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Framework to Enhance Research Integrity in Research Collaborations (2022), National Research Integrity Forum + (Framework to Enhance Research Integrity in … Framework to Enhance Research Integrity in Research Collaborations distils national and international (ireland-funded research collabs) expectations for research integrity in Ireland and clarifies what researchers and institutions in International (research outside Ireland) need to do to comply. It reduces ambiguity, aligns local practice with international norms, and offers actionable steps that improve transparency, reproducibility, and equitable access. For policy leads, it is a benchmark; for authors and administrators, it is a practical checklist. Published by National Research Integrity Forum in 2022, it is a credible reference to cite in institutional policies, training, and grant documentation.licies, training, and grant documentation.)
Framework to Enhance Research Integrity in Research Collaborations (2022), National Research Integrity Forum + (Framework to Enhance Research Integrity in … Framework to Enhance Research Integrity in Research Collaborations distils national and international (ireland-funded research collabs) expectations for research integrity in Ireland and clarifies what researchers and institutions in International (research outside Ireland) need to do to comply. It reduces ambiguity, aligns local practice with international norms, and offers actionable steps that improve transparency, reproducibility, and equitable access. For policy leads, it is a benchmark; for authors and administrators, it is a practical checklist. Published by National Research Integrity Forum in 2022, it is a credible reference to cite in institutional policies, training, and grant documentation.licies, training, and grant documentation.)
Guidelines for Integrity in Scientific Research + (From an individual researcher's perspectiv … From an individual researcher's perspective, this document gives a useful outline of ethically questionable actions at different stages of research, such as applying for grants, collection of data, collaborations and publication. From an institutional perspective, the guideline provides a detailed roadmap on how to address breaches in scientific integrity, from the guiding principles to the practical aspects.iding principles to the practical aspects.)
The Dublin City University's Code of Good Research Practice + (From the principles underlying integrity i … From the principles underlying integrity in research to the planning, management and dissemination if results, this document provides good practice guidelines for every step of research. It is important for staff and researchers to be aware of these university policies that support good research practices.cies that support good research practices.)
GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH INTEGRITY (2019), CNR Research Ethics and Integrity Committee - (64 RI GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH INTEGRITY - Italy, p. 1) + (GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH INTEGRITY distils … GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH INTEGRITY distils national expectations for research integrity in Italy and clarifies what researchers and institutions in nan need to do to comply. It reduces ambiguity, aligns local practice with international norms, and offers actionable steps that improve transparency, reproducibility, and equitable access. For policy leads, it is a benchmark; for authors and administrators, it is a practical checklist. Published by CNR Research Ethics and Integrity Committee - (64 RI GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH INTEGRITY - Italy, p. 1) in 2019, it is a credible reference to cite in institutional policies, training, and grant documentation.licies, training, and grant documentation.)
(re)submitting without consent of all authors + (Gaining consent from all authors before su … Gaining consent from all authors before submitting a manuscript demonstrates honesty and respect for colleagues. A number of cases have drawn attention to this questionable research practice. For example, a co-author found out a conference paper was re-published in another journal by the first author, without getting consent from all authors.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000224-QINU`"' Moreover, that same first author later translated the conference paper to their native language and published it in a journal written in that language, still listing all authors without consent. In this way, the co-author self-plagiarized without being aware of it. This case led to a request to the journal to retract the article. '"`UNIQ--references-00000225-QINU`"'lt;br /> '"`UNIQ--references-00000225-QINU`"')
Gene Editing: Ethical Frontiers and Scientific Integrity + (Gene editing technologies are revolutioniz … Gene editing technologies are revolutionizing science. They offer potential cures for genetic diseases and improvements in food security. However, concerns over ethical boundaries, human enhancement, ecological impact, and long-term consequences highlight the need for responsible research. Cases like gene-edited babies illustrate the risks of unethical practices. Researchers must be aware of these challenges to prevent harm, ensure transparency, and foster public trust in scientific advancements.r public trust in scientific advancements.)
