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• Oviedo Convention  + (.)

• European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)  + (47 Member States of the Council of Europe … 47 Member States of the Council of Europe have signed the European Convention on Human Rights. Besides, any violation of the ECHR can be taken to the European Court of Human Rights. The European Convention on Human Rights has been endorsed by several European societies like the European Federation of Psychologists' Associations and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.cademy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.)
• Science and Surveillance: Western Institutions Consider Role in China’s Uighur Crackdown  + (<br /> '"`UNIQ--references-00000025-QINU`"')
• ROSiE General Guidelines on Responsible Open Science  + (<div> These guidelines are important … <div></br>These guidelines are important as open science is now considered as standard in the practice of science in the research and innovation programs of the European Commission. To quote the EC, " Open science is a policy priority for the European Commission and the standard method of working under its research and innovation funding programmes as it improves the quality, efficiency and responsiveness of research."</br></br></br>'''Reference:'''</br>https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/strategy/strategy-2020-2024/our-digital-future/open-science_en</div><div></div>-digital-future/open-science_en</div><div></div>)
• AI Ethics and Governance in Practice: An Introduction  + (<div>AI systems may have transformat … <div>AI systems may have transformative and long-term effects on individuals and society. To manage these impacts responsibly and direct the development of AI systems toward optimal public benefit, considerations of AI ethics and governance must be a first priority.</div><div></div>nance must be a first priority.</div><div></div>)
• Ethics Framework and Guidelines for Participatory Processes in the Activities of Research Funding Organizations  + (<div>RFOs play a fundamental role in … <div>RFOs play a fundamental role in the opening up of research to broader audiences, and are crucial in determining research agendas at a local, national and international level. As such, it is a good thing that RFOs want to involve more (and broader) groups in participation - but involving these groups in an ethical way raises new issues and questions. These guidelines exist as a tool for safeguarding the ethics, effectiveness and justification of stakeholder participation.</div><div></div>n of stakeholder participation.</div><div></div>)
• UK Research Council's Policy and Guidelines on Governance of Good Research Conduct  + (A commitment to good research conduct lies at the heart of an effective research system. High standards of research integrity underpin the quality and reliability of the research outcomes generated and of decisions made in the light of those outcomes.)
• Importance of healthy lifestyle  + (A healthy lifestyle is crucial since these … A healthy lifestyle is crucial since these young people will govern countries, work in vital social areas, and care for others in the future. They must have a strong character and good mental health in order not to burst under the pressures by environment they live in. We are seeing precisely how much health is valued today vs how much we took it for granted prior to the Corona crisis. [https://www.keephealthyliving.com/what-is-the-importance-of-living-a-healthy-lifestyle.html] It also leads to mood refreshment; a good and healthy lifestyle helps to refresh a person's mood by releasing stress and tension from the mind and body, allowing them to focus fully on their tasks.  It also increases energy; a healthy lifestyle decreases the risk of insomnia and ensures that the body receives all of the critical nutrients it requires to function properly. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703222/#B1]i.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703222/#B1])
• Montreal Statement on Research Integrity in Cross-Boundary Research Collaborations  + (A lot of scientific work happens through c … A lot of scientific work happens through collaboration. Yet, collaborations can also lead to conflict when there is lack of clarity about the roles of different collaborators, or when expectations are not met. Collaborative work has become more important over the past few decades, partially due to the rise of interdisciplinary research. For instance, the average number of co-authors on research papers for the PNAS rose from 3.9 in 1981 to 8.4 in 2001'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' .'"`UNIQ--references-00000029-QINU`"'U`"' .'"`UNIQ--references-00000029-QINU`"')
• Collaborative working  + (A lot of scientific work happens through c … A lot of scientific work happens through collaboration. Yet, collaborations can also lead to conflict when there is lack of clarity about the roles of different collaborators, or when expectations are not met.</br></br>Collaborative work has become more important over the past few decades, partially due to the rise of interdisciplinary research. The number of co-authors on a paper is a potential indifcatar for the rise of collaborations, with the average number of co-authors on research papers for the PNAS rose from 3.9 in 1981 to 8.4 in 2001. '"`UNIQ--ref-00000050-QINU`"' </br>'"`UNIQ--references-00000051-QINU`"'U`"' '"`UNIQ--references-00000051-QINU`"')
• Governance of research integrity: Options for a coordinated approach in Europe  + (A number of national and institutional gui … A number of national and institutional guidelines, frameworks and codes for research integrity have been developed in many European countries, and the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity sets out common principles for those documents. But the handling of cases of research misconduct is mostly under the responsibility of research institutions, which vary in their capacity and willingness to do that. The main obstacles in the handling of research misconduct at the level of institutional committees are conflicts of interest, fear of reputational damage, lack of time due to the voluntary nature of the task, and lack of expertise. Investigation committees in national bodies have the advantage that they are more distant from local researchers, so the risk of conflicts of interest is lower. However, they exist only in a couple of countries. The effect is that not all misconduct is addressed, and the level of thoroughness and objectivity of investigations is inconsistent across Europe.estigations is inconsistent across Europe.)
