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Research integrity in practice: dealing with everyday dilemmas + (As researchers, we often face RI dilemmas. … As researchers, we often face RI dilemmas. For example, a dilemma about the inclusion of an extra author in a publication. Most of the time, dilemmas are implicitly or explicitly related to relational aspects (e.g. collaboration with a supervisor or boss). Although guidelines and codes of conduct provide us with guidance on how to act, often we face difficult situations in which contrasting values are at stake. While developing RI training, it is important to reflect on researchers’ day-to-day dilemmas in addition to theoretical knowledge of RI issues (e.g. codes of conduct, best practices, and regulations). This, however, can be challenging. It entails building a bridge between theory and practice, and reflecting on how to act in situations of ethical uncertainty. act in situations of ethical uncertainty.)
When Sociologists Deceive Their Subjects + (As sociologists want to study the normal b … As sociologists want to study the normal behavior of individuals and groups of individuals, it is understandable that they do not want their subjects to know that they are being studied. However, research subjects have the right to know that they are studied, how they are studied and why they are studied to avoid exploitation. Therefore, research subjects must give informed consent before enrolling in a study. As noted in this case, the researcher may seek a waiver of such informed consent from research ethics committees in exceptional cases. ethics committees in exceptional cases. )
Finnish Guidelines on Doctoral Supervision and Review + (As the authors of the guideline describe: … As the authors of the guideline describe: "The ultimate responsibility for the quality of the dissertation rests with its author, but it is the supervisor´s duty to ensure that the doctoral student is familiar with the obligations and ethical practices related to a research process." (pg. 4)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000011-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--references-00000012-QINU`"'NU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-00000012-QINU`"')
Duplicate publication uprooted from plant journal + (Authors do not always set on purposely to … Authors do not always set on purposely to deceive in all ethics violations allegations. For example, double submission may be in order to increase one's list of publications but it can also derive by luck of communication between authors (especially when in different countries/institutions) which may lead to such 'misshapen'.tions) which may lead to such 'misshapen'.)
Honorary or gift authorship + (Authorship has important academic implicat … Authorship has important academic implications and authors are accountable for published research '"`UNIQ--ref-000006B9-QINU`"'. Research showed that naming as authors those who have not contributed significantly to the study is considered one of the most prevalent types of authorship frauds '"`UNIQ--ref-000006BA-QINU`"'. Honorary authorship is often related to established or famous senior researchers who are named authors just because they hold senior positions and can help junior or less established researchers obtain funding or enhance chances for publications, awards, and recognition in the research community. It is considered that honorary authorship is often given with the recipient’s knowledge or even asked or demanded by recipients '"`UNIQ--ref-000006BB-QINU`"'. This is especially an issue for junior researchers who may feel pressured to assign authorship to senior researchers or feel they own authorship in return for their advice or help '"`UNIQ--ref-000006BC-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-000006BD-QINU`"'. Similarly, the gift authorship usually includes researchers adding one another as co-authors regardless of contributions to the study to enhance their publication profile and spread collaborative networks. In many cases, this type of authorship fraud leads to a false representation of research skills and expertise, which gives these researchers an unfair advantage in competing for career opportunities and awards '"`UNIQ--ref-000006BE-QINU`"'. and awards '"`UNIQ--ref-000006BE-QINU`"'.)