General Guidelines for Research Ethics + (General guidelines for Research Ethics dis … General guidelines for Research Ethics distils national expectations for research integrity in Norway and clarifies what researchers and institutions in nan need to do to comply. It reduces ambiguity, aligns local practice with international norms, and offers actionable steps that improve transparency, reproducibility, and equitable access. For policy leads, it is a benchmark; for authors and administrators, it is a practical checklist. Published by nan in ?, it is a credible reference to cite in institutional policies, training, and grant documentation.licies, training, and grant documentation.)
Reviewing the Ethics of Genome Editing + (Genome editing strategically changes the D … Genome editing strategically changes the DNA of an organism, introducing new traits or suppressing unwanted ones. With the development of new techniques and tools, genome editing is cheaper and more effective than ever. The possibility to introduce targeted changes in the genome of virtually all cell types and organisms and its ease of use opens up new opportunities and challenges.opens up new opportunities and challenges.)
Inappropriate authorship + (Getting authorship credit in academia is i … Getting authorship credit in academia is important because it’s one of the main ways how other researchers and institutions evaluate your work. Among other criteria, institutions seek employees based on the number of articles published, and authorship is a criterion for getting promotion or tenure. In the end, authors are researchers who guarantee for the data in the article, and can be held responsible for their work. In medical sciences, practice of ghost-writing can happen during the clinical trials, where experts from drug companies (writers or statisticians) contribute to the research or manuscript writing, but are not listed as authors because of their conflict of interest. Sometimes, senior researchers, supervisors and laboratory leaders, who do not fulfil the authorship criteria end up listed as authors. That is called guest or gift authorship and is usually done to increase the chance of manuscript publication.ease the chance of manuscript publication.)
The Whistleblower and Penn: A Final Accounting of Study 352 + (Ghost-writing and misrepresentation of neg … Ghost-writing and misrepresentation of negative clinical trail results as more positive ones may lead to harm for patients that are treated with the drug studied in the clinical trail. Moreover, these practices may diminish the public trust in science and undermine our current scientific system, as they may cast considerable doubt on the reliability of scientific publications. Furthermore, it shows that the current scientific environment is unsafe for whistle-blowers. This is detrimental as it is another obstacle for whistle-blowers to come forward with their story and may cause future whistle-blowers to remain silent. However, the present case clearly shows that we desperately need whistle-blowers in our scientific community.istle-blowers in our scientific community.)
Guest Authorship, Mortality Reporting, and Integrity in Rofecoxib Studies + (Ghostwriting and guest authorship give an … Ghostwriting and guest authorship give an unfair advantage to guest authors over researchers who do not take part in such practices by awarding guest authors with publications despite not having contributed to the work done. In addition, the practice of guest authorship may seriously damage public trust in science and may also cast considerable doubt on the independence of researchers involved in drug trials. However, incorrect accusations of guest authorship, and scientific misconduct in general, harm the reputation of innocent researchers. Therefore, it is important to openly discuss accusations of guest authorship made in publications, as is done in the present case. '"`UNIQ--references-000000DE-QINU`"'lt;br /> '"`UNIQ--references-000000DE-QINU`"')
Good Scientific Research Practice (2004), Ministry of Science and Information Society Technologies (63 RI Good scientific research practice - Poland, p. 1) + (Good Scientific Research Practice distils … Good Scientific Research Practice distils national expectations for research integrity in Poland and clarifies what researchers and institutions in nan need to do to comply. It reduces ambiguity, aligns local practice with international norms, and offers actionable steps that improve transparency, reproducibility, and equitable access. For policy leads, it is a benchmark; for authors and administrators, it is a practical checklist. Published by Ministry of Science and Information Society Technologies (63 RI Good scientific research practice - Poland, p. 1) in 2004, it is a credible reference to cite in institutional policies, training, and grant documentation.licies, training, and grant documentation.)