• Criminologist to have four papers retracted following months of scrutiny  + (A recent review'"`UNIQ--ref-00000011-QINU` … A recent review'"`UNIQ--ref-00000011-QINU`"' has found that published cases of research ethics violations in Social Sciences and Humanities disciplines constitute a very small percentage (4.3% and 1.3% respectively). It is important to flag examples of ethics misconduct in disciplines like Law.ethics misconduct in disciplines like Law.)
• Geology Paper Has a Rocky Road is Now Retracted  + (A scientific publication should always con … A scientific publication should always contain one’s own original work, unless clearly stated otherwise. If this is not the case, it would be very difficult to distinguish work that is deliberately plagiarized from original work. Plagiarism allows individuals to claim reward for the work of the original authors. Therefore, these practices should be punished and penalized.ractices should be punished and penalized.)
• Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage  + (A series of 9 articles provide a set of gu … A series of 9 articles provide a set of guidelines on a variety of topics related to archaeological heritage to ensure its protection and management. Among others, the charter focuses on protection policies, legislation and economy, surveys, investigation, maintenance and conservation, reconstruction and presentation, information, professional qualifications, and international cooperation. Besides, the charter has been endorsed by the European Association of Archaeologists in their Code of Practice. Archaeologists in their Code of Practice.)
• Research culture statement (University of Glasgow)  + (A statement that not only expresses values … A statement that not only expresses values, but also shows the research community what is being done to improve the research culture and what their future plans are. Emphasizing the importance of a positive research culture is one of the foundations for a solid research climate. foundations for a solid research climate.)
• Authorship criteria  + (A successful career for researchers is oft … A successful career for researchers is often equivalent to the production and acceptance of peer-reviewed manuscripts. In fact, the number of publications a researcher has is commonly used as a parameter for career progression or funding acquisition.</br></br>Authorship matters because the entire research and publication process relies on trust. Authorship conveys significant privileges, responsibilities, and legal rights, and it is fair that only those who have actively participated in the work should benefit from the positive aspects of being an author and being accountable for all aspects of the research.</br></br>Although the general guidelines on authorship are common sense, the pressure to be a productive scholar and problems resulting from different interpretations of the general guidelines have encouraged a number of questionable research practices. These include honorary authorship, gift authorship, prestige authorship, plagiarism, self-plagiarism, citation amnesia, multiple submissions and duplicate publication.ple submissions and duplicate publication.)
• Conflicts of Interest (CSIC, Spain)  + (A variety of situations can lead to confli … A variety of situations can lead to conflicts of interests within the CSIC, such as research-related collaborations and consultations, evaluations, training, publication, financial support provision and knowledge transfer activities. It is important for individual researchers and for research teams to be aware of these potential conflicts in order to avoid them. In addition, institutions should also have structures and systems in place to handle conflicts of interest. This document sets a framework for institutional measures.ts a framework for institutional measures.)