Preprint servers + (Because of the lengthy duration of peer re … Because of the lengthy duration of peer review process and subsequent delay in publication, preprint servers are useful tools for researchers to post full draft of their research papers and immediately get the feedback from their colleagues.'"`UNIQ--ref-000005E3-QINU`"' The articles can be posted at no charge'"`UNIQ--ref-000005E4-QINU`"' and authors have the possibility to submit revised versions to the server at any time.'"`UNIQ--ref-000005E5-QINU`"' Most of the articles are given a digital object identifier (DOI) so they can be cited.'"`UNIQ--ref-000005E6-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-000005E7-QINU`"' Readers can also upload their comments, which can result in productive discussions.'"`UNIQ--ref-000005E8-QINU`"' This way of sharing research results and communication among researchers has its pros and cons.'"`UNIQ--ref-000005E9-QINU`"' The most obvious benefit would be higher speed of publication, from 7 days to 2-4 mouths'"`UNIQ--ref-000005EA-QINU`"' and evidence of authors’ productivity and accomplishment.'"`UNIQ--ref-000005EB-QINU`"' This would justify financial funds, especially in those disciplines with strong competition for development and limited funding.'"`UNIQ--ref-000005EC-QINU`"' The use of preprint servers would also foster open science, increase visibility and lead to fast feedback and recommendations for improvement in quality.'"`UNIQ--ref-000005ED-QINU`"' Furthermore, it could result in some new collaborations.'"`UNIQ--ref-000005EE-QINU`"' On the other hand, researchers need to consider that not all journals will accept manuscripts that have been submitted to a preprint server.'"`UNIQ--ref-000005EF-QINU`"' Researchers also might “rush out data prematurely” in order to get credit for their work, which could result in posting low quality and irreproducible data.'"`UNIQ--ref-000005F0-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-000005F1-QINU`"'`"' '"`UNIQ--references-000005F1-QINU`"')
The Dilemma Game + (Being a researcher, sooner or later in you … Being a researcher, sooner or later in your career you may be faced with situations that may cause moral distress. The best way to meet these challenges is to be educated on research integrity and research ethics. As an interactive tool and addition to education, the Rotterdam dilemma game can be used as an exercise for considering and dealing with different research integrity issues. The game includes various themes, e.g. authorship, publications, mentoring Ph.D. students, data processing and data analysis. Whether you are a senior researcher or a Ph.D. student, the dilemma game can help you to reflect on moral issues in research.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000000-QINU`"' By presenting various dilemma scenarios (+75 of them), the “players” engage in discussions which enable them to choose and defend their position in different situations. Through its design, it aims to trigger the reconsideration of opinions and possible actions. '"`UNIQ--references-00000001-QINU`"'lt;br /> '"`UNIQ--references-00000001-QINU`"')
Selective citation + (Being selective in using previously publis … Being selective in using previously published work results in biased and/or incomplete analyses and conclusions. This endangers the integrity of claims, and harms society’s trust in research because it creates unfounded authority. '"`UNIQ--ref-0000028A-QINU`"' Selective citations affect authors of previously published work, whether they are cited or not. It also affects readers of research hoping that it is accurate and unbiased. Other parties that might be impacted by selective citations are researchers conducting meta-analyses that synthesize a body of published work, decision making agencies that rely on accurate research results, as well as regulatory/oversight bodies of the research landscape.'"`UNIQ--references-0000028B-QINU`"'cape. '"`UNIQ--references-0000028B-QINU`"')
The German University Association's Recommendations on Academic Publication Behaviour + (Besides ethical principles, it is important that researchers be aware of national laws such as those of copyright. This influences authorship especially in the case of joint authorship.)
Quality Enhancement Handbook for Icelandic Higher Education + (Besides explaining the principles of quali … Besides explaining the principles of quality enhancements, this guideline also deals with evaluations and reviews at different levels: institutional, discipline-wide and national. It also details the procedures to deal with complaints, investigations and appeals.th complaints, investigations and appeals.)
Quality Enhancement Handbook for Icelandic Higher Education + (Besides explaining the principles of quali … Besides explaining the principles of quality enhancements, this guideline also deals with evaluations and reviews at different levels: institutional, discipline-wide and national. It also details the procedures to deal with complaints, investigations and appeals.th complaints, investigations and appeals.)
Manchester University's Code of Good Research Conduct + (Besides national research integrity guidel … Besides national research integrity guidelines, University-level guidelines are also crucial in ensuring good research practices. To help staff and students adhere to these practices, this guideline enumerates the principles of good research and what constitutes research misconduct. and what constitutes research misconduct.)
University of Oslo's Policy on Fraudulent Documents + (Besides referring to the relevant national legislation, this guideline describes what constitutes a fraudulent document, and the policy for investigation.)
The European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (ECHRBmed) + (Bioethics and law are two matters very muc … Bioethics and law are two matters very much controversial between states since they are related to the core beliefs of each state. Therefore, the ECHRBmed serves as a unifying point, providing basic and general principles. The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology endorses the ECHRBmed in their Code of Ethics.rses the ECHRBmed in their Code of Ethics.)