Finnish TENK Guide to Agreeing on Authorship: Recommendation for Research Publications + (Good authorship practices are part and par … Good authorship practices are part and parcel of the responsible conduct of research. This means that all researchers should be aware of the important principles of authorship, such as who is eligible to be an author, taking responsibility for the content and preventing disputes. This document is therefore of practical value to all PhD students, researchers and supporters of research.s, researchers and supporters of research.)
Questionable Research Practices in Collaboration + (Good collaboration is not just about build … Good collaboration is not just about building networks and beneficial relationships, it also entails taking responsibility for research conduct, treating colleagues and collaborators with respect, and giving collaborators full credit for their work. Misbehaviors related to collaborations identifiedby research integrity experts include:# Take no full responsibility for the integrity of the research project and its reports# Refuse to share data with bona fide colleagues# Turn a blind eye to putative breaches of research integrity by others# Refuse to respond to an allegation of a breach of research integrity# Use unpublished ideas or phrases of others without their permission [e.g. from reviewing manuscripts or grant applications, or from conference presentations ‐ this is one of the forms plagiarism can take] # Use published ideas or phrases of others without referencing [this is one of the forms plagiarism can take] # Re‐use parts of your own publications without referencing [‘self‐plagiarism’] # Unfairly review papers, grant applications or colleagues applying for promotion# Review your own papers# Demand, accept or offer substantial gifts for doing a favor [e.g. authorship, promotion, access to data, favorable review or recommendation]# Insufficiently supervise or mentor junior coworkers# Be grossly unfair to your collaborators [e.g. in terms of a just balance of benefits and burdens, including giving those who deserve the opportunity to qualify as author]# Add an author who doesn’t qualify for authorship [‘honorary or gift authorship’]# Demand or accept an authorship for which you don’t qualify [‘honorary or gift authorship’]# Omit a contributor who deserves authorship [‘ghost authorship’] # Not acknowledge contributors who do not qualify for authorship# Not ask permission from contributors for the wording of the acknowledgement # Not share reviewers’ comments with all co‐authors # Submit or resubmit a paper or grant application without consent from all authorsplication without consent from all authors)
Irish Universities Quality Board's Good Practice for Institutional Research in Irish Higher Education + (Good institutional management and policy a … Good institutional management and policy are essential for high-quality research. To foster better co-operation and standardization of research policy among the seven Irish universities, the Irish Universities Quality Board sets detailed guidelines for management of every step of the research process, from planning to results.esearch process, from planning to results.)
UKRIO's Guidance for researchers on retractions in academic journals + (Good publications practices constitute an … Good publications practices constitute an important part of research integrity, since dissemination through scientific publications is one of the main goals of research. In case research output is seriously flawed, it is necessary that this is acknowledges and retracted as transparently as possible. This document provides practical guidance on when and how to do so.actical guidance on when and how to do so.)
Good research practice (2017) + (Good research practice distils national ex … Good research practice distils national expectations for research integrity in Sweden and clarifies what researchers and institutions in Sweden need to do to comply. It reduces ambiguity, aligns local practice with international norms, and offers actionable steps that improve transparency, reproducibility, and equitable access. For policy leads, it is a benchmark; for authors and administrators, it is a practical checklist. Published by nan in 2017, it is a credible reference to cite in institutional policies, training, and grant documentation.licies, training, and grant documentation.)
Guide to Recommendations for Responsible Practices -2013 (2013), Brazilian Academy of Sciences + (Guide to Recommendations for Responsible P … Guide to Recommendations for Responsible Practices -2013 distils national expectations for research integrity in Brazil and clarifies what researchers and institutions in Brazil need to do to comply. It reduces ambiguity, aligns local practice with international norms, and offers actionable steps that improve transparency, reproducibility, and equitable access. For policy leads, it is a benchmark; for authors and administrators, it is a practical checklist. Published by Brazilian Academy of Sciences in 2013, it is a credible reference to cite in institutional policies, training, and grant documentation.licies, training, and grant documentation.)