• Orta Yol  + (AD’ye ilişkin çeşitli davranış kodları ya … AD’ye ilişkin çeşitli davranış kodları ya da kılavuzlarda, araştırmacıların “dürüstlük”, “güvenilirlik”, “sorumluluk” ve “hesap verebilirlik” gibi belirli erdemleri haiz olması ve bu erdemlere uygun biçimde davranması beklenmektedir.^[1] Bu erdemler, araştırmacılara, araştırma doğruluğu ile ilgili ahlaki sorunlarla karşılaştıklarında doğruluk içinde hareket etmeleri konusunda rehberlik etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Peki, mesela “dürüstlük” erdeminin hakkını en iyi verecek davranış nedir? Dahası, bir araştırmacının gereğinden fazla dürüst olması ya da çok az dürüst olması diye bir şey mümkün müdür? Dürüstlük örneği üzerinden gidilecek olursa: belirli bir kişi için belirli bir bağlamda, dürüst olmanın doğru yolu nedir?</br></br>Bu alıştırmanın amacı, bir eğitmen olarak sizi, katılımcılarınızın erdemli davranış sergilemenin ne anlama geldiğine ilişkin eleştirel ve müşterek bir sorgulama yürütmesine yardımcı olabilmeniz için eğitmektir.lama yürütmesine yardımcı olabilmeniz için eğitmektir.)
• Orta Yol  + (AD’ye ilişkin çeşitli davranış kodları ya … AD’ye ilişkin çeşitli davranış kodları ya da kılavuzlara göre, araştırmacıların “dürüstlük”, “güvenilirlik”, “sorumluluk” ve “hesap verebilirlik” gibi belirli erdemleri haiz olması ve bu erdemlere uygun biçimde davranması beklenmektedir. Peki, mesela “dürüstlük” erdeminin hakkını verecek davranış nedir? Benim bir araştırmacı olarak gereğinden fazla dürüst olmam ya da çok az dürüst olmam diye bir şey mümkün müdür? Bu alıştırmanın amacı, araştırma doğruluğu ile ilgili çetrefilli bir durumda erdemli davranış sergilemenin ne anlama geldiğine ilişkin eleştirel ve müşterek bir sorgulamayı teşvik etmektir. müşterek bir sorgulamayı teşvik etmektir.)
• AI Generated Content  + (AI generated content presents important qu … AI generated content presents important questions for conceptions of integrity in research and authorship, because they create a grey area when deciding attribution. AI tools like Chat GPT are already capable of producing student essays that are indistinguishable from those written by students, and these developments have led to calls for a reevaluation of the role of writing in assessment.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' These tools are also being used by researchers in the production of research, and have been credited with formal authorship in several articles.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"' Policy-makers have already sought expert advice on how science should accommodate these changes. '"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'</br></br>This is a developing issue, and raises questions about attribution and authorship for which there are not yet clear answers. ''Nature'' recently issued a new policy about the ethical use of LLM tools like Chat GPT, arguing that these tools will not be credited with authorship on future research papers as they cannot take accountability for the research that they produce. '"`UNIQ--ref-0000002B-QINU`"' This is just one policy though, and there are not yet clear guidelines on what the best practices are for research produced using these tools. The Chief Scientific Advisors to the European Commission have highlighted the ability of AI tools to generate and spread fraudulent content at scale as posing a significant risk to scientific communication, and have emphasised the need for greater AI literacy and competency in researchers to deal with these challenges.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002C-QINU`"' </br></br>The use of these tools also raise further questions about the notion of plagiarism. For example, an LLM might be used to produce an outline for the structure rather than the content of an article. If a researcher then makes use of this structure without admitting to having used an LLM, would that constitute plagiarism? And if the answer to this question is yes, then how should we accommodate the fact that many researchers effectively do the same thing - using existing research produced by others as structural inspiration for their own work - without attribution? These are questions for which we do not yet have clear answers with widespread agreement.</br>'"`UNIQ--references-0000002D-QINU`"'ment. '"`UNIQ--references-0000002D-QINU`"')
• Implications of a Single Highly Cited Article on a Journal and Its Citation Indexes  + (Academic journals, similarly to academic i … Academic journals, similarly to academic institutions and individual researchers, strive for recognition, esteem and resources. This case is important because it provides an explanation of how, despite the similarities of these two incidents (in both case A & B, the journals dramatically improved their JIF as a result of a single published article), there were two very different outcomes (in case A, the journal was revoked for the following year, whilst in case B, there were no adverse consequences for the journal). To quote the paper’s stated importance of the case, these two incidents indicate the ‘possible flaws in the citation indexes and the review process’ (p.100-1)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'.</br></br>The paper discusses individuals’ and institutions’ motivations for publishing but also the dangers of the pressures to publish. Furthermore, it considers the value, but also the flaws, of the citation index systems. Finally, it provides some examples of good editorial practices and recommendations for responding to such flaws.</br>----<br /></br>----<br />esponding to such flaws. ----<br /> ----<br />)