Poor mentoring or supervision of early career researcherers + (Both the mentors and the mentees need to b … Both the mentors and the mentees need to be aware of what is expected in their collaboration and professional relationship. Research performing institutions should ensure that they devote more attention to training of both the mentees and mentors about what mentoring means and how to build it for successful outcome of research mentoring. successful outcome of research mentoring.)
Araştırma doğruluğu konusuna giriş + (Bu online modül, eğitimde kullanılan kavramlara ilişkin temel açıklamalar sunmakta ve bu yolla, eğitim alan kişilerin eğitime ortak bir terminoloji ve bilgi birikimi ile başlamasını sağlamaktadır.)
Good Practice and Reporting Cases in Switzerland + (By making its annual report publicly avail … By making its annual report publicly available, the SNSF Commission on Scientific Integrity and the Plagiarism Control Group demonstrates the transparency of their reporting processes and investigation procedures, as well as their commitment to accountability in matters involving plagiarism and complaints regarding scientific misconduct.omplaints regarding scientific misconduct.)
Good Practice and Reporting Cases in Austria + (By making its annual report publicly avail … By making its annual report publicly available, the Commission demonstrates the transparency of its reporting processes and its commitment to accountability in matters involving public inquiries, complaints and investigations. Moreover, it provides the public the opportunity to see the ways in which the Commission responds to queries and manages its investigations.to queries and manages its investigations.)
Good Practice and Reporting Cases in Finland + (By making its annual report publicly avail … By making its annual report publicly available, the Board demonstrates the transparency of its reporting processes and investigation procedures as well as its commitment to accountability in matters involving allegations, investigations and requests for statements. Moreover, it provides the public the opportunity to see the ways in which the Board responds to statement requests and manages its investigations.t requests and manages its investigations.)
Conflicts of interest in the review of grant proposals + (By not declaring COIs, reviewers undermine … By not declaring COIs, reviewers undermine the transparancy and honesty of the application process. The role of reviewers and the process of reviewing grant applications differs greatly among RFOs. However, many RFOs stipulate the role of reviewers for internal (staff) members, invited external reviewers and appointed committee members. In all instances having a COI when reviewing a grant proposal needs to be declaredwing a grant proposal needs to be declared)
Annual review of ethics (case studies) + (By providing a focus for discussion, cases … By providing a focus for discussion, cases help staff involved in research to define or refine their own standards, to appreciate alternative approaches to identifying and resolving ethical problems, and to develop skills for dealing with hard problems on their own'"`UNIQ--ref-00000001-QINU`"'.on their own'"`UNIQ--ref-00000001-QINU`"'.)
Nine pitfalls of research misconduct + (By recognizing these pitfalls and responding appropriately can save a career and strengthen science.)
Conflict of interest: a research integrity and research ethics perspective + (COI is a core concept in research integrit … COI is a core concept in research integrity. It can even be argued that most research integrity issues are in some way related to underlying COIs, especially if integrity is understood to refer to doing what is right even if confronted by countervailing incentives.[2] Authorship conflicts, for example, often occur because researchers have a strong secondary interest to be listed as authors on as many papers as possible to advance their career, even if they have not contributed to a paper (or if their contribution does not constitute authorship). Usually, discussions on COIs in the research integrity literature focus on the narrower aspect of how COIs can bias research results and thus decrease the reliability of research results, however. In line with most of the relevant literature, this theme page adopts a narrow perspective on COIs. In addition to their potential effects on research integrity, COIs have an important research ethics dimension as well, especially in biomedical research.[3] An example is the specific role of medical doctors in clinical research: According to the International Code of Medical Ethics, they are obliged to “be dedicated to providing competent medical service in full professional and moral independence, with compassion and respect for human dignity”.[4] However, if they act as researchers in clinical research, they are confronted with two potentially conflicting interests: a duty to care (primary duty) and the responsibility to generate new knowledge (which in this case is a secondary interest that can under certain circumstances conflict with the duty to care).[5] Therefore, it is crucial to understand what COIs are, how they affect research integrity and research ethics, and what the research community as well as individual researchers can do to minimize their potential detrimental effects. as well as individual researchers can do to minimize their potential detrimental effects.)