Guidelines for Safeguarding Good Research Practice (2022), German Research Foundation + (Guidelines for Safeguarding Good Research … Guidelines for Safeguarding Good Research Practice distils national expectations for research integrity in Germany and clarifies what researchers and institutions in Germany need to do to comply. It reduces ambiguity, aligns local practice with international norms, and offers actionable steps that improve transparency, reproducibility, and equitable access. For policy leads, it is a benchmark; for authors and administrators, it is a practical checklist. Published by German Research Foundation in 2022, it is a credible reference to cite in institutional policies, training, and grant documentation.licies, training, and grant documentation.)
Data driven hypotheses without disclosure (‘HARKing’) + (HARKing can increase the chance of falsely … HARKing can increase the chance of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis, or type I error. '"`UNIQ--ref-000002BF-QINU`"' Each time when a statistical analysis is being done, theories or hypotheses are formalized in terms of mathematical models. '"`UNIQ--ref-000002C0-QINU`"' Models are built from main outcome measure and factors that are supposed to influence the main outcome measure. '"`UNIQ--ref-000002C1-QINU`"' Factors that are supposed to determine the outcome measure are usually derived either from published research or data gathered in experiments or surveys. Once a model with satisfactory explanatory or predictive properties is built, it needs to be externally validated i.e. tested on a new, similar dataset. '"`UNIQ--ref-000002C2-QINU`"' This is needed because model might be so well suited for the data on which it was built that it becomes too specific, and thus loses ability to be generalized on somewhat similar datasets. '"`UNIQ--ref-000002C3-QINU`"' If we put this in more technical terms, some of explanatory or predictive factors in the model might correlate with real causes of effect only in our dataset but not in the other similar datasets.Replication of studies is the way through HARKing can be recognized, '"`UNIQ--ref-000002C4-QINU`"' but that’s only after the damage has been done. Pre-registration of studies, with clearly stated hypotheses and planned statistical analysis, is how we can hope to prevent HARKing.'"`UNIQ--references-000002C5-QINU`"'King. '"`UNIQ--references-000002C5-QINU`"')
HEA Principles of Good Practice in Research within Irish Higher Education Institutions 2020 + (HEA Principles of Good Practice in Researc … HEA Principles of Good Practice in Research within Irish Higher Education Institutions' is important because it ensures credibility and trust in research by providing both preventive and corrective guidance. It prevents misconduct by educating researchers on standards, and offers frameworks for addressing violations fairly. In today’s interconnected research environment, having shared ethical codes strengthens international collaboration and consistency. For governments, institutions, and the public, this document demonstrates commitment to transparency, fairness, and societal responsibility. It is not just a guideline but a foundation for safeguarding the reliability of research outcomes.ding the reliability of research outcomes.)
HEA Principles of Good Practice in Research within Irish Higher Education Institutions (2020) + (HEA Principles of Good Practice in Researc … HEA Principles of Good Practice in Research within Irish Higher Education Institutions distils national expectations for research integrity in Ireland and clarifies what researchers and institutions in nan need to do to comply. It reduces ambiguity, aligns local practice with international norms, and offers actionable steps that improve transparency, reproducibility, and equitable access. For policy leads, it is a benchmark; for authors and administrators, it is a practical checklist. Published by nan in 2020, it is a credible reference to cite in institutional policies, training, and grant documentation.licies, training, and grant documentation.)
Australian Guide to Managing and Investigating Potential Breaches of the Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research + (Having official procedures in place for investigating RM can ensure the processes are held in a fair and transparent manner.)
The European Union Good Clinical Practice Directive + (Having strong guidelines for the conduct of good clinical practice is important for conducting medical research with integrity, and in such a way that the privacy and autonomy of patients and subjects is respected.)

Community's of Practice Datamanagement & Privacy + (Hier een verantwoording voor ....we dit faciliteren)

Training modules and guidelines on mentorship + (High quality mentorship is an enabler of RI. This is because mentorship provides to postgraduate students the guidance needed to conduct reliable research.)