• Responsible supervision  + (Academic research has a long tradition of … Academic research has a long tradition of master-apprentice relationships, where the apprentice (here: junior researcher) learns the fine skills of the trade (here: research) through the extensive supervision of a master (here: senior researcher). The more one grows in an academic career, the more likely a researcher is to supervise junior researchers (often PhD candidates).</br></br>Responsible supervision involves two main things. On the one hand, the supervisor should model responsible research, so that junior researchers are naturally socialized into responsible research practices. This could involve a variety of things: from assuring that the junior researcher is involved in good data management from the start of the project, to an open and timely conversation about (co-) authorship.</br></br>On the other hand, responsible supervision involves creating a safe learning climate for junior researchers to learn. The idea here is that if the learning climate is not safe, junior researchers may lack the space and confidence to share their concerns about the interpretation of the data, the planning of a particular research project, or the limitations of their capacity. Hence, if no safe professional relationship exists, certain doubts, concerns or limitations may remain under the radar, ultimately slowing down academic research.ultimately slowing down academic research.)
• The Middle Position  + (According to various research integrity co … According to various research integrity codes of conduct or guidelines, researchers are expected to possess and to behave according to specific principles or virtues such as: ‘honesty’, ‘reliability’, ‘responsibility’ and ‘accountability’'"`UNIQ--ref-0000003E-QINU`"'. But how should a person behave to uphold the virtue of ‘honesty’ in specific situations? Can a researcher be too honest? Or not honest enough? This exercise aims to foster a critical and joint moral inquiry into what it means to demonstrate virtuous behavior in a challenging research integrity situation.</br>'"`UNIQ--references-0000003F-QINU`"'tion. '"`UNIQ--references-0000003F-QINU`"')
• The Middle Position  + (According to various research integrity co … According to various research integrity codes of conduct or guidelines, researchers are expected to possess and to behave according to specific virtues or principles by being: ‘honest’, ‘reliable’, ‘responsible’ and ‘accountable’¹. These are intended to guide researchers to act with integrity when they are confronted with moral issues in research practice. But how should a person behave to uphold the virtue of ‘honesty’ in specific situations? Can a researcher be too honest? Or not honest enough? Following the example of honesty, what is, for a specific person in a specific context, the right way to be honest?</br></br>This exercise aims to train you, as a trainer, to foster a critical and joint moral inquiry among the trainees into what it means to demonstrate virtuous behaviors. into what it means to demonstrate virtuous behaviors.)
• Criticism Swirls Around High-Profile History Book about North Korea  + (Accuracy in referencing is important for s … Accuracy in referencing is important for several reasons'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004A-QINU`"' such as avoiding improper appropriation of others ideas, allowing readers to further research certain topics which might be only briefly touched upon in the text, embedding the text in the relevant literature on the same topic and supporting ones claims on scientific evidence which has been peer reviewed by other researchers. Reflecting on this case, for instance in a classroom setting, can support the understanding good referencing practices and help in avoiding mistakes'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004B-QINU`"'.</br>'"`UNIQ--references-0000004C-QINU`"'U`"'. '"`UNIQ--references-0000004C-QINU`"')
• Inappropriate study design  + (Addressing any question in empirical scien … Addressing any question in empirical sciences implies that there will be some kind of study, which needs to be designed in such fashion that it answers the question in the most unambiguous way. Scientific questions can usually fall into one of these categories: identification of influencing factors (etiology and risk factors), predicting power of those factors (prognosis and prediction), effects of interventions into those factors. To answer these questions, factors that are measured or manipulated must correspond to questions that are asked. Meaning, your outcome measure has to be relevant for your question. Preferably, it should answer your question directly. The design of your study also has to fit the outcome measure. Furthermore, if there are some factors that we are unaware of or others that are known to us but we cannot measure them, then we have to use randomization to reduce their possible influence on things that we want to measure. If you do not address things that are listed above when planning research, you can simply get wrong answers to your questions . '"`UNIQ--ref-0000025D-QINU`"'</br>'"`UNIQ--references-0000025E-QINU`"'NU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-0000025E-QINU`"')
• MedTech Europe Code of Ethical Business Practice  + (Adhering to ethical standards is fundament … Adhering to ethical standards is fundamental to ensure a successful outcome for the medical technology industry, the safe and effective use of medical technology, and the advancement of medical technologies. Besides, this code is endorsed by the Biomedical Alliance in Europe in their Code of Conduct.liance in Europe in their Code of Conduct.)