An issue with insufficient data in the survey-resulting in a non-representative sample + (Careful research planning helps to eliminate potential problems and increases the validity of the findings.)
The RESPECT Code of Practice for Socioeconomic Research + (Carrying out socio-economic research in a … Carrying out socio-economic research in a professional and ethical manner involves balancing a number of different principles which often lie in tension with each other. This code is based on a recognition that it is the responsibility of individual researchers to make the often difficult professional decisions that establish this balance, and that it is the responsibility of their employers, professional associations and research funders to support them in making these decisions.to support them in making these decisions.)

Case-based ethics instruction: the influence of contextual and individual factors in case content on ethical decision-making + (Cases can help making research ethics training more efficient.)

Bioethicists Call for Investigation Into Nutritional Experiments on Aboriginal People + (Cases like these are unethical and should be prevented and/or investigated for misconduct.)
Initiative for Open Citations (I4OC) + (Citations are indispensable part of schola … Citations are indispensable part of scholarly publications because they direct readers to sources, acknowledge other works in bibliographic references, help researchers avoid misconduct such as plagiarism, and enable the evaluation of publications.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000053C-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-0000053D-QINU`"' Usually citation data are not freely accessible or machine-readable, which makes them unavailable to a great number of independent scholars.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000053E-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-0000053F-QINU`"' To enhance their use, they should be available to everyone. They should also be structured (expressed in a machine-readable format), separable (available without the need to go to the source, such as articles or books), and open (freely accessible and reusable without restrictions).'"`UNIQ--ref-00000540-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-00000541-QINU`"' Achieving this aim would be beneficial to independent researchers, publishers, funding agencies, academic institutions and the public in general.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000542-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--references-00000543-QINU`"'NU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-00000543-QINU`"')
Standards of authorship + (Collaborations are becoming more frequent … Collaborations are becoming more frequent and gather anever increasing number of researcher. At the same time publications remain a key source of academic credit and career advancement. It is important to allocate credit for research contributions in a fair and transparent way. The UK Research Integrity Office outlines why authorship standards matter:“Correct authorship of research publications matters because authorship confers credit, carries responsibility, and readers should know who has done the research. Denying authorship to somebody who deserves it denies recognition and academic credit since publications are used to assess academic productivity. Including an undeserving author is unfair since this person gets credit for work they have not done. Omitting a deserving author from an author also list misleads readers (including journal editors) and may mask conflicts of interest.” '"`UNIQ--ref-00000116-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--references-00000117-QINU`"'NU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-00000117-QINU`"')
Industry funded research + (Collaborations are essential to scientific … Collaborations are essential to scientific progress, but should not undermine the independence of research. The Wellcome Trust, a UK based funder, does not for example fund any researchers that receive funding from the tobacco industry. They state “There is overwhelming evidence that tobacco damages the health of smokers and non-smoker” .'"`UNIQ--ref-00000301-QINU`"'The goals of industry (maximizing profit) and researchers (furthering knowledge) are often not aligned.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000302-QINU`"' There are a number of examples where the industry clearly interfered with scientific research to promote their own products. Industry stakeholders are known to have sponsered research to supress evidence showing the adverse effects of their products. For example, the tobacco industry funded research to show that second hand smoking was not harmful. '"`UNIQ--ref-00000303-QINU`"' The sugar industry funded research to show the harmful effect of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol were more harmful than sugar intake for causing coronary heart disease.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000304-QINU`"' These are clear cases of intereference. There are also other ways in which industry sponsors affect research. Many systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown that industry sponsored research has more favourable outcomes than non-industry sponsored research. This is also called the funding effect. However, some systematic reviews have also shown that there is little or no difference between industry sponsors and study outcomes.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000305-QINU`"' Per discipline and type of research the “funder effect” may differ.'"`UNIQ--references-00000306-QINU`"'ffer. '"`UNIQ--references-00000306-QINU`"')
High income and low- and middle-income country collaborations + (Collaborations between high-income countri … Collaborations between high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) can be mutually beneficial endeavors. Researchers from HIC might benefit from local expertise and experience and gain access to unique resources, environments and participants. Researchers from LMICs potentially benefit from access to funding, international networks and opportunities for local capacity building. Collaborations can also, unfortunately, lead to negative experiences, ranging from different standards in data management and ethics applications to a lack of participation in research agenda setting and even coercive recruitment practices or exploitation of people/samples/resources. exploitation of people/samples/resources.)