ENERI Classroom + (High-quality training of members and staff … High-quality training of members and staff is an important prerequisite for ensuring that RIOs, RECs and related bodies can perform their tasks competently and thereby help strengthen the science-society nexus and promote ethical research conduct. However, training materials addressing the specific needs of RIOs, RECs and related bodies are scarce and often not openly accessible. The ENERI Classroom helps filling this gap and thus adds an educational component to ongoing initiatives to continuously improve the research integrity and research ethics systems across Europe.and research ethics systems across Europe.)
The Ethics of Collecting Genetic Data From Indigenous People + (Historically, participants in genetic stud … Historically, participants in genetic studies predominantly had European ancestry. To better understand how different groups have different medical challenges, it is important to chart the genomes of ethnic groups worldwide. Yet, the way in which this is done poses ethical challenges. '"`UNIQ--ref-000000FE-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--references-000000FF-QINU`"'NU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-000000FF-QINU`"')
ICH Guidelines + (ICH’s mission has been embodied in its Art … ICH’s mission has been embodied in its Articles of Association as follows:* To make recommendations towards achieving greater harmonisation in the interpretation and application of technical guidelines and requirements for pharmaceutical product registration and the maintenance of such registrations;* To maintain a forum for a constructive dialogue on scientific issues between regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry on the harmonisation of the technical requirements for pharmaceutical products;* To contribute to the protection of public health in the interest of patients from an international perspective;* To monitor and update harmonised technical requirements leading to a greater mutual acceptance of research and development data;* To avoid divergent future requirements through harmonisation of selected topics needed as a result of therapeutic advances and the development of new technologies for the production of medicinal products;* To facilitate the adoption of new or improved technical research and development approaches which update or replace current practices;* To encourage the adequate implementation and integration of common standards through the dissemination of, the communication of information about and coordination of training on, harmonised guidelines and their use;* And to develop policy for the ICH Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Terminology (MedDRA) whilst ensuring the scientific and technical maintenance, development and dissemination of MedDRA as a standardised dictionary which facilitates the sharing of regulatory information internationally for medicinal products used by humans.lly for medicinal products used by humans.)
Intellectual property rights in research collaborations + (IP rights allow individuals or organizatio … IP rights allow individuals or organizations to earn recognition or to benefit financially from their inventions.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"' In addition, IP rights stimulate creativity and let innovations flourish.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"' Before the start of a research project, all stakeholders should make an agreement concerning ownership of IP rights. Research funding organizations and private companies are important stakeholders, when it comes to research that may result in development of intellectual property.'"`UNIQ--references-0000001A-QINU`"'erty. '"`UNIQ--references-0000001A-QINU`"')
Reasonable standards for career advancement + (If the standards for career advancement ar … If the standards for career advancement are not reasonable, this can lead to considerable friction between individual researchers and the research institution. This is not fair to the individual researcher, and by creating resentment, can hamper potential collaboration within a research institution, and can constitute a structural cause for research misconduct. structural cause for research misconduct.)
Debate and Dialogue + (If you face a moral question, dilemma, or … If you face a moral question, dilemma, or conflict, you should be able to make a well-considered choice. In order to consider choices or form an opinion you should be able to fully understand the context of the issue, what is at stake and for whom. To have a dialogue, an attitude of slowing down, postponing judgments and asking questions is required. By engaging with others in dialogue you focus on understanding the other and helping the other (and yourself) think critically about his/her way of acting.nk critically about his/her way of acting.)
Debatte und Dialog + (Im Angesicht einer moralischen Frage, eine … Im Angesicht einer moralischen Frage, einem Dilemma oder einem Konflikt, sollte man in der Lage sein, eine wohlüberlegte Entscheidung zu treffen. Um Entscheidungsmöglichkeiten abzuwägen und sich eine Meinung zu bilden, ist es wichtig, den Kontext zu verstehen – welche Risiken die Situation birgt, und für wen das relevant ist. Zu diesem Zweck ist es hilfreich, einen ''Dialog ''zu führen und dabei mit Fragen die Perspektiven anderer zu erkunden, ohne dabei vorschnell zu urteilen. Mit anderen Personen in einen Dialog zu treten, trägt zum gegenseitigen Verständnis bei und hilft uns und den anderen, die jeweiligen Handlungsweisen des Gegenübers kritisch zu hinterfragen.n des Gegenübers kritisch zu hinterfragen.)