• European College of Neuropsychopharmacology  (ECNP) Code of Conduct  + (Adopted in 2012, this code of conduct outline general principles of scientific research and clinical practice for those who participate in the activities of the ECNP.)
• Digital humanities  + (After almost six centuries of using print … After almost six centuries of using print as the main way to produce and disseminate knowledge, humanities subjects have embraced digital tools'"`UNIQ--ref-000003D5-QINU`"'. This new practice, first known as “humanities computing”, began in the second half of the 1940s with the pioneering project ''Index Thomisticus'' – a collaboration between the Italian Jesuit priest Roberto Busa and IBM '"`UNIQ--ref-000003D6-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-000003D7-QINU`"'. The project resulted in an “index verborum” (i.e. the use of punch-cards to index every word in St Thomas Aquinas’ work as well as in the works of related authors, resulting in an index of 11 million words of medieval Latin) '"`UNIQ--ref-000003D8-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-000003D9-QINU`"'. From then on, the ''Index'' was printed in 56 volumes, it appeared on a CD-ROM and later on the web '"`UNIQ--ref-000003DA-QINU`"'. Finally, 2006 marked the start of a new project, the ''Index Thomisticus Treebank'', which aims to syntactically annotate the entire corpus '"`UNIQ--ref-000003DB-QINU`"'. Suffice it to say that this project has had an immense impact on humanities computing.</br></br>New digital tools present a wide range of possibilities for research and publication outputs in the humanities. They enable remote reading, visualization and easier access to primary sources '"`UNIQ--ref-000003DC-QINU`"' through the creation of archives and databases for texts and artworks, and the development of new methods such as computer-based statistical analysis '"`UNIQ--ref-000003DD-QINU`"'. Using digital tools has improved the humanities’ social impact and the accessibility and public visibility of individual disciplines '"`UNIQ--ref-000003DE-QINU`"'. For instance, through image processing techniques, the public can now view 3D reconstructions of the ancient city of Babylon '"`UNIQ--ref-000003DF-QINU`"' and read ancient documents such as the Vindolanda Tablets from Hadrian’s Wall '"`UNIQ--ref-000003E0-QINU`"'.</br>'"`UNIQ--references-000003E1-QINU`"'U`"'. '"`UNIQ--references-000003E1-QINU`"')
• How to select trustworthy repositories  + (After deciding what research data to keep … After deciding what research data to keep for long-term preservation, researchers should select the right repository. There is a variety of repositories – those that are focused on a specific research area and those for general purpose.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000091B-QINU`"' Funders, journals, and universities also have their own repositories.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000091C-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-0000091D-QINU`"' Since there are more than 2,000 data repositories,'"`UNIQ--ref-0000091E-QINU`"' researchers should use certain principles and standards in their selection process. They should:</br></br>-check whether there are any funder requirements that may mandate which repository to use</br></br>-check with the journal they are submitting their paper to, because some journals keep a list of approved repositories they will accept or have specific policies on data archiving</br></br>-check for discipline specific repositories because they could be more suitable to their datasets and other researchers expect to find them there</br></br>-or deposit their data into a University repository.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000091F-QINU`"'</br>'"`UNIQ--references-00000920-QINU`"'NU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-00000920-QINU`"')
• Münazara ve Diyalog  + (Ahlaki bir soru, ikilem ya da çatışma duru … Ahlaki bir soru, ikilem ya da çatışma durumunda kişi, iyi düşünülmüş bir seçim yapabiliyor olmalıdır. Seçenekler üzerine düşünmek ya da bir fikir oluşturabilmek için ise sorunun bağlamını ve neyin kimin için risk altında olduğunu tam olarak anlayabilmelidir. Diyalog içerisindeyken kişinin tutumunun yavaşlama, hemen yargılamada bulunmama ve soru sorma üzerine şekillenmesi gerekir. Bu nedenle diyalog içerisindeyken katılımcılar, karşılarındaki kişiyi anlamaya odaklanmak ve onu (ve kendilerini) kendi davranış şekli ve bunun altında yatan sebepler üzerine düşünmeye yönlendirmek durumunda kalırlar.düşünmeye yönlendirmek durumunda kalırlar.)