The Saga of Korean Women Who Provided Eggs for Embryonic Stem Cell Research + (Common research ethics principles (Belmont … Common research ethics principles (Belmont 1978) that should be upheld are'"`UNIQ--ref-00000002-QINU`"' :'''Respect for persons''': individuals are autonomous agents and those with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection.'''Beneficence''': researchers should (1) do no harm and (2) increase potential benefits and decrease possible adverse events or harm. Participants must be aware of the risks and burdens of research. '''Justice''': requires equal treatment and fairness for all people. In the case in question, a failure to adequately inform research participants or coercing people to join research violated these principles.'"`UNIQ--references-00000003-QINU`"'iples.'"`UNIQ--references-00000003-QINU`"')
The ethics of managing a laboratory or research group + (Communication and leadership are crucial to managing a research laboratory ethically.)
Confidentiality + (Confidentiality is deemed important as it … Confidentiality is deemed important as it is based on a prima facie duty of a researcher to not reveal given information by a research subject or patient. '"`UNIQ--ref-000000B6-QINU`"' It is based on an implicit or explicit agreement to safeguard confidential or secret information. The relationship between the subject (research participant, patient or other individual) and the other party (researcher, medical professional) is based on trust. Confidentiality is more specific than privacy and is given more importance. Where privacy can be breached to avoid harm, the implicit or explicit agreement between two parties concerning confidentiality are deemed more important and should not be infringed upon. The most important example is the patient-physician privilege. This special relationship between a health professional and their patients dates back to the Hippocratic oath, who as far as is known, first stated that personal information should be safeguarded.'"`UNIQ--ref-000000B7-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--references-000000B8-QINU`"'NU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-000000B8-QINU`"')
Conflict of interests + (Conflict of interests erodes objectivity o … Conflict of interests erodes objectivity of science and leads to corruption, and most certainly create a space for bias in decision making. Conflict of interest can happen in a variety of research areas and human activities, but when we take consequences into consideration, in some areas such as science and research it becomes especially important.'"`UNIQ--ref-000002A1-QINU`"' A recent review revealed that industry sponsored studies are more often in favour to the sponsors’ products compared with studies with other sources of funding.'"`UNIQ--ref-000002A2-QINU`"' Because of the effect it can potentially have on research, scientific journals require a separate declaration of conflict of interest when submitting scientific articles.'"`UNIQ--ref-000002A3-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--references-000002A4-QINU`"'NU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-000002A4-QINU`"')
Research Problems at Australian University Hit the News + (Conflicts of interest may lead to the intr … Conflicts of interest may lead to the introduction of biases in research studies. This is especially the case when the product or drugs under investigation are produced by a company, as this may lead to corruption. Recent research shows that more favourable results are obtained for company-sponsored than non-company-sponsored studies.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' Therefore, it is important for researchers to declare all potential conflicts of interest. Undeclared conflicts of interests, such as in the present case, may cast considerable doubt on the objectivity of the researchers.'"`UNIQ--references-00000023-QINU`"'hers. '"`UNIQ--references-00000023-QINU`"')
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form + (Conflicts of interest, especially when not disclosed, are one of the core challenges to research integrity.)
A Case Series in Publication Ethics: Copyright Violation + (Copyright violation is a common form of misconduct in countries that do not observe copyright law.)
Long Distance Collaboration + (Cross-boundary collaboration (between disc … Cross-boundary collaboration (between disciplines, countries, institutions) is becoming more common to address scientific problems and societal challenges that are difficult to answer from one discipline or setting. It is important to understand the types of problems that can arise during such collaborations.that can arise during such collaborations.)