Debatte und Dialog + (Im Angesicht einer moralischen Frage, eine … Im Angesicht einer moralischen Frage, einem Dilemma oder einem Konflikt, sollte man in der Lage sein, eine wohlüberlegte Entscheidung zu treffen. Um Entscheidungsmöglichkeiten abzuwägen und sich eine Meinung zu bilden, ist es wichtig, den Kontext zu verstehen – welche Risiken die Situation birgt, und für wen das relevant ist. Zu diesem Zweck ist es hilfreich, einen ''Dialog ''zu führen und dabei mit Fragen die Perspektiven anderer zu erkunden, ohne dabei vorschnell zu urteilen. Mit anderen Personen in einen Dialog zu treten, trägt zum gegenseitigen Verständnis bei und hilft uns und den anderen, die jeweiligen Handlungsweisen des Gegenübers kritisch zu hinterfragen.n des Gegenübers kritisch zu hinterfragen.)
Werte/Tugenden und Normen + (Im Wissenschaftsalltag begegnen wir oft Di … Im Wissenschaftsalltag begegnen wir oft Dilemmata und Fragen, die die eigene Integrität auf die Probe stellen. In diesen Situationen müssen Wissenschaftler:innen entscheiden, was ihnen wichtig ist und welchen Werten entsprechend sie sich verhalten wollen, während sie gleichzeitig ihre eigene Integrität bewahren und sich an berufsethischen Verhaltenskodizes orientieren möchten. Darüber nachzudenken, welche moralischen Charaktereigenschaften für Wissenschaftler:innen wichtig sind und wie diese Eigenschaften das Handeln leiten können, kann Wissenschaftler:innen dabei helfen, ihre persönlichen Motive für gutes Verhalten in der Wissenschaft zu verstehen.erhalten in der Wissenschaft zu verstehen.)
Image manipulation research + (Image manipulation is just another form of … Image manipulation is just another form of fabrication or falsification. As such, it has to be considered as much as a form of misconduct. Raising awareness about this practice within the scientific community, especially among young researchers, is an important preventive measure.chers, is an important preventive measure.)
Image Integrity + (Images often serve as primary data (e.g. c … Images often serve as primary data (e.g. cell biology). In other instances, they are key in making an article attractive to read or serve comprehensive purposes. Accordingly, images are often included in article abstracts. The information they carry is thus a vital part of research and should remain identical to what is observed in the experiment.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027E-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-0000027F-QINU`"'lt;br /> '"`UNIQ--references-0000027F-QINU`"')
Journal Impact Factor + (Impact factors are important because they … Impact factors are important because they provide an indication of quality of a scientific journal. The idea is that journals with higher IFs are read more frequently, have more of an impact within a field, and are of higher quality. They are also important because some academic institutions ask for publications in journals with high IFs for acquiring a PhD or advancement.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000305-QINU`"' Journal IFs are calculated each year by Clarivate (former Thomson Scientific or Thomson Reuters) and published on Journal Citation Reports platform.Impact factors, however, can be manipulated. Examples of practices that influence IF are self and cartel citations, limitations of citable items, acceptance of certain types of publications.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000306-QINU`"' Self-citation is a practice of citing one’s own work, to artificially increase a number of citations. Citation cartel is a practice of mutual citing between journals to increase their IF.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000307-QINU`"' Editors can also insist that newly submitted manuscripts cite some of the works already published in that journal. Journals can limit a number of citable items, and not include them in the IF analysis. For example, letter to editor is a type of publication that is often referenced, and journals get the citation. However, that type of publication is not considered a scholarly item and it is therefore not included in the IF formula, thus increasing the IF. Journals can also choose to accept more review articles, which are often cited more, and can increase their IF that way.It’s also important to note that it takes at least three years to calculate IF of the journal, and IF cannot be calculated for new journals. Because of all this, IF should be used cautiously when determining the quality of a journal, and other bibliometric data should be considered before making the final decision.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000308-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-00000309-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--references-0000030A-QINU`"'NU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-0000030A-QINU`"')