• Münazara ve Diyalog  + (Ahlaki bir soru, ikilem ya da çatışma duru … Ahlaki bir soru, ikilem ya da çatışma durumunda kişi, iyi düşünülmüş bir seçim yapabiliyor olmalıdır. Seçenekler üzerine düşünmek ya da bir fikir oluşturabilmek için ise sorunun bağlamını ve neyin kimin için risk altında olduğunu tam olarak anlayabilmelidir. Diyalog içerisindeyken kişinin tutumunun yavaşlama, hemen yargılamada bulunmama ve soru sorma üzerine şekillenmesi gerekir. Bu nedenle diyalog içerisindeyken katılımcılar, karşılarındaki kişiyi anlamaya odaklanmak ve onu (ve kendilerini) kendi davranış şekli ve bunun altında yatan sebepler üzerine düşünmeye yönlendirmek durumunda kalırlar.düşünmeye yönlendirmek durumunda kalırlar.)
• Münazara ve Diyalog  + (Ahlaki bir soru, ikilem ya da çatışma duru … Ahlaki bir soru, ikilem ya da çatışma durumunda kişi, iyi düşünülmüş bir seçim yapabiliyor olmalıdır. Seçenekler üzerine düşünmek ya da bir fikir oluşturabilmek için ise sorunun bağlamını ve neyin kimin için risk altında olduğunu tam olarak anlayabilmelidir. Diyalog içerisindeyken kişinin tutumunun yavaşlama, hemen yargılamada bulunmama ve soru sorma üzerine şekillenmesi gerekir. Bu nedenle diyalog içerisindeyken katılımcılar, karşılarındaki kişiyi anlamaya odaklanmak ve onu (ve kendilerini) kendi davranış şekli ve bunun altında yatan sebepler üzerine düşünmeye yönlendirmek durumunda kalırlar.düşünmeye yönlendirmek durumunda kalırlar.)
• Münazara ve Diyalog  + (Ahlaki bir soru, ikilem ya da çatışma ile … Ahlaki bir soru, ikilem ya da çatışma ile karşılaştığınızda iyi düşünülmüş bir seçim yapabiliyor olmanız gerekir. Seçenekler üzerine düşünmek ya da bir fikir oluşturabilmek için ise sorunun bağlamını ve neyin kimin için risk altında olduğunu tam olarak anlayabilmelisiniz. Diyalog içerisindeyken tutumunuz yavaşlama, hemen hüküm vermeme ve soru sorma üzerine şekillenmelidir. Başkalarıyla ahlaki bir soru, ikilem ya da çatışma üzerinde diyaloğa girdiğinizde, karşınızdaki kişiyi anlamaya odaklanmak ve onu (ve kendinizi) kendi davranış şekli ve bunun altında yatan sebepler üzerine düşünmeye yönlendirmek durumunda kalırsınız.şünmeye yönlendirmek durumunda kalırsınız.)