Cross-boundary collaborations + (Cross-boundary collaborations provide oppo … Cross-boundary collaborations provide opportunities but also difficulties. It is important to be aware of differences in research practice, guidelines and legislation. Collaborators should try to reach consensus and agreement in the design and implementation of research.the design and implementation of research.)
Cultural differences and communication in the lab + (Cultural differences play an important role in the research environment. Not being aware of such differences can cause miscommunication and even be a cause of research misconduct.)
Rights of Citizen Scientists + (Currently, citizen science is becoming mor … Currently, citizen science is becoming more and more important in different fields of science. For example, in natural sciences, it enables large-scale data collection by involving a vast number of individuals which would be challenging to achieve for traditional research methods within the same timeframe and resources. This training will guide you through the crucial elements of responsible citizen science, including protection of human research participants, plants, animals and ecosystems; rights of citizen scientists; conflicts of interest; quality of research outputs etc. By the end of this training, you will gain a deeper understanding of responsible open science and acquire the following skills and attitudes necessary for responsible practising of citizen science.responsible practising of citizen science.)
Quality of research outputs and data sets + (Currently, citizen science is becoming mor … Currently, citizen science is becoming more and more important in different fields of science. For example, in natural sciences, it enables large-scale data collection by involving a vast number of individuals which would be challenging to achieve for traditional research methods within the same timeframe and resources. This training will guide you through the crucial elements of responsible citizen science, including protection of human research participants, plants, animals and ecosystems; rights of citizen scientists; conflicts of interest; quality of research outputs etc. By the end of this training, you will gain a deeper understanding of responsible open science and acquire the following skills and attitudes necessary for responsible practising of citizen science.responsible practising of citizen science.)
Conflicts of interest in citizen science + (Currently, citizen science is becoming mor … Currently, citizen science is becoming more and more important in different fields of science. For example, in natural sciences, it enables large-scale data collection by involving a vast number of individuals which would be challenging to achieve for traditional research methods within the same timeframe and resources. This training will guide you through the crucial elements of responsible citizen science, including protection of human research participants, plants, animals and ecosystems; rights of citizen scientists; conflicts of interest; quality of research outputs etc. By the end of this training, you will gain a deeper understanding of responsible open science and acquire the following skills and attitudes necessary for responsible practising of citizen science.responsible practising of citizen science.)
Risks to the environment, animals, plants, and ecosystems + (Currently, citizen science is becoming mor … Currently, citizen science is becoming more and more important in different fields of science. For example, in natural sciences, it enables large-scale data collection by involving a vast number of individuals which would be challenging to achieve for traditional research methods within the same timeframe and resources. This training will guide you through the crucial elements of responsible citizen science, including protection of human research participants, plants, animals and ecosystems; rights of citizen scientists; conflicts of interest; quality of research outputs etc. By the end of this training, you will gain a deeper understanding of responsible open science and acquire the following skills and attitudes necessary for responsible practising of citizen science.responsible practising of citizen science.)