Improper data use (a bias distorting research results) + (Improper data use undermines the ethos of … Improper data use undermines the ethos of science and the corresponding misleading results can misguide and distort the production of knowledge.Examples of improper data use include:*'''Massaging''': … extensive transformations or other maneuvers to make inconclusive data appear … conclusive*'''Extrapolating''': … predicting future trends based on unsupported assumptions …*'''Smoothing''': discarding data points too far removed from expected … values*'''Slanting''': … selecting certain trends in the data, … discarding others which do not fit …*'''Fudging''': creating data points to augment incomplete data sets …*'''Manufacturing''': creating entire data sets de novo, … '"`UNIQ--ref-000001E4-QINU`"'Data dredging is looking for too many possible associations in a dataset to see of any of them are statistically significant. Data dredging results in false positive results.“When a large number of associations can be looked at in a dataset where only a few real associations exist, a P value of 0.05 is compatible with the large majority of findings still being false positives.” '"`UNIQ--ref-000001E5-QINU`"''''Origin of words'''There are several terms describing the act of data dredging. These include: *"Data Dredging"'"`UNIQ--ref-000001E6-QINU`"'*"Data Fishing"'"`UNIQ--ref-000001E7-QINU`"'*“Data Snooping,”*“P-hacking” '"`UNIQ--references-000001E8-QINU`"'P-hacking” '"`UNIQ--references-000001E8-QINU`"')
Peer review + (In a scientific journal, the editor is res … In a scientific journal, the editor is responsible for the quality of published research. Of course, an editor cannot possibly know everything about all areas of research. They must, therefore, seek help from other experts to assess the quality of research. They rely on their knowledge and experience to identify possible weaknesses in research. '"`UNIQ--ref-0000029C-QINU`"' For authors, the peer review process provides thoughtful comments to help them improve their manuscript. Peer review is important in scientific publishing, but also in reviewing project proposals or, sometimes, conference abstracts.'"`UNIQ--references-0000029D-QINU`"'acts. '"`UNIQ--references-0000029D-QINU`"')
Training after the pandemic - How research can contribute to a better future + (In a world where pandemics, climate change … In a world where pandemics, climate change and social inequalities are pressing, the way we train researchers and professionals matters. This document reminds us that research must not be isolated, it has to be responsive to societal needs and inclusive of broader populations. By reframing training to focus on transversal skills, ethical values and adaptability, institutions can prepare people to thrive and make positive impact. It underscores that research and higher-education must align with sustainability, inclusion and innovation, not just traditional metrics. This makes the document important for anyone involved in education, research policy, and workforce development.esearch policy, and workforce development.)
Lithuanian Implementation and Maintenance Recommendations for Higher Education Institutions + (In addition to the law of 2009, this legis … In addition to the law of 2009, this legislation aims to improve the quality of education and research and to promote innovation through various means, such as establishing integrated centers for business and science, creating a center for quality assessment in education and research, appointing ombudspersons for academic ethics and evaluating higher educational institutions.valuating higher educational institutions.)
Path2Integrity Online Learning Environment + (In an era of rapid scientific change and i … In an era of rapid scientific change and increasing complexity of research, integrity is essential for maintaining trust, quality, and fairness. The Path2Integrity platform addresses this need by educating upcoming researchers and practitioners on the ethical foundations of research, helping prevent misconduct and promoting accountability. By emphasising values such as honesty, respect and transparency, it fosters a culture that supports credible and reproducible science. Because research often influences society, policy and technology, equipping individuals with integrity training enhances societal benefit, mitigates risks of unethical practices, and strengthens the overall research ecosystem.trengthens the overall research ecosystem.)