• Bothered and Bewildered But not Bewitched  + (All authors listed on a manuscript or arti … All authors listed on a manuscript or article should have permitted publication of the article. Otherwise, the paper will be retracted soon after publication and a lot of funding and hard work is wasted, as this case proves. The journal discussed here has measures in place to make sure that all authors have agreed to the publication, such as an agreement form that needs to be signed by all co-authors. However, the present case shows that this is not always effective and stresses the importance to remain vigilant even with these measures in place. In addition, the present case shows that it is in nobody’s interest to counterfeit the permission of one of the authors. eit the permission of one of the authors. )
• High Integration of Research Monographs in the European Open Science (HIRMEOS)  + (Although SSH have embraced the practice of … Although SSH have embraced the practice of open access publishing, there is still a lot of room for progress, particularly regarding the access to the research monographs, one of the main dissemination outputs of these disciplines. Therefore, the main goal of HIRMEOS is to integrate the open access monographs into “open science ecosystem”'"`UNIQ--ref-00000525-QINU`"' and to help increase the visibility and value of the SSH work.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000526-QINU`"' </br></br>HIRMEOS also plans to contribute to dissemination of open access monographs by implementing advanced tools for researchers and publishers'"`UNIQ--ref-00000527-QINU`"' and developing a set of services on the current platforms for open access monographs: identification service, annotation service, peer-review certification system, named entity recognition and metrics service.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000528-QINU`"' For example, identification service refers to developing tools which allow the unique identifiers for content (DOI) and authors (ORCID) automatically validate the published content via the Directory of Open Access Books ([https://www.doabooks.org/ DOAB]). Open annotation will add open peer-review and open commentary to the documents and link them through unique identification, which will enhance interactions with users. Finally, the usage metrics service will standardize usage measures on the documents and add usage indicators such as downloads and social media impact.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000529-QINU`"'</br>'"`UNIQ--references-0000052A-QINU`"'NU`"' '"`UNIQ--references-0000052A-QINU`"')
• To Accept or Not to Accept  + (Although a fictional scenario, the case shows that there are not always straightforward answers in dealing with issues that may challenge the values, rights and rules of different cultural or ethnic groups.)
• UKRIO's Guide to good authorship practice in research  + (Although it is acknowledged that good auth … Although it is acknowledged that good authorship practices are crucial for research, wide variations exist in authorship conventions across disciplines and institutions. It is essentials that researchers, especially those undertaking interdisciplinary projects, are aware of these differences in order to avoid authorship disputes at a later stage.void authorship disputes at a later stage.)
• Publication  + (Although it is nearly impossible to define 'good academic publishing', scientific gatekeeping must always be pursued'"`UNIQ--ref-0000049E-QINU`"'. '"`UNIQ--references-0000049F-QINU`"')
• Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA)  + (Although many abstracts are available in d … Although many abstracts are available in different bibliographic databases, their use is limited in a number of ways. For example, they require a subscription, they are not machine-accessible, or are restricted to a one specific discipline.'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A6-QINU`"' The most important benefits of open abstracts are their visibility, and easier use of text mining,'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A7-QINU`"' especially for researchers in developing countries who perhaps do not have the means for subscription to expensive journals.'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A8-QINU`"' </br></br>The initiative recommends scholarly publishers to make their abstracts more visible and easily accessible by depositing them to Crossref, a non-profit open repository that publishers use to register and share Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for their publications.'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A9-QINU`"' Through Crossref, research abstracts across disciplines will become easily searchable and machine-readable.'"`UNIQ--ref-000006AA-QINU`"'ine-readable.'"`UNIQ--ref-000006AA-QINU`"')
• Journal Impact Factor based on the date of electronic publication  + (Although online publication dates back to … Although online publication dates back to the mid-1990s, a journal’s IF is calculated based on print publication. Articles are available in electronic form prior to their print publication and the time between is called “online-to-print lag”.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000067F-QINU`"' This lag is short for some articles, but it can prolong for months or even years for others.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000680-QINU`"' Since papers available online can be cited immediately and impact factor calculation is based upon their publication in print, this time frame between gives them a greater chance of being cited in the 2-year window compared to articles with no online-to-print lag.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000681-QINU`"' Also, an article published online at the end of a year can be published in print in the next year.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000682-QINU`"' For instance, if a paper is published online in December 2019 and in print in January 2020, one author may cite the paper as being published in 2019 and another in 2020.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000683-QINU`"' Longer online exposure before the beginning of the citation counting can lead to a higher number of citations, which means online-to-print lags might artificially increase journals’ IFs.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000684-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-00000685-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-00000686-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-00000687-QINU`"'00686-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-00000687-QINU`"')
• Declaration of Istanbul  + (Although organ transplantation saves and i … Although organ transplantation saves and improves many lives, exploitative and unethical practices are common, provoking harm especially to the poor and vulnerable. The declaration provides guidance and principles to ensure that organ transplantation is a safe practice, based on values like human solidarity, and to prevent harmful practices. Among many medical societies, the Declaration of Istanbul is endorsed by the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association.opean Dialysis and Transplant Association.)
