What are the best practices? (Has Best Practice)
From The Embassy of Good Science
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- Maintaining an equal gender distribution in evaluation panels
- Ensuring that the gender ratio among grant awardees is representative of that of the applicants
- Ensuring that men and women have equal success rates in grant applications
- Incorporate gender equality into analysis, evaluation and communication +
- Early identification of potential conflicts of interest
- Preventing conflicts of interest: by notifying council members or colleagues in the evaluation panel, avoiding handling applications which could be potentially conflicting +
- Obligations to list authors
- Authorship requirements
- Procedure for determining authorship
- Order of authorship
- Authors' responsibility
- Acknowledgements +
This guideline has best practice recommendations with respect to
- Institutional structures
- Collaborations
- Publication and dissemination
- Authorship
- Data management
- Assessment and evaluation
- Research process
- Private funding +
T
'''Frameworks for Data Privacy and Security:''' To protect patient privacy during telemedicine consultations, researchers have created encrypted platforms. Health Level Seven (HL7) standards, for example, provide safe data transfer in accordance with HIPAA and GDPR, two laws governing the healthcare industry.
'''Equity in Access:''' Some research focuses on removing obstacles to digital literacy by creating user-friendly interfaces or offering healthcare providers and patients training. To increase access, telemedicine is frequently integrated with regional healthcare networks in rural pilot initiatives.
'''Ethics Training for Researchers:''' Academic institutions and organizations provide researchers specialized ethics training that covers topics such as addressing cultural sensitivity in telemedicine and obtaining informed consent for virtual interventions.
'''Case Studies Following Pandemics:''' Lessons learnt from COVID-19 have been brought to light by research, including the significance of adaptability in providing hybrid telemedicine and in-person care models to meet the needs of a wide range of patients.
References:
# Chaet D, Clearfield R, Sabin JE, Skimming K. Ethical practice in Telehealth and Telemedicine. Journal of General Internal Medicine [Internet]. 2017 Jun 26;32(10):1136–40.
# Greiwe J. Telemedicine Lessons Learned During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 2022 Jan 21.
# Khoong EC, Sharma AE, Gupta K, Adler-Milstein J, Sarkar U. The Abrupt Expansion of Ambulatory Telemedicine: Implications for Patient Safety. Journal of General Internal Medicine [Internet]. 2022 Jan 19;37(5):1270–4. +
The Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sports' Law on Scientific Activity and Higher Education' +
- Regulation and quality assurance in higher education
- General provisions of scientific work
- Academic freedom and responsibilities
- Academic collaborations +
- Management of the research process
- Research results and idssemination +
- Policy measures to prevent undue influence
- Emphasis on personal scientific integrity +
There are hundreds of different reporting guidelines which an author can choose from. Selecting the right guideline seems difficult, but has been made easier with the use of a few tools. [http://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/20160226-RG-decision-tree-for-Wizard-CC-BY-26-February-2016.pdf This flowchart] depicts in several easy steps which of the most common research methods (i.e. systematic review, randomized trials, observational studies) match a reporting guideline. If you have a more specific study, [https://www.penelope.ai/equator-wizard this reporting guideline wizard] was developed to reveal which guideline you can use. Please visit the [http://www.equator-network.org/ EQUATOR Network] for more information on reporting medical research. +
- Transparency regarding proposal authorship and collaborations
- Cautious use of authorship information by RFOs
- Transparency regarding misconduct procedures
- Avoiding duplicate funding +
The German Association of University Professors and Lecturers' (DHV) Position Paper on Scientific Self-regulation and Scientific Misconduct +
- Honesty in all scientific endeavors
- Supervision and guidance of students
- Dealing with misconduct +
- Awareness of legal basis
- Ethical principles of authorship +
The document offers a rationale and examples of each of the five principles. +
For department leaders: ask your coworkers to read the executive summary, and organize a meeting to talk about it and what role the department and the individuals in that department could play to address the issue. +
Leiden university also made a MOOC with this movie: https://www.coursera.org/learn/scientist. Read more on the university website https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2018/01/mooc-on-the-dilemmas-of-science
This movie is also included in the collection of fiction movies for RCR education (NRIN). See www.nrin.nl/ri-collection/library/videos/on-being-a-scientist-movie-2016/ +
The Manchester University's Code of Practice for Investigating Concerns about the Conduct of Research +
- Identifying what constitutes Research Misconduct
- Initial Screening
- Investigative procedures and possible outcomes
-Maintaining fairness, confidentiality and integrity +
Six principles: Honesty and scrupulousness, Reliability, Verifiability, Impartiality, Independence and Responsibility +
The Rise of Octopus Affiliation: Navigating Multiple Institutional Associations in Academic Publishing +
Some relevant practices that address the issues in academic publishing include efforts to reduce the dominance of large commercial publishing houses. For example, initiatives to shift the publishing model away from commercial monopolies and towards non-commercial or publicly funded options are becoming more common. These practices aim to help board members contribute to academic publishing without relying on intermediary consultant companies that prioritize commercial interests. Another key practice is fostering academic enthusiasm and collaboration among board members and reviewers, which encourages a shift away from preferences for commercial journals. Additionally, projects that promote academic cooperation and non-profit publishing, such as public or association-led initiatives, have gained traction <span lang="HR">(4)</span>. Furthermore, Yumru <span lang="HR">(2)</span> recommends that international organizations like COPE and ICMJE adress concerns about unethical authorship practices, such as octopus affiliation, and develop guidelines that will encourage transparent and ethical reporting of author affiliations.
== '''References:''' ==
<span lang="HR"> 1. Moustafa K. Octopus affiliations. Scientometrics. 2020 Sep;124(3):2733–5.</span>
<span lang="HR">2. Yumru M. The new face of commercial academia: Octopus affiliation. J Clin Psychiatry. 2024;27(2):99–100.</span>
<span lang="HR">3. Hottenrott H, Lawson C. A first look at multiple institutional affiliations: a study of authors in Germany, Japan and the UK. Scientometrics. 2017 Apr;111(1):285–95.</span>
<span lang="HR">4. The background of publishing: Is ethics possible? J Clin Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020;Available from: '"`UNIQ--nowiki-00000000-QINU`"'</span> +
- Integrity
- Openness
- Legal requirements
- Supervision and training
- Maintaining data records
- Publication practices
- Ethical principles in human and animal research +
The Swiss National Science Foundation and National Research Council's Regulations on scientific misconduct +
- Responsibilities regarding misconduct proceedings and appeals +