Chinese Professional Ethics and Code of Conduct for the National Natural Science Foundation + (In an interview, the director of the Natio … In an interview, the director of the National Natural Science Foundation of China states that the standards set in the document are relevant for the creation of a culture of fairness and honesty. He claims that this is crucial to preserve the public trust in research findings and set guidelines to create concrete policy for managing an increasing quantity of funds. managing an increasing quantity of funds.)
Values and norms + (In codes of conduct for scientific researc … In codes of conduct for scientific research, the concepts of values and norms are often used interchangeably. Yet, it is crucial to distinguish between the two concepts '"`UNIQ--ref-000001DF-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-000001E0-QINU`"'. Values are general ideals. They underlie norms, which are action-guiding rules. There are three kinds of such rules: permissions, orders or commands and prohibitions. Values show what persons and communities hold as important. Norms say what has to be done in order to realize values. Without a reference to underlying values, rules lack motivation and justification. Without corresponding norms, values lack specification and concrete direction.Values and norms can be ''formal'' (that is: explicitly formulated) or ''informal'' (that is: implicitly assumed). Often, when values are discussed, corresponding norms are not explicitly mentioned. On the other hand, when norms are posed, the underlying values often remain implicit. Yet it is important to be aware of the concrete action-guiding rules envisaged when a certain value is mentioned, and of the general ideal behind a specific norm. An important aim of moral reflection is to provide such clarifications.'"`UNIQ--references-000001E1-QINU`"'ions. '"`UNIQ--references-000001E1-QINU`"')
Inferring from P-values + (In early 20th centu … In early 20th century, the concept of a P-value was introduced, along with a decision rule that stated that if p<0.05, then the null hypothesis should be rejected '"`UNIQ--ref-000002FC-QINU`"'. In other words, when a P-value is less than 0.05, the results are regarded as “statistically significant” '"`UNIQ--ref-000002FD-QINU`"'. Journals widely encourage the use of the method of inferring from P-values for publication, which puts researchers under a lot of pressure to publish “statistically significant” results '"`UNIQ--ref-000002FE-QINU`"'. According to recent findings, 96% of abstracts and full-text articles in the biomedical literature from 1990 to 2015 presented p<0.05, which is considered “too good to be true”, and indicates that there is a practice of selective reporting '"`UNIQ--ref-000002FF-QINU`"'. Developments in decision theory, information theory, mathematical modelling and computing in the second half of the 20th century shed a completely different light on the use of P-values and statistical inference in general '"`UNIQ--ref-00000300-QINU`"'. By 2016, mounting criticisms of the use and interpretation of P-values prompted the ASA to publish a policy statement '"`UNIQ--ref-00000301-QINU`"'.'"`UNIQ--references-00000302-QINU`"'ment '"`UNIQ--ref-00000301-QINU`"'. '"`UNIQ--references-00000302-QINU`"')
European Charter of Patients' Rights + (In four different parts, the charter highl … In four different parts, the charter highlights universal and inalienable rights of individuals, the rights of patients, the rights of active citizenship and promotes guidelines for their implementation. This charter requires the engagement of a variety of stakeholders like health care professionals, governments, administrative bodies, etc., governments, administrative bodies, etc.)
Informed assent + (In order to conduct clinical research in a … In order to conduct clinical research in an ethical manner, informed assent from children and informed consent from their legal guardians must be sought. Respecting both children’s wishes and asking parents’ permission is necessary in order to respect laws and rules of good clinical practice, and to respect patients’ autonomy, despite the fact that the patient is a minor. '"`UNIQ--ref-00000006-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--references-00000007-QINU`"'NU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-00000007-QINU`"')
Informed consent + (In order to maintain high standards of research ethics, personal dignity and autonomy must be respected. To achieve this, before conducting research, researchers have to seek informed consent from participants.)
PhD and Supervisor charter (KU Leuven) + (In order to prevent miscommunications such … In order to prevent miscommunications such as different expectations, a thorough document with clear agreements on the collaboration and responsibility of the PhD researcher and the supervisor is important. For example it prevents early fall out, and contributes to an uncomplicated doctoral process and qualitative scientific output.process and qualitative scientific output.)