• European Network of Research Ethics and Research Integrity (ENERI)  + (Although scientific and technological prog … Although scientific and technological progress generally improves our quality of life, it also raises ethical challenges. With increasing frequency, research projects not only have the potential to yield enormous benefits, but also entail substantial risks. Assessing whether such risks are justifiable is a pressing concern within the scientific community. The reliability and credibility of science not only depends on excellence and productivity, but also on adherence to high ethical standards.</br></br>Fostering ethical expertise is crucial to regain public confidence in science. ENERI seeks to strengthen integrity and ethics in science by building an integrated network of RE and RI experts. RE and RI are two sides of the same coin, namely the responsible and ethical conduct of research. While RE addresses the application of ethical principles to the different fields of study, RI refers to conducting studies in accordance with pertinent legal and professional frameworks. Hence, RE and RI jointly form the normative foundation excellent science is based on. foundation excellent science is based on.)
• The Aftermath of Scientific Fraud  + (Although the detrimental consequences of s … Although the detrimental consequences of scientific misconduct on a community-wide level are well known, the aftermath on a more personal level is only sparsely described. As this case shows, the careers of supervisors, co-workers and students may be seriously damaged by the deeds of the perpetrator. This could potentially affect the willingness of aspiring scientists to report scientific misconduct. In addition, the present case carefully sketches the problematic situation of potential whistle-blowers. On the one hand, graduate students, post-docs, and other lab personnel are obliged to inform the authorities of potential scientific misconduct by their principal investigator. On the other hand, blowing the whistle may cause them to lose their jobs. A better understanding of the factors influencing these decisions and the personal consequences of scientific misconduct may aid us in creating a scientific community that is safer for whistle-blowers and conducts more honest science. <br /></br>'"`UNIQ--references-0000002A-QINU`"'lt;br /> '"`UNIQ--references-0000002A-QINU`"')
• Communicate results to the general public before a peer reviewed publication is available  + (Although the use of pre-print servers has … Although the use of pre-print servers has been rising over the past decade, the COVID-19 pandemic has witnessed an unprecedented surge in the number of pre-prints. Fraser et al.⁵ found that 25% or all articles on COVID-19 in the first 10 months of the pandemic (more than 30,000 manuscripts) were first posted as pre-prints. Besides attracting the attention of the scientific community, these manuscripts have also received substantial coverage in social media, news outlets and from the general public. ⁶ They have also played a crucial role in shaping the standard of care for COVID-19. In case of the RECOVERY trial, which studied the use of the steroid drug dexamethasone in critically ill COVID patients, the pre-publication of the benefits of the drug led to its prompt incorporation into treatment guidelines, and possibly benefited many gravely ill patients. ^7,8 </br></br>On the other hand, disseminating information prior to peer review has also had negative consequences during the pandemic. A study that reported beneficial effects of a combination therapy of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was published in May 2020 on MedRxiv. ⁹ It was later withdrawn due to its questionable methodology, but not before it was widely publicized as being a “game-changer in the history of medicine” by a prominent political figure, leading to huge demands, severe shortages and indiscriminate use of these drugs. ¹⁰ Another paper that received widespread attention prior to its retraction reported an “uncanny similarity” between the protein structures or the COVID-19 virus and HIV, and concluded that this similarity was “unlikely to be fortuitous”, leading many to speculate that the pandemic was the result of a bioengineered weaponized virus. ^11,12 Although the above examples are clear-cut and have been cited often, it is very likely that less evident instances of the misuse of non-peer reviewed information exist, making it a difficult challenge to address.vident instances of the misuse of non-peer reviewed information exist, making it a difficult challenge to address.)