Protection of Research Participants + (Currently, citizen science is becoming mor … Currently, citizen science is becoming more and more important in different fields of science. For example, in natural sciences, it enables large-scale data collection by involving a vast number of individuals which would be challenging to achieve for traditional research methods within the same timeframe and resources. This training will guide you through the crucial elements of responsible citizen science, including protection of human research participants, plants, animals and ecosystems; rights of citizen scientists; conflicts of interest; quality of research outputs etc. By the end of this training, you will gain a deeper understanding of responsible open science and acquire the following skills and attitudes necessary for responsible practising of citizen science:#sponsible practising of citizen science: #)
Ethical and Societal Foundations of Open Science + (Currently, citizen science is becoming mor … Currently, citizen science is becoming more and more important in different fields of science. For example, in natural sciences, it enables large-scale data collection by involving a vast number of individuals which would be challenging to achieve for traditional research methods within the same timeframe and resources. This training will guide you through the crucial elements of responsible citizen science, including protection of human research participants, plants, animals and ecosystems; rights of citizen scientists; conflicts of interest; quality of research outputs etc. By the end of this training, you will gain a deeper understanding of responsible open science and acquire the following skills and attitudes necessary for responsible practising of citizen science:responsible practising of citizen science:)
Methods to increase data availability + (Data access is extremely important for tra … Data access is extremely important for transparent modern science. The rising number of research studies impedes the filtering of research findings, aggravates peer-review process and increases the possibility of false study reports. Having in mind the direct implications of scientific findings on everyday practice, data availability is further prioritized. The ''open data movement'' follows the principles of transparency, participation, and collaboration (1). Open data policy is important because it nurtures the virtues of transparency and honesty, which allows each respondent to check the authenticity of the published results at any time. Data sharing represents a significant part of research ethics and nowadays, many journals require researchers to publish resources to make them available to other investigators (2,3). However, deposited published data may be incomplete, in some cases intentionally because authors could feel like losing priority in future publishing, which may complicate new analyses on previously published data (2).In an effort to enhance data-sharing practices, some journals have mandatory data availability statement (DAS). However, according to a recent study on data availability statements, 93% of authors of manuscripts with DASs that stated authors are eager to share their data either didn't respond or refused to share their data. In conclusion, the level of compliance is disappointing even when the authors state in their article that they will share data upon request, indicating that the DAS may not be enough to guarantee data sharing (4).t be enough to guarantee data sharing (4).)
Inadequately handle or store data or (bio)materials + (Data are both factual information (e.g. st … Data are both factual information (e.g. statistical information, cell counts) and materials, means and products of scientific inquiry (e.g. tissue samples, written notes).'"`UNIQ--ref-0000036B-QINU`"' Handling data refers to how data are “maintained, analysed, interpreted, and shared, transmitted or reported to others.” (pg. 95).'"`UNIQ--ref-0000036C-QINU`"' When talking about handling data, The Office for Research Integrity (ORI) states that the following needs to be considered'"`UNIQ--ref-0000036D-QINU`"': · ''Data storage'' refers to how the data should be stored in such a way in order for (project) results can be reconstructed (by others).· ''Data protection'' concerns the protection of written and electronic data and research materials from possible physical and electronic damage and from theft or tampering. · ''Data retention'' refers to the length of time data needs to be stored after the end of a project. Per country, institution and funder this differs. Secure destruction of data also needs to be guaranteed.· ''Data sharing'' is the act of sharing research results with other researchers and the public. How and if results should be shared is an important point to consider here.'"`UNIQ--references-0000036E-QINU`"'here. '"`UNIQ--references-0000036E-QINU`"')
Misrepresenting the characteristics of research participants in psychiatric studies + (Data fabrication in clinical trials endang … Data fabrication in clinical trials endangers the health of both current participants and future patients that will be treated with the drug if it is ‘proven’ efficacious. In addition, data fabrication lowers public trust in science. Moreover, data fabrication and stealing of funding money for personal use may lead to the waste of precious research funding budgets on unscientific research. funding budgets on unscientific research.)
Forensic Statistics to detect Data Fabrication + (Data fabrication is a form of research mis … Data fabrication is a form of research misconduct that affects the credibility of research and decreases public trust in science. In addition, the misrepresentation of data in biomedical research can be a serious threat to public health and safety '"`UNIQ--ref-0000042A-QINU`"'. Furthermore, because biomedical research is largely funded by the public – the National Institutes of Health (NIH) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services invests more than $32 billion a year to improve public health '"`UNIQ--ref-0000042B-QINU`"' – data fabrication can lead to the loss of public funds.When there is a suspicion of research misconduct, an investigation is conducted by the Division of Investigative Oversight (DIO) within the U.S.’s Office of Research Integrity (ORI) '"`UNIQ--ref-0000042C-QINU`"'. In recent years, numerous scientific papers have been retracted and about two-thirds of them were due to scientific misconduct '"`UNIQ--ref-0000042D-QINU`"'. While the ORI and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services support and encourage the use of methods for detecting image manipulation, some argue that statistical methods, which can detect numerical data fabrication, “get much less attention,” even though this form of fabrication occurs regularly '"`UNIQ--ref-0000042E-QINU`"'.'"`UNIQ--references-0000042F-QINU`"'U`"'. '"`UNIQ--references-0000042F-QINU`"')