions, observes implementation of the National charter,  contributes to the promotion of research integrity at the national and  international level.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.eurecnet.org/information/france.html Ethics  Committees (Committees for the Protection of Persons)]
<br />
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Have responsibility  for decisions concerning interventional studies, standard of care studies,  medical and other health products and further research areas.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.ccne-ethique.fr/en/pages/presenting-national-consultative-ethics-committee-health-and-life-sciences The  National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences (CCNE)]
<br />
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Has an  advisory role in dealing with ethical concerns in the community. All issues  of medically assisted procreation and experiments on humans have to be  addressed by the CCNE.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.cnrs.fr/en/cnrs The National Centre for Scientific Research  (CNRS)] 
<br />
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Conducts  research, transfers research results, trains through research and contributes  to scientific policy.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.recherche-animale.org/sites/default/files/scientific_research_and_animal_experimentation_-_state_of_affairs.pdf The  National Commission on Animal Experimentation (CNEA)] 
<br />
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Promotes  good practices in breeding, care and handling of laboratory animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/documents/index-oecst-gb.asp Parliamentary  Office for evaluation]

[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/documents/index-oecst-gb.asp of  scientific and technological options (OPECST)]
<br />
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Informs  Parliament of scientific and technological options in order to make its  decisions clear. It collects information, launches study programmes and  carries out assessments.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.hautconseildesbiotechnologies.fr/en/article/what-hcb-does The  High Council on Biotechnology - Scientific Committee and Economic, Ethical  and Social Committee]
<br />
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Advises  the French government on issues relating to GMOs and other types of biotechnology.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/commissions/plaquette_opecst_anglais.pdf The  Parliamentary Office for Scientific and Technological Assessment]
<br />
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Collects  information, launches study programmes and carries out assessments in order  to inform Parliament of the consequences of the choice of scientific and  technological options.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid138740/le-college-de-deontologie-de-l-enseignement-superieur-de-la-recherche-et-de-l-innovation.html Council of Deontology  - French Ministry of Education, Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Takes  part in a network of national bodies competent in matters of deontology,  ethics and integrity.
{{!}}}
|Law And Regulation=A number of laws regarding RE and RI are officially instated in France.
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}'''Law'''
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.iforct.com/New-Jarde-decree-in-France-News/p/3/665/0/ New  Jardé Decree Applying from 17 November 2016]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the methods of conducting  research involving humans.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000027038013/ Order  on the ethical evaluation and authorization of projects involving the use of  animals in procedures] 
<br />
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Specifies the methods of conducting  research involving animals.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGITEXT000006071367/ Rural  and Maritime Fishing Code, Articles R214-117 to R214-127]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Supports research,  innovation and development, especially the bio-based products and plant  chemistry sectors. It aims to develop added value in agricultural and food  sectors, strengthen France's export capacity, contribute to the protection of  the public health and health of farmers and employees in the agricultural  sector, etc.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000043136646/ Code of the Environment]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Provides rules concerning the  preservation of natural resources, monitoring of hazardous activities,  environmental assessment and public  information on project.
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="257" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000036684330?r=cHTkWm5iJL Order of March 1, 2018 relating to the College of  Ethics within the Ministry of Higher Education and Research]
{{!}} width="494" valign="top"{{!}}Gives opinion on the general issues relating to the  application of the obligations and ethical principles in the services and  establishments within the Ministry of Higher Education and Research. It  recommends measures for enforcing ethical obligations and preventing or  stopping a conflict of interest situation.
{{!}}}
|Measure=<u>RI training </u>

French Office for Research Integrity (OFIS) offers training to integrity officers (17). Documents for RI training used in France are:

-[https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/FR_ALLEA_Code_de_conduite_europeen_pour_lintegrite_en_recherche.pdf European Code of Conduct] 

-[https://www.inserm.fr/sites/default/files/2020-10/FrenchNationalCharterForResearchIntegrity2018.pdf National Charter for Research Integrity] 

-[https://www.inserm.fr/professionnels-recherche/integrite-scientifique/signature-publications-scientifiques-bonnes-pratiques Signature of Scientific Publications: Good Practices (Inserm)] 

-[https://anr.fr/fileadmin/documents/2019/ANR-Ethics-and-Scientific-Integrity-Charter-2019-v2.pdf Ethics and Scientific Integrity Charter] of the ANR 

-[http://www.cpu.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/integrity-and-responsibility-in-research-practices-a-guide-19.11.16.pdf Integrity and responsibility in research practices (CNRS-CPU)] 

-[http://www.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/download-file/rapport-integrite-scientifique.pdf Scientific integrity guideline (CNRS, 2018)] 

-[https://www.hceres.fr/sites/default/files/media/downloads/2018_Guide-traitement-signalements-IS_RESINT.pdf Guide for collecting and processing reports relating to scientific integrity]

There are also training courses in research ethics and integrity – the MOOC “Research Integrity in Research Professions” (18) and the MOOC centered on research ethics, mainly intended for doctoral students. It was designed within the Research Ethics Platform of the University of Lyon (19). 

<u>RI dialogue and communication</u>

The OFIS organizes the annual meeting of signatories of the French Charter of research deontology in which the universities and the other research institutions exchange policies, procedures and share their needs with OFIS (17).

Lay press occasionally discusses research integrity. News is usually related to cases of research fraud and academic corruption (''Le Monde'' and ''Les Echos''). Public perception of science was shaken and diminished when several cases of research fraud were published in the media (20). This brought up an initiative by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science to create the propositions for the implementation of the National Charter for the Research Integrity (21). The document “Overview and propositions of implementation of the charter” by Pierre Corvol was also presented in the press by the Minister of Higher Education and Research in 2016 (enrio creation of the French office for integrity in science).

<u>RI incentives</u>

The High Council for Evaluation of Research and Higher Education (Hcéres) is administrative authority responsible for the evaluation of higher education institutions and research institutes. There are numerous awards and prizes for researchers. France also has the research tax credit (CIR) which supports business research and development activities by providing tax assistance (22). 
{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Initiatives'''
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}'''Scope'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.enrio.eu/country-reports/france/ Research integrity training  for PhD students]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.enrio.eu/news-activities/members/france/ OFIS training for research  integrity officers]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Training
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.hceres.fr/en The High Council for Evaluation of Research and  Higher Education (Hcéres)]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Accreditation
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.inserm.fr/en/about-inserm/inserm-prizes Inserm Prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[http://www.cnrs.fr/en/node/1968 CNRS  awards]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.frm.org/nous-soutenir/batir-un-projet-philanthropique/prix FRM  Award]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.pasteur.fr/en The  Sanofi-Pasteur Prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://portail.polytechnique.edu/informatique/en/la-recherche-magazine-prize-2019 The  magazine La Recherche]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}-
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}[https://www.institutdefrance.fr/les-fondations-et-prix/ Institute  of France prizes]
{{!}} width="376" valign="top"{{!}}Support
{{!}}}
